Plate 38
Three-layer green glazed pottery water pavilion
Late Eastern Han Dynasty
The height of the pass is 107 cm and the diameter of the pool is 45 cm
In 1987, Tomb No. 4 of Liujiaqu in Sanmenxia City was excavated
"A Preliminary Study on the "Castle" of Longshan Culture in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River"
Sui Yuren, Central Plains Cultural Relics, No. 4, 1988, pp. 46-52
This article first sorts out the materials of the five Longshan cultural city sites that have been found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, namely Wangchenggang, Pingliangtai, Chengziya, Hougang and Bianjian Wang, and divides them into two types according to the size of the walls of the above five castles and their relationship with the entire settlement site: The first type is a castle with an area of about 10,000 square meters and built on the commanding height of the site. The second type is castles with an area of more than 30,000 square meters and basically surrounded by castle walls. Wangchenggang and the Border King's Castle belong to the former; Pingliangtai, Chengziya and Hougang Castle belong to the latter. The common feature of the two types of castles is that they were both built in the Yongsan culture era, in the semi-arid area of the eastern end of the continent in a warm climate, with deep loess soil with good farming habitability and convenient irrigation, which was used as an agricultural culture for millet. The walls are built in layers of soil, and the castle plan is rectangular. The difference is that the first type of castle is in the middle stage of the Yongsan culture and has a smaller shape. The second category belongs to the late stage of Longshan culture and has a larger shape. This difference in morphological characteristics indicates that the specific forms of their settlement are different. The first type of castle is located in the settlement and is the core of the site. Among them, the types of remains, the excavations, and the area of the city site reflect a variety of information. Such as agricultural production tools or stone, mussels; In the Longshan culture of Henan, although there is a preliminary division of labor in the pottery industry, and the initial mastery of copper casting technology, the social division of labor is not developed; Although the pottery, jade, weaving and winemaking industries in the middle of Shandong Longshan culture have been increasingly separated from agriculture, metal hand tools have not yet been published, and individual labor cannot be formed separate from the collective, indicating that such castles live in a rich patriarchal family that produces together, consumes together, and has prominent power. It built walls at the commanding heights of the settlement for the safety of the family and property. The second type of castle is inhabited by patrilineal clans with blood relations, and their living methods are planned and laid out according to the third and fourth level organizational forms. For example, the row houses of the flat grain terrace live in a large patrilineal family, and the higher-level is the unit composed of small round houses arranged in rows, and the higher-level is the sum of the round houses or row houses in the castle.
On castles in the prehistoric period of the continent
Dong Qi, Northern Cultural Relics, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17-21
This article discusses the distribution, characteristics and properties of castles in the prehistoric period of the continent. The author believes that at the end of primitive society, the settlement center as the highest cultural representative of a clan (or tribe or tribe) always appeared in the form of a castle settlement, and exploring the process of its cultural continuation can obtain information about the germination of civilization. The author first analyzes the saying that "there are ancient nations", in the sense of castle scale, most of this "nations" are just settlements surrounded by walls, and the vast majority of "kingdoms" are actually clans. "Ancient nations" is in line with the situation of castles at the end of primitive society and the beginning of civilized society.
The author divides the castles of the prehistoric period of the mainland into two major regions and two types of building systems: one is the loess belt centered on the North China Plain, which is an area inhabited by agricultural tribes. The first is the grassland mountain forest area centered on the Inner Mongolian Plateau, which is an area where nomadic tribes operate. The former is characterized by rammed earth fortification, while the latter is characterized by stone blocks; The former includes the areas where the Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Dongyi tribes in ancient history and legend operate, while the latter includes the areas where the Qiang, Rong, and Di tribes in ancient history and legends operate. The Gaotai architecture and castle are not unique to the Xia tribal culture, and the author speculates that the Pre-Shang, Pre-Zhou, and neighboring cultures already owned the Gaotai buildings and castles. The article summarizes the characteristics of castles in the prehistoric period of the mainland into four points: First, the earthen castles centered on the North China Plain have rammed earth walls, which is a unique creation of the Chinese nation. The walls of the stone castle centered on the Inner Mongolian Plateau were made of stone blocks. In some areas, there are several parallel walls.
Secondly, new building facilities have emerged. For example, the city gate and the doorman house of Pingliangtai and the pottery drainage pipe, chifeng East Bajia Shicheng Central F57 are surrounded by masonry walls of about 40 meters in length and width. Third, the size of castles in prehistoric times was generally not large. Repeatedly, most of the castles of the prehistoric period of the mainland have undergone the transformation process of the trilogy of settlement forms of villages - castles - villages. There are also villages - castles - abandoned types, or castles - village types. These are the three processes of the rise and fall of castles in prehistoric times.
The article concludes by saying that the original appearance of the castle was a product of war. The size of the initial castle area had no political significance, the key was the state of the remains of the castle. Compared with the village sites of the same period, the remains in the prehistoric castle have not changed qualitatively, and it cannot be seen that the political and economic life in it has entered the civilized society, and it can only be said that there have been the buds of the civilization Duhui, such as the sacrifice pit of Wangchenggang and the copper slag of the Pingliangtai. In the early days, the "city" was a settlement center with rammed earth walls, and the function of the castle was gradually increased, such as as a military stronghold, and had the functions of wealth gathering and administrative rule, and the nature of the castle was constantly changing, and finally transformed into a fortress of urban and rural antagonism and class opposition. But not all castles developed into political and religious centers.
The source of the text is "Research Outline of the Origin of Chinese Civilization", published by Cultural Relics Publishing House in December 2003
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Research Center for Ancient Civilizations, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed
The pictures and descriptions are from "Han Dynasty Architectural Ming Ware Unearthed in Henan", edited by Henan Museum, 2002