2021 Report on the Research and Development of Chinese History

The year 2021, which has just passed, is of landmark significance in the history of the party and the country. In this year, Chinese philosophy and social sciences traveled with the times, and the vast number of historians closely followed the pulse of the times, highlighted the themes of the times, and made a series of important achievements in the fields of archaeology, Chinese history, world history, historical theory and history of historiography. An overview of these achievements can be found in the 2021 Report on the Development of Research in the Discipline of History published in the Japanese press on January 10, 2022. In order to facilitate the academic community to further understand the relevant research status, we have launched four sub-reports on archaeology, Chinese history, world history, historical theory and history of historiography on the basis of maintaining the original report framework for criticism and correction by the majority of readers. The theme of this report is the development of the discipline of Chinese history in 2021. As a first-level discipline, the vast number of researchers in the field of Chinese history have actively responded to the concerns of the times, continuously opened up new fields with a solid study style, and continued to cultivate in the traditional advantageous field of Chinese historiography, and many bright spots have emerged.

Pre-Qin history

This year's pre-Qin history research results are fruitful, new theories have emerged, and ideological and problem awareness have been highlighted. While continuing to emphasize the traditional issues of interpreting and interpreting major historical events, ritual systems and clan systems with new historical materials and new discoveries, researchers have invested more enthusiasm in once relatively lonely fields such as social form and social nature, and published many results, which have made a deep impression. The attention paid to the study of the social form and social nature of the Xia And Shang Dynasties seems to indicate that the theoretical thinking consciousness of the ancient Chinese historical circles is prominent, and the interest in the traditional issues of Marxist historiography is growing. In view of the fact that the situation of prehistoric research has been introduced in the 2021 Archaeological Research Development Report (5th edition of this newspaper, January 24, 2022), this section only briefly summarizes some of the most distinctive issues in the study of the Three Dynasties of Xia Shang this year.

First, the study of the social nature and social form of xia shang zhou. Luo Shiqian believes that the Xia and Shang dynasties belonged to the slavery system of the Asian mode of production, and the development of ancient Chinese history was the result of the unity of universality and particularity. Xu Yihua believes that ancient China lacked a stable source of slaves, and slaves were only functional or even supplementary to the operation of the entire society. Xie Naihe believes that the social form of xia, shang and zhou is in line with the historical reality of three generations, which confirms the rationality of Marx's theory of social form. Ren Huibin believes that it is necessary to examine the economic foundation and social structure of the Yinshang civilization with a multidisciplinary comprehensive research and international perspective. Ning Zhenjiang believes that the lowly class of the Zhou Dynasty is an important reference for examining the social nature of the Zhou Dynasty. The society of the Zhou Dynasty was not far from the slavery system mentioned by the classic writers, so the "slave society" of the Zhou Dynasty was said to have disappeared in the near future. Wang Qi believed that the "state people, heavy people, and mediocre people" in XingHou Gui should refer to three types of slaves, namely fishermen, children, and farmers, and the status of these three types of slaves was reduced in turn.

Second, the study of ritual and patriarchal systems. Lilly music is not only an important foundation of the politics of the three generations, but also the main content of the culture of the three generations. Liu Yuan analyzed the relevant words in the oracle bone material of Yin XuHuadong and explained the sacrifice of The Youyi reflected in it. Zhang Lijun believed that the Zhou Dynasty achieved governance of Zongzhou and other regions through the etiquette of decrees and the granting of courtiers to caiyi. Zhang Xiuhua believes that the fate will be different from the oath master, and the life general ceremony in the Golden Text cannot be associated with the oath master in the literature. Yang Bo believes that the use of even ding reflects the blending and interplay of the princely states within the "Zhou" ethnic group in the broad sense after the Spring and Autumn Period at the level of bronze ware culture. Yang Guangshuai believes that the tombs of the princes of the Zhou Dynasty and some high-ranking Qing Dafu can be buried with a set of Dawu dance props, and the burial items of the soldiers and low-level doctors are only Ge Hedun as dry dance props. Du Yong and Li Lingling believed that the Yin royal family could not form a patriarchal system with different large and small sects, and the early Zhou Dynasty inherited the political legacy of the last quarter of the Yin Shang dynasty and established a stricter law of succession of the eldest son, which became one of the important political systems that were not easy in the later centuries.

Third, the study of ideology and culture. Zhao Shichao believes that it was not until the Yin Zhou period that the "Wu Lordmin" was replaced by the "Emperor LordMin" or the "Divine Lordmin". Zhang Hui and Cai Fanglu believe that the pre-Qin Confucian view of "ghosts and gods" valued human emotions and morality, and expressed political intentions through a series of complicated and orderly sacrifice rituals. Yang Nianqun believes that only by combining the three concepts of "great unification," "China," and "the world" and analyzing them can we fully grasp the overall trend and characteristics of Chinese history. Ge Zhiyi believes that the reform ideas such as the Three Unification Theory and the Five Virtues Theory came into being during the Warring States period and profoundly influenced the trend of Chinese history. Chao Fulin believes that studying the history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is of extremely great significance for profoundly understanding the society of the ancient times on the mainland. Kong Deli believes that Xunzi's use of the "ritual music" system to "dispel ink" is another heavy blow to ink science after Mencius. Bai Xi believes that ma wangdui's book "Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor" laid the theoretical foundation for the yin and yang thought of huang lao Daoists. Qu Shanrui believes that the three concepts of mandate of heaven, heaven and taoism that explain the relationship between heaven and man influence and mix with each other, and coexist in the social consciousness of the pre-Qin.

In addition to the above, the study of pre-Qin history in 2021 has also made many achievements in the examination of important historical facts, the summary of academic history, the collation and research of literature, etc., which are difficult to describe in space limitations. It should be noted that theoretical and empirical studies on the origin of nations and civilizations have produced relatively few results in this year compared to the pomp and circumstance of previous years. We believe that as the academic community's interest in grand issues increases, research on major historical issues such as the origin of nations and civilizations will re-enter people's vision in new forms.

History of the Five Dynasties of the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties

Research on the spiritual bloodline, excellent traditional culture and cultural genes of the Chinese nation has become the focus of attention.

First, the study of civilization continuity and cultural genes and cultural identity. Liu Zhiping believes that from the Warring States to the Qin Dynasty, the ethnic distinction between "Qin and non-Qin" has been highlighted, and the multi-level ethnic identity pattern originally carried out with Ji Zhou Huaxia as the core has been replaced by the multi-level ethnic identity pattern with "Qin" as the core. Peng Fengwen believes that the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty laid an important foundation for the construction of national identity and historical and cultural identity through cultural integration, and objectively promoted the formation of the Chinese national community. He Yuhong believes that getting rid of the cognitive framework of the rise and fall of dynasties and the difference between the political system and the Hu and Han dynasties, and going deep into the inner spirit and concept of political operation, is a new perspective for observing the continuity of China's history. Yuan Jian believes that the systematic relationship between China's territorial map and the living space of various ethnic groups deserves special attention.

Second, Dunhuang Studies, the Silk Road and Cultural Exchange Studies. Rong Xinjiang, Liu Jinbao, Hao Chunwen, Xiang Chu, and Zhao Shengliang presented the latest achievements in the study of medieval history from the perspective of Dunhuang Studies from multiple disciplines and dimensions. Zhang Yongquan believes that the collection of Tibetan scripture cave documents is closely related to the activities of the monks of the Three Realms Monastery where the Mogao Caves are located to restore the Buddhist scriptures. Yang Fuxue believes that Dunhuang culture is not only the crystallization of multi-ethnic wisdom, but also the product of cultural exchanges between China and the West. The articles of Wang Xiaofu, Wang Hao, Rong Xinjiang and others present the main achievements of the study of the Maritime Silk Road in the global historical perspective. Shi Yuntao believes that the entry of a large number of extraterritorial plants into China not only had a positive impact on agricultural production and food culture in the Middle Ages, but also promoted the development of the commodity economy. Xue Haibo believes that the Silk Trade of Jiankang in the Six Dynasties is an important part of the Eurasian Maritime Silk Road Trade, and the economy of the Six Dynasties is deeply affected by it.

Third, social change and the study of ideology, institutional evolution and national governance. Yang Jiping believes that the Northern Dynasty Sui and Tang Dynasty "Land Order" or "Tian Order" did not determine the nature of the Northern Dynasty land ownership system. Yang Hua believes that the study of etiquette under the guidance of the materialist view of history has achieved fruitful results, but at the same time, there are problems such as the lack of clarity in judging the nature of the etiquette system and the times. Yan Buke demonstrated the relationship between the ancient bureaucratic system, the dress hierarchy, and the bureaucratic hierarchy. Zhang Hequan believes that after the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the system of fictitious fifth-class titles was implemented, and this kind of fictitious titles were inherited by later generations. Shen Gang restored the basic appearance of the local administrative system of the Qin Dynasty on the basis of Qin Jian as the main basis. Li Yujie believed that the princely states had a special role in the Western Han Dynasty's "parallel counties and states" system. Drawing on multidisciplinary theories and methods, Jin Wen explored controversial issues in the Qin and Han land systems. Yuan Baolong believes that the political culture and academic trends of different stages of the Qin and Han dynasties blended with each other. Luci believes that there are multiple relationships between the two systems of state control and rural autonomy in ancient China and tradition in the process of historical development. Hu Baohua believes that the tang dynasty's advisory system was becoming more and more perfect, and the advisory officials performed the function of supervising hundreds of officials under the absolute monarchy.

Fourth, the collation and research of classic documents and excavated materials. Li Ping and Jiang Xiao proposed that the joint engraving of the official books of the five provinces is an important link in the development of the twenty-four historical editions. The "Scattered Records of Turpan Excavated Documents" edited by Rong Xinjiang and Shi Rui includes 373 Turpan documents collected by 22 public and private collection units in China, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries. The revised "Book of Chen" presided over by Jing Shuhui was based on the photocopy of the "Book of Chen" compiled by the China Academy art Society in Shanghai HanfenLou, forming a well-proofed revised version. Chen Songchang conducted a detailed study of the Mawangdui Book and sorted out the Catalogue of Research Works on the Mawangdui Book. Wang Lianlong sorted out thousands of epitaphs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Fifth, the study of ecological history and people's life history. Wang Zijin discussed the style and characteristics of marine culture in the Qin and Han dynasties, and expounded the ecological environment concept of the Qin and Han people and the relationship between the ecological environment and social history from the perspective of ideological concept history. "Remembering Life: Epitaphs in Chinese History" compiled by Yi Peixia and others supplements the thoughts and daily situations of characters rarely recorded in zhengshi and Fang zhi. Sun Xiao analyzed the flow of aesthetic culture of ancient Chinese female figures and their causes. Ning Xin studied the changes and characteristics of the lower and middle classes in the urban social process during the Tang and Song dynasties.

History of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties

The study of the history of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties has shown many new research results in grass-roots governance, disease history and disaster history, Sino-foreign exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations.

First, grassroots governance research. National governance is a major topic of long-term concern in ancient historians, and the historiography of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties has paid special attention to grassroots governance. Gu Geng, Xu Chang, Diao Peijun, and Huang Zhifan discussed the new direction of this research field from the aspects of the power system of ancient Chinese rural society, the rethinking of the nature of excavated simple and rural officials, the "governed" of ancient Chinese villages, and the cultural identity in the ming and qing rural governance systems. Lu Ren and Lin Xiaoyan further clarified the institutional creation of grass-roots governance in the Yuan Dynasty. Huang Chunyan and Chen Hanyi believe that the centralization of fiscal power in the Southern Song Dynasty was further deepened, and local financial resources were constantly weakened. Bai Hua and Li Jing believe that during the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were both institutional factors and personal wisdom in the government operation of prefectural and county officials. Chang Jianhua believes that the daily life of the people of Hunan in the early Qianlong period was also included in the background of national governance. Wang Hongbing believes that rural governance in the Qing Dynasty is an all-round diversified and coordinated co-governance model from the central and local governments to rural society. Zhou Quyang held that In order to achieve the goals of "fixed households" and "equal taxation," Li Chunnian and Wang Hao adopted different ideas to promote economic boundaries. Shen Bin believes that the universal compilation of the military service books in various localities during the Jiajing period is not only the need of the reform of local military service, but also the expansion of new financial management technical knowledge and the embodiment of its impact on the rulers. Qiu Jie, on the other hand, centered on the record of the "Diary of the Eunuch yue of the Wangjiao Xingguan", shows the actual scene of the late Qing Dynasty Guangdong Prefecture County collecting money and grain. Ding Chunyan and Long Denggao discussed the officials in the Qing Dynasty's field house trade that the officials were the bridge and link between the government and the grass-roots society.

Second, the study of disease history and disaster history. Historians have not only paid attention to the plagues in historical periods, but also expanded to the discussion of the history of diseases and the study of disaster history. Yu Gengzhe, Yang Huibin, Liu Peng, and Wang Yumeng discussed the impact of the epidemic on social culture, including the impact of the epidemic on concepts, the Confucianization and regionalization of Ming and Qing physicians, and the historical origin of simple cotton masks. Yu Xinzhong, Feng Erkang, Li Yushang, and Ding Jianmin discussed the enlightenment of the prevention and treatment of the new crown pneumonia epidemic on the construction of the discipline of medical social history, the historical disaster culture, and the sharing of medical information between Britain and the United States in the early days. Zhou Qiong, Fang Xiuqi, Xia Mingfang, Yu Xinzhong, and Ma Junya discussed the methodology of disaster history and disaster culture research and the impact of disease and disaster. Hu Yuefeng discussed the disaster relief in the Qing Dynasty from the perspective of monetary history, and believed that the occurrence of the disaster disrupted the normal currency circulation order in the disaster area, and the degree of "silver cheap money and high money" shown by the silver money exchange price was often positively related to the intensity and scope of the disaster. Ju Mingku and Shao Qianqian believe that the Ming and Qing dynasties objectively assumed part of the function of disaster education with their special educational purposes, educational methods, and means of dissemination.

Third, sino-foreign exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations. In 2021, many scholars will view Sino-foreign exchanges from a broader perspective or global historical perspective, thus strengthening the study of mutual learning between Chinese and Western civilizations. Ge Zhaoguang believes that from 1368 to 1420, the Mongol Empire gradually collapsed in eastern Asia, which was a period of readjustment of the international order in eastern Asia. Li Jingrong believes that in the 13th and 14th centuries, due to the Mongol conquest, many Armenians came to the famous port city of Quanzhou on the southeast coast by land and sea, and may have formed a large-scale settlement. Chen Jiazhen, through the study of the Yuan Dynasty's "Municipal Rules and Regulations", believes that its purpose is to ensure that overseas trade can seek benefits for the country and the people, rather than seeking maritime hegemony, which can be regarded as a sign of the transformation of the Foreign Policy of the Yuan Dynasty from military to commercial. Yang Bin re-examined the Song Dynasty sea vessel found in Houzhu Harbor in Quanzhou in 1974 and believed that it should return from the Indian Ocean. Liu Pingsheng and Ge Jinfang believe that the boom in maritime Silk Road trade and the change of social and economic structure in the Song Dynasty were a two-way interactive historical process. Industrial and commercial civilizations closely linked to the Maritime Silk Road thrived in Jiangnan and Southeast China, changing the competitive landscape of different civilizations in China from the 10th to the 13th centuries. Wan Ming viewed the fall of the Ming Dynasty from a global perspective, believing that the decline of the market at the end of the Ming Dynasty was related to the global crisis in the 17th century and the rupture of the silver supply chain, which became the hub of many comprehensive factors that promoted the Ding Revolution of the Dynasty. Ni Yuping and Cui Sipong believe that the Qing Dynasty formed the Wanli Tea Ceremony, which greatly promoted the exchange and interaction between China in the Qing Dynasty and Russia and other neighboring countries and regions. Xiang Yong believes that the foreign cultural exchanges and physical exchanges carried out by the Ming and Qing dynasties under the tributary system played a diplomatic role in cultural exchanges and cultural dissemination to a certain extent. Liu Qunyi examines beer translations from East Asian countries and believes that this research can enrich the regional and vertical perspectives of global history research.

Modern Chinese History

The study of modern Chinese history in 2021 reflects a distinct epochality, focusing on major empirical or theoretical issues such as the history of the centenary party, the history of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Xinhai Revolution, and the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

(1) Centennial Party history

First, a study of the history of the CPC's century-long struggle. The great changes in the world that have not occurred in a hundred years are major changes in which crises coexist, crises are organic, and crises can be turned around. Qu Qingshan held that seizing and making good use of the important strategic opportunity period for the mainland's development, and maintaining and extending this important strategic opportunity period is a historical task before us. Shi Zhongquan held that the 28 years in which the party led the new-democratic revolution were the 28 years in which the people of all nationalities throughout the country were led to carry out the arduous struggle of the revolution of national salvation. China's development path is the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which is the choice of history and the choice of the people. Zhang Haipeng believes that the COMMUNIST Party of China has gone through 100 years, and although the road of China over the past hundred years has been arduous and tortuous, it is also full of victory and joy, and we must continue to move forward along this road.

Second, establish a grand view of history. Xia Chuntao believes that looking back at the glorious history of the party's unity and leading the people in continuous struggle to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation over the past 100 years from the perspective of the grand historical view, it can be seen that this is a realistic scientific conclusion. Chen Jinlong believes that in constructing the CPC's century-old historical discourse, it is necessary to have a grand historical view. Gao Changwu pointed out that to deeply understand and correctly view the 100 years of the COMMUNIST Party of China, we must adhere to the big historical concept of historical materialism. Guo Guoxiang and Guo Yi believe that in analyzing the founding of the Communist Party of China, we must also uphold the perspective of the grand historical view and examine it from the perspective of basing ourselves on China, looking around the world, and looking at ancient and modern times.

Third, the study of the sinification of Marxism. In the 1920s, at the beginning of the founding of the Party, the Communist Party of China made remarkable achievements in various fields and accumulated initial experience. Tang Zhengmang and Zhang Chunli held that the theoretical achievements and practical experience of the past ten years or so have laid an important theoretical and practical foundation for guiding the Chinese revolution to win the final victory. After the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, the dissemination and study of Marxism-Leninism became an important task for the Chinese Communists and advanced intellectuals at that time, and great achievements were made. Yu Zhanghua, Yu Yang, and Chen Hanying summarized the main characteristics of the spread and development of Marxism in China during the period of the democratic revolution.

Fourth, realize the study of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Xia Chuntao and Chen Tian held that over the past one hundred years, the party has always led the people to make unremitting efforts to cut through thorns and thorns, leading the Chinese nation from darkness to light, from suffering to glory, and ushering in a great leap from standing up and getting rich to becoming strong. Jin Minqing held that the development of New China over the past 70 years and more has made the conditions for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation more and more substantial and the foundation more and more consolidated. Zhang Hongzhi believes that the Chinese Communists insist on applying Marxist materialistic dialectics and have successfully combined it with China's excellent traditional culture.

Fifth, study the issue of party building. Returning to the historical starting point to trace the original intention of the founding of the party will help to better understand the original intention and mission of the Communist Party of China. Xiong Yuezhi believes that the founding of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai, with Shanghai as an important base for activities, has long set up central organs in Shanghai, which is related to multiple factors such as the powerful agglomeration function of the modern Shanghai city. Qu Jun believes that there are tens of millions of connections between Shikumen and Nanhu painting boats in Shanghai, and this connection is the interaction between Shanghai and Jiangnan. Su Zhiliang believes that the founding of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai is the result of the modernization of Shanghai, and the founding of the Communist Party of China and its activities with sound and color also constitute a colorful movement in Shanghai's modern history.

Sixth, the study of the attributes of the discipline of party history. Since the 21st century, the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics, Chinese style and Chinese style has gradually become the consensus of the academic circles. Yang Fengcheng believes that the establishment of a first-level discipline of "History and Theory of the Communist Party of China" is not only the need for the development of the discipline, but also in line with the major strategic needs of the development of the party and the country. Li Jinzheng believes that only by attributing party history to history and expanding the research objects and research contents to "great party history" can we break through the limitations of traditional party historians. Li Liangyu believes that in terms of professional characteristics, the history of the Communist Party of China belongs to the science of history.

(2) History of the War of Resistance Against Japan

The study of the War of Resistance Against Japan in 2021 continues to expand in depth and breadth around the theory and methods of the study of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the "918" incident, the Chinese Communist Party and the War of Resistance Against Japan, and the study of the rear area.

First, reflection on the theory and methods of the study of the War of Resistance Against Japan. How to continue to promote, deepen and innovate the study of the history of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression? Li Jinzheng held that the study of the War of Resistance Behind Enemy Lines by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party should highlight the CPC base areas, but a certain degree of attention should also be paid to guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines by the Kuomintang. Zodiac calls for greater research on individuals and a focus on the population. Yuan Chengyi believes that the current research results in the military history of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression are significantly less than in other fields, and there is still room for further deepening and expansion. Wu Minchao believes that further promoting the study of regional anti-war history should be a possible orientation for deepening the study of China's anti-war history.

Second, the study of the "918" incident. 2021 marks the 90th anniversary of the outbreak of the "918" incident. Zang Yunhu believed that on the eve of the "918" incident, the Kwantung Army had already conceived a plan for the Japanese to rule and eventually occupy Manchuria, and after the incident, the Kwantung Army and the Army Central Committee jointly determined the policy of supporting the puppet regime of the puppet state of Manchukuo after occupying Manchuria and Mongolia. Chen Haiyi and Guo Zhaozhao believe that studying the "communist" factors in the "918" incident through the Lytton investigation team will help to deeply criticize the policy of "foreign countries must first be safe at home."

Third, the Communist Party of China led the study of the War of Resistance Against Japan. The Anti-Japanese National United Front was a major initiative of the Communist Party of China in striving for victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and was also an important window for understanding the development and growth of the Communist Party of China during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Ma Siyu believes that the recognition, understanding, decision-making, implementation, and feedback of the CPC's national united front against Japan is a systematic process, which is concentrated in the education of the anti-Japanese national united front. Jin Yilin held that the foundation of the founding of the country, such as the state structure, political system, class situation, and national economic composition of new China, can all be found in the anti-Japanese base areas. Huang Zhenglin believes that with the advent of the difficult period of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, "excessive mobilization" has occurred in some parts of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, and the CPC has launched a new mobilization model to this end, which has increased the depth and breadth of mobilization.

Fourth, the study of the War of Resistance in the Occupied Areas. Wang Meng held that after the outbreak of the All-out War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese military and political authorities set up the North China Propaganda And Fu Class to infiltrate Japanese forces into the grass-roots society of North China, and the mass work of the Eighth Route Army became a key factor in preventing the Japanese puppet forces from penetrating deep into the grass-roots society in the occupied areas of North China. Wang Fucong held that during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the CPC actively won over young students from the cities occupied in North China to carry out secret anti-Japanese activities, and mobilized many students to participate in the War of Resistance in the base areas or to secretly engage in anti-Japanese activities in the occupied cities.

Fifth, study the rear area of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Gao Shihua believes that the research results of the anti-Japanese war in the rear area are relatively concentrated in Chongqing, and he hopes that all localities will blossom and bear full fruit. Pan Xun believes that there are still problems such as insufficient excavation and collation of archival documents in the research on indiscriminate bombing in the rear area of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Cao Bihong believes that the archives of the Resources Committee on the two sides of the Taiwan Strait should be fully explored and used. Zhu Ying proposed that in order to obtain further development of the history of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the study of the great rear area of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, expanding the research team is a way with obvious results. Chen Qianping held that scientifically and accurately defining the concept of "the great rear area of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression" is the most important task. Xu Yong stressed that the research of the rear area needs to achieve a circular pattern of lasting innovation at home and abroad, inside and outside the discipline, and inside and outside the team in and out of the deepening open research, and constantly obtain new academic achievements. Jiang Pei believes that the financial system and industrial progress research in the rear areas of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression are still relatively weak, and there is still a lot of room for improvement. Zhang Sheng believes that although the combination of history and physics is abrupt, its possibility is indeed an indisputable fact.

(3) The Xinhai Revolution

2021 marks the 110th anniversary of the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution. Ma Min believes that it is necessary to conduct a coherent and comprehensive investigation of the historical significance of the Xinhai Revolution and reveal the historical impact of the Xinhai Revolution. Wang Di believes that although the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution was accidental, the demise of the Qing Dynasty was already determined by its political system. Li Fan believes that the narrative of the historical facts of the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China in the history textbooks of the early Republic of China mainly revolves around the establishment of the democratic republican system, emphasizing that the history of the establishment of the Republic of China and the end of the Qing Dynasty is the process of the democratic republic replacing the absolute monarchy, which can be described as a "republican" narrative. Zhao Libin believes that the rearrangement of the archives of the new Tibet and the archives of the published Tibet is of great significance to promoting the study of Sun Yat-sen and the Xinhai Revolution. Wang Chaoguang believes that in the context of the era of globalization, Sun Yat-sen's international outlook and his industrial construction concept are more worthy of attention. Liao Dawei believes that Sun Yat-sen combined the essence of ancient people-oriented thinking with the humanistic spirit in Western democratic political thought, and then formed his people-oriented thinking according to the actual needs of China's democratic revolution at that time.

(4) History of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

2021 marks the 170th anniversary of the Jintian Uprising, and scholars focus on theoretical research on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and related historical facts. Xia Chuntao believes that the academic community should study and view the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with a scientific attitude, and get rid of the simplistic mode of deification or "demonization". Cui Zhiqing believes that Zeng Guofan suppressed anti-Qing uprisings such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the Qing Dynasty also implemented a new policy on foreign affairs, but was powerless to save the crisis. Jiang Tao believes that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom not only has "broken" but also "standing". Hua Qiang and Bao Shufang have exposed the true face of historical nihilism from many aspects. Wu Shanzhong believes that god religion is a religion in which peasants expressed their political demands and political ideals during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Gu Jiandi believes that if we correctly apply the analytical method of the materialist view of history to study the taiping heavenly kingdom on the basis of fully possessing historical materials, we will not be confused by erroneous ideological trends. Liu Chen believes that the defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is ultimately caused by the disparity in the comprehensive strength of the enemy and ourselves.

History of the People's Republic of China

Combined with the study of the "four histories," the academic circles have paid attention to such issues as Chinese-style modernization, the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and the construction of the Third Front. On October 14-15, 2021, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Chinese Social Sciences Magazine held the first "Academic China" International Summit Forum. Yu Pei believes that Chinese-style modernization is a unique socialist modernization, a modernization of developing countries, and a super-large-scale modernization that has completely changed the face of the world. Qian Chengdan believes that China is taking its own path, a road of people-centered modernization. Huang Qunhui held that China's industrialization construction under the leadership of the CPC has made brilliant historic achievements, which are of great historical significance and world significance. Li Wen believes that from the 14th to the 19th CPC National Congress, on the basis of constantly enriching the content of "moderate prosperity," the "Chinese-style" modernization phased goal has been put forward in a timely manner, ensuring the continuity and stability of the national strategy. In 2021, a brief history of the Communist Party of China, a brief history of the People's Republic of China, a brief history of reform and opening up, and a brief history of the development of socialism were published one after another, which is of great significance for the majority of party members and cadres and the masses to better study and understand history, establish a correct view of history, and more consciously adhere to the study of history and create the future.

Zhu Jiamu divided the history of the People's Republic of China into five periods, believing that with the continuous development of history, the future periods and gaps will certainly be different from the present. Song Yuehong stressed: The "Resolution on Several Historical Issues Concerning the Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China" profoundly contains the party's epistemology and methodology on the history of the party and the history of new China. Yang Dongquan held that the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was a war for the founding of New China and a battle for the people's liberation army. Shi Zhongquan held that in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the Chinese Volunteer Army not only played the military prestige of the people's army, but also the national prestige of New China, so that the Chinese people really stood up with their eyebrows raised.

Focusing on how to strengthen the research on the construction of the third line, Duan Wei discussed the construction of the third line from the dimension of historical geography, looked at the rationality of the construction of the third line from the global historical geopolitical structure, looked at the necessity of the construction of the third line from the domestic historical geography pattern, looked at the site selection of the third line enterprises from the perspective of micro historical geography, looked at the construction of the third line enterprise from the perspective of the development of the city and town in the past 40 years, and made a macro analysis of the development of the third line area from the perspective of the spatial flow of historical talents. Daniel Zhang believes that researchers from different disciplines should take "people" as the core of research, adopt research methods that combine literature analysis and fieldwork, and conduct comprehensive research on three-line construction from the multi-dimensional perspectives of time, space, society and subject and guest. Zhou Xiaohong pointed out that oral history can associate individuals with society, countries and times, and using oral history as a method in third-line research can forge the sociological imagination of researchers from multiple levels. Chen Chao reflected on the research from the perspective of political science, and proposed to enhance the research of third-line construction from the aspects of excavating theoretical value and introducing diverse research methods and tools. Xu Youwei proposed to explore the study of historical materials on the construction of the third line, and systematically sorted out official documents such as archives, factory records, newspapers and periodicals, local histories, and industry records, as well as folk documents such as oral historical materials, diaries, work notes, memoirs, and other materials such as video historical materials and network information. From the perspective of the discipline of human settlement environment, Tan Gangyi discussed the built environment of the third-line construction and its heritage, the protection and regeneration of the built heritage, and proposed to apply theories and methods such as genealogy, morphology and typology to the research. Qin Ying pointed out that in the process of land acquisition for key projects of the third-line construction, the engineering construction department adheres to the principle of putting the people first and benefiting the people, and through close communication and coordination with local governments at all levels, not only implements the policy, but also ensures the smooth progress of land compensation, relocation and project construction.

Overall, the research results of the discipline of Chinese history in 2021 are fruitful and bright, laying a solid foundation for the in-depth cultivation of related fields in the future. At the same time, we should also see how to further highlight the ideological nature of empirical research, strengthen the introduction of original results, and effectively promote the organic combination of theory and empirical research, which is still a problem that needs to be paid attention to and solved in the next step.

(Written by: Chao Tianyi, Zhang Yunhua, Xu Xin, Wu Xuebin, Guo Fei)

Author: Department of Social Sciences, China Social Sciences Journal

Editor: Liu Xing