Abstract: The excavation of the Donghaiyu and Sanlihe sites in the 1970s initially solved the inheritance relationship between the Dawenkou culture and the Longshan culture, indicating that the two are the cultures created by the same ethnic group, the Dongyi people. Due to the "triassic" of late Dawenkou, transitional period and early Longshan culture found at the Donghaiyu site, there are few published materials and the cultural connotation is not very clear, especially the understanding of the remains of the middle and upper layers is quite biased, so there are different opinions on the cultural nature of the remains of the late Dawenkou period and the early Longshan period. Taking the Hangtou site, which has a relatively comprehensive publication of data as an example, this paper systematically analyzes, compares and discusses the so-called "transitional remains" that have wandered between the Dawenkou and Longshan cultures in the past, so as to thoroughly clarify the cultural affiliation and demarcation between the two, and then lay a foundation for the social research of the Dawenkou and Longshan cultures.
Keywords: Dawenkou culture; Longshan culture; Hangtou ruins; transitional remains
First, the question is raised
In 1959, during the excavation of the Ningyang Baotou Cemetery by the Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics Administration Office and other units, a number of new relics completely different from the known Longshan culture were discovered, and the name of "Baotou Type" was proposed [1]. In 1963, the excavation of the Xixiahou site in Qufu found that the ash pit of the Longshan culture broke the stratigraphic relationship of the "Baotou type", solved the problem of which was earlier or later, and renamed the "Baotou type" as the Dawenkou culture [2].
From 1973 to 1975, during the excavation of the Donghaiyu site in Rizhao, the famous "triassic layer" was discovered, that is, the hierarchical relationship between the early Longshan culture, the transitional period and the late Dawenkou culture from top to bottom. Thus it is proved that the Dawenkou culture not only precedes the Longshan culture in relative chronology, but also has a continuous evolutionary relationship in the form of artifacts represented by pottery [3]. Later excavations at the Sanlihe site in Jiaoxian County[4] reaffirmed this fact and were recognized by the academic community.
At the end of the 1970s, when discussing the 30 years of Neolithic archaeological achievements in New China, Mr. An Zhimin once proposed: "The Longshan culture in Shandong is inherited from the development of the Dawenkou culture, and the two are so closely linked that there may be confusion in the demarcation of boundaries." [5] "Mr. Wu Ruzuo, who has been doing archaeological work in Shandong for a long time in Shandong, is not agreed. In his lecture at Shandong University in the spring of 1982, he specifically explained the relationship between the two cultures, believing that the excavation results of the Sanlihe site in Jiaoxian County had solved this problem.
Now it seems that the excavations of the two sites of Donghaiyu and Sanlihe from 1973 to 1975 can only be said to have solved the inheritance relationship between the Dawenkou and Longshan cultures in a rough line, and there are still some vague understandings in the details. Regarding the accumulation of the upper layer of the Donghaiyu site, when excavated, it was considered to be the early stage of the Longshan culture, and now it seems to belong to the more typical middle of the Longshan culture. The time of the upper tombs varies sooner or later, but on the whole, it is earlier than the upper cultural layer, and some of them even belong to the earliest stage of The Yongsan culture, such as M303. The so-called "transitional layer" of the Middle Layer of Donghaiyu, which contains both early relics of the Longshan culture and intermediate relics, such as the bird's head-shaped dingzu in the stage table and the shovel-shaped dingzu with additional stacking patterns on the front, are typical mid-term types. The middle burial (only one, m315) is a transitional remnant to be explored now, earlier. The lower layer is the late Dawenkou culture is certain. However, the late Dawenkou culture lasted for about 400 years, and can be subdivided into two periods and four sections [6]. So, what stage does the lower layer of Donghaiyu belong to? Because the excavation data is published too little, it can only be generally said that it is the late stage of the late Dawenkou culture. There is a similar problem at the Sanlihe site, that is, on the whole, the site reveals that there is an intrinsic inheritance relationship between the late Dawenkou period and the early Longshan period, but from the details of the analysis, it seems that there is still a missing link, that is, the distinction between the two is too clear. This is obviously different from the phenomenon that there are strong late Styles and relics of the Dawenkou culture in the earliest remains of the Longshan culture in dafanzhuang, Yinjiacheng and other sites.
Therefore, many scholars have analyzed and discussed the transition from Dawenkou to Longshan culture when studying the relationship between Dawenkou and Longshan culture [7]. Sun Bo also raised the issue of the transition from Dawenkou culture to Longshan culture from the social level [8]. Overall, the details of this issue have so far not been fully clarified, and further discussion is necessary.
2. About the cultural nature and age of the Da fan zhuang cemetery
Located in the center of the Yishu River Valley, the ruins of Linyi Dafanzhuang are an important central settlement of the Dawenkou and Longshan cultural periods in the southeastern region of Ludong. The site is large in size and abundant in accumulation, but it was devastated in the 1970s. During that year's land preparation campaign, two batches of tombs were rescued, and only 26 of the first excavations were briefed. The different understandings of the cultural nature of the Dafanzhuang site are a good example of determining the cultural boundaries between Dawenkou and Longshan.
For the first time, a total of 26 tombs were excavated at the Dafanzhuang site, and as many as 400 back pots and clay vases that flourished in the late Dawenkou culture alone were unearthed, accounting for 55% of all 725 pieces of burial pottery. Therefore, the authors of the excavation briefing characterize it as the late Dawenkou culture.
After excavating the Rizhao Donghaiyu site, Mr. Zheng Xiaomei and others disputed the conclusion that the 26 tombs excavated at the Dafanzhuang site belonged to the late Dawenkou culture. Compared with the stratigraphic relationship of Donghaiyu, it is believed that some of the tombs at the Dafanzhuang site are chronologically equivalent to the middle and upper cultures of the Donghaiyu site, that is, the transition period from Dawenkou culture to Longshan culture and the early Longshan culture, and not all belong to the Dawenkou culture [10]. After that, most people began to change the tomb of Dafanzhuang to part of the Dawenkou culture and part of the Longshan culture. Exactly which tombs belong to Dawenkou and which tombs are placed in Longshan, because the information published in the briefing is limited, this issue is difficult to develop. Considering that it is the same cemetery with a small size and a small number of tombs, it is not appropriate to divide it into two cultures. So in my later research, I put it together in the Yongsan culture [12]. In her doctoral dissertation, Li Yiping agreed to classify it all into the Yongsan culture, despite disagreement on chronological groupings.
After 1990, some scholars put forward different opinions on this understanding. It is maintained that all 26 tombs in Dafanzhuang should belong to the late Dawenkou culture. Since its era is later than the last of the three phases of the Dawenkou Cemetery, that is, the third period (the "Dawenkou" report is called the late period), it is advocated that another period be established after it, represented by the Dafanzhuang Cemetery, which can be called the Fourth Phase of Dawenkou. The remains of the middle and upper layers of Donghaiyu and the early and middle chengzi Longshan culture can be classified into this period.
Even today, determining the cultural nature of the Da fan zhuang cemetery is still a difficult issue. As Sun Bo put it, Dawenkou and Longshan "intersect two cultures, the transition from front to back is like the wind on the water, smooth and natural", it is difficult to draw a clear line [15]. If you look at the form of the excavated pottery alone, there are indeed several tombs that can be divided into the category of the Dawenkou culture, such as M27. However, the solution of this problem must be analyzed and discussed in the overall context of the transition from Dawenkou culture to Longshan culture, that is, we should not only focus on dafanzhuang, which is a site with insufficient information, but should look for sites with more complete data to analyze and establish criteria for judgment.
3. Hangtou Ruins in Juxian County
The site is located in the upper reaches of the Shu River in the east of Hangtou Village in Juxian County, about 2 kilometers east of the famous Lingyang River ruins. In 1983 and 1987, 4 late Tombs of the Dawenkou culture were cleared at the site, and the excavated relics were relatively rich, with more than 150 pieces of pottery alone. Several tombs at the Hangtou site are relatively large, the largest M8, the burial chamber is 3.35 meters long, 2.95 meters wide, and the area is about 10 square meters. Inside the tomb there is a coffin, and the owner of the tomb is a male, about 35 years old. A total of 78 pieces of various utensils were used, including 4 pieces of thin-tire high-handled cups, 18 pieces of thick-tire high-handled cups, 1 piece of white pottery mane, and 2 pieces of large-mouth zun, of which 1 piece was engraved with the image of the word "jin", 1 piece of jade, 1 piece of square bi, worn on the right wrist when unearthed, 7 pieces of pig mandibles, and 7 pieces of crocodile scale plates. Judging from the scale of the tomb, the complete number of coffins, and the high-grade burial items including jade, engraved large-mouth zun, crocodile scale plates and thin-tire high-handled cups, even in the middle and late period of the entire Dawenkou culture, Hangtou M8 also belonged to the aristocratic tombs of the upper social classes at that time. The other three, although smaller in size, all have varying numbers of white pottery, thin-pitched high-handled cups, and pig mandibles. [16] The four tombs are dated to the same age as the late Lingyang River and Dazhu Village, and are close to Donghaiyu and Jingzhi Towns.
Analysis and comparison of the typical pottery excavated from the four tombs, represented by the mane and the thin tire high-handled cup, the difference is more obvious, so it can be divided into two groups. M3 and M8 are Group A and M4 and M5 are Group B.
Group A, the types and morphological characteristics of the excavated pottery in this group are generally the same as the 79M6 and 79M7 eras in the late Tombs of Lingyanghe (Figure 1). For example, the shape of the white pottery mane is high-flowing, the neck is very long, the abdomen is deep, the crotch pocket foot is divided, and the abdomen has a week of additional heaping. This kind of pottery is completely consistent with the similar styles excavated in the late Dawenkou culture, such as Lingyang River 79M6[17], Dazhu Village M18[18], Sanlihe M279[19], Zoucheng Yedian M51 and M62[20], Donghaiyu M311, etc., of which the Donghaiyu M311 seems to be a little later (Figure 3, above). The shape of the black pottery thin tire high-handled cup is slightly open mouth, straight abdomen, high handle, and the handle is decorated with dense round small cutouts, longitudinally arranged. It is basically the same as the high-handled cup excavated from dazhu village M18, Sanlihe M279, Yedian M51 and M62, Donghaiyu M310 and so on (Figure 3, bottom). For the tombs of Group A, the dating opinion of the briefing is basically correct, and it should be the latest paragraph of the late Dawenkou culture in the previous period.
Group B, there are still many pottery excavated in this group, and most of the shapes of the utensils can correspond to the similar vessels of the A group, but the shape of the utensils has changed greatly (Figure 2). If you compare it with the above-mentioned sites, such as Lingyang River, Dazhu Village, Sanli River, Yedian and other sites, you will not find units with the same or similar morphological characteristics. For example, in the case of pottery, the morphology of group B has obvious changes, which are manifested in the height of the neck becoming significantly shorter and thicker, and the crotch is slightly shallower. The change of the high-stalk cup is more obvious, the cup body or micro-inner bundle, the cup mouth is slightly open, the cup handle is changed from the round small cutholes of the longitudinal dense distribution in the A group period to the sparse and irregularly arranged narrow stripe cutholes, and there are several sets of concave chord patterns on the shank, which are the typical characteristics of the B group high-handled cup that are easily recognized. Others, such as the decrease in the number of basket patterns in pottery decoration, the increase in plain surfaces; the folding line of the jar-shaped ding abdomen basically disappears; the mouth of the cup is shallow disc-shaped; the mouth edge of the large flat pot develops from the original oblique edge to the flat folded edge, and so on.
From this point of view, the remnants of Group B at the Hangtou site have a series of characteristics that distinguish them from the latest period of The Dawenkou culture previously known in Group A. From the analysis of the series evolution of typical artifacts such as mane and high-handled cup, the era of group B tombs should be ranked after group A, representing a transitional period between the late dawenkou culture and the early longshan culture. From the analysis of the situation at the Hangtou site, Group B coexists with Group A, which belongs to the late Dawenkou culture, so it should be placed in the final stage of the Dawenkou culture.
4. Transitional remains of other sites
The above basically clarifies the relationship between the two groups of remnants in the final stage of the late Dawenkou culture, and proves the existence of the remnants of a transitional nature represented by the Hangtou B group. If this type of relic is established as a time period in the history of the development of Dawenkou culture, it will certainly exist in other sites and have universal significance in the distribution area of Dawenkou culture. Let's take a few examples to verify this.
1． Stone Riverhead Cemetery
The Shihetou site is located in the Jili River Valley, which flows into the Yellow Sea in the southeast of Zhucheng, and the cemetery is on the outskirts of the west side of the site, which is a relatively single sarcophagus cemetery. In 1986 and 1997, a total of 15 sarcophagus tombs were excavated on two occasions,[21] in three groups at a range of about 120 meters from north to south. The number of relics excavated from the tombs is mainly pottery, and the number is not large, and each tomb does not exceed 10 pieces. However, the characteristics of pottery are very obvious, in addition to 6 tombs that have been seriously damaged and there are no burial items, the other 9 tombs have 6 high-handled cups and pottery manes, and the analysis of these manes and high-handled cups and other artifacts with clear characteristics of the times can be seen that the time span between the tombs is small, and they all belong to the same period. The thin-tire black pottery high-handled cup in the pottery has an open mouth, a rounded curve at the bottom of the cup, and a regular sparse strip-shaped cutout at the shank. The neck of the mane is significantly thicker and shorter than that of the Hangtou A group, and the crotch is slightly shallower. The jar-shaped din has a wider mouth rim, a slightly shallow abdomen, and three chiseled feet. There are also pots, cans, beans, pots, etc. (Picture 4). Individual tombs have also unearthed Liangzhu-style jade cones. The overall characteristics of this group of sarcophagus tombs in Shihedian are basically the same as those of Hangtou Group B, and the era should be roughly the same.
2． Donghaiyu ruins
Located on the shore of the Yellow Sea in southeast Ludong, the Rizhao Donghaiyu site is the first to excavate and identify the site of the rich early accumulation of the Longshan culture and the late accumulation of the Dawenkou culture, and a "transition layer" accumulation is found between the two, which basically solves the inheritance relationship between the two cultures. The question of the understanding of the excavation data at the site is as described above. From the few materials published in the briefing, it can be found that there are traces of hangtou group B and other remnants at the Donghaiyu site. For example, the thin tire high-handled cup excavated from the Middle Tomb M315 in Donghaiyu, the open, corset, bottom round and sparse strip cutouts at the handle, etc., are the closest to the Hangtou Group B. Others, such as chisel-shaped feet, thick circle foot plates, small pots, etc., all have the characteristics of Group B of Hangtou (Figure 5). Therefore, the middle tomb of Donghaiyu is the remnant of the transition period between the so-called Dawenkou and Longshan cultures. In the late 1970s, researchers who signed the Shandong Provincial Museum divided the Dawenkou culture into eleven phases, and the middle layer of Donghaiyu was the last of them, many people did not think so, but now it seems that there is indeed a reasonable side to it. The remains of the earliest stage of the real Longshan culture at the Donghaiyu site are a type of remains represented by units such as M303 in the upper tombs.
3． Ruins of Da Fan Zhuang
Of the 26 tombs excavated for the first time in Da fan zhuang, the differences in understanding their chronology and cultural attributes are as described above. According to the remains of groups A and B of the Hangtou site summarized and summarized above, there is no unit equivalent to the A group era in the tombs of the Dafanzhuang site. As many as 30 thin-tire black pottery high-handled cups were unearthed from this batch of tombs, and 15 were published line maps. Analyzing this batch of high-handled cups with obvious characteristics of the era, if the only typical high-handled cup (M27:20) of the late Dawenkou culture is aside, the remaining ones can be divided into three groups of four types, that is, M27:22 and M22:18 are the first group, which can be called 1 type; M26:12, M26:13, M2:10, M20:3 are the second group, which can be called 2 types; M23:1 and M17:1 are the third group, which can be called 3 types; M17:4 is the fourth group, which can be called 4 types (Figure 6). The shape and evolution of these four types of high-handled cups are clear, and the general development trend is: the cup mouth evolves from the open mouth to the saucer-shaped mouth, marked by the emergence of the mouth and the bottom folding line; the connection between the cup and the handle is developed from obvious demarcation to close connection; the ornamentation of the handle is evolved from sparse irregular bar cutouts through regular dense bar cutouts to triangular, diamond-shaped and other messy cutouts. The four types of tall cups represent three time periods (one for type 3 and type 4). If compared with the previous Yongsan culture in stages, the 2nd and 3rd forms are comparable to the first period of the Longshan culture subdivision, paragraphs 1 and 2 [24]. There are still earlier remains at the Dafanzhuang site, from the analysis of the shape of the pottery mane and the high-handled cup found by the investigation[25], which dated earlier than the hangtou A group remains.
Through the comparison and analysis of the high-handled cups, it can be seen that there is indeed a group of remnants of the first phase of the Longshan culture that we know before, paragraph 1. The overall characteristics of this group of remains are similar to those of The Hangtou B group, which may be slightly later, but should be within the same short period of time. Or it is the same as the era of the middle tomb of Donghaiyu and the shihetou sarcophagus cemetery.
4． Ruins of Hutai
The site, located about 9 km southwest of Linyi Old Town, is located in a sand dune in the northeast lake of Huxiya Village that rises above the surrounding ground, and was discovered and investigated in the 1950s. From 1980 to 1981, the Linyi City Museum cleared four ruined tombs on the cliffs of the site. The 4 tombs can be divided into two groups: M2 and M3 as a group, the era is slightly earlier, and M1 and M4 are a group, and the era is slightly later.
The burial chamber of M2 covers an area of more than 4 square meters, and a large number of relics including jade jade, square jade bi, jade conical vessels and 9 thin-tire black pottery high-handled cups have been excavated, and the total number of burial items estimated by excavators is about 70 to 80 pieces. Among them, 9 pieces of thin tire high-handled cups, the shape is basically the same, luxury mouth, corset, the shank has sparse irregular stripe cut-outs and dense concave and convex chord patterns, the same as the high-handled cup of Hangtou Group B. The neck of the white pottery mane is slightly thicker, and the overall shape is exactly the same as that of the pottery mane at the Shihetou site. In addition, the excavated 5 pieces of extremely Ming instrumentated back pots, and more than 20 pieces of barrel cups with three bird beak-like protrusions at the mouth, are typical of the late instrument shape of the Dawenkou culture (Figure 7). M3 also unearthed white pottery mane, back pot, cup, bottle, tripod basin, black clay pot and other utensils. On the whole, the characteristics of the burial pottery of the M2 group are the same as those of the Hangtou B group, which belongs to the remains of the same period.
Although the M1 group still retains the legacy of the Dawenkou culture to a certain extent, such as jade cones, square jade bi, perforated rings and other jade, long-flowing high-necked cups, basket pots and pots and other pottery. However, the 10 pieces of high-handled cups and white pottery manes unearthed are the same as those of the first stage of the Longshan culture in Yinjiacheng, and have the characteristics of the earliest stage of the Longshan culture.
5． Ruins of Liangwangcheng
Located in the western part of northern Jiangsu, the ruins of Liangwangcheng in Pizhou are located on the west side of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. From 2004 to 2009, the Nanjing Museum conducted excavations for six consecutive years and found 139 tombs in the middle and late Dawenkou culture. The excavation report divides it into three phases, five segments, and nine groups. Among them, M136 of the ninth group of the fifth paragraph of the third period is different from other tombs.
M136 is located in the southwest corner of the dense burial area in the middle of the excavation area, with its head facing due east, and there are 6 tombs distributed within 5 meters of it, all of which cannot be accurately dated because there is no burial material. M136 is a small and large tomb, because there is a two-story platform of cooked soil, so it is judged that there should be a wooden burial tool, and the shape and area of the two-story platform are analyzed, and the burial tool should be a wooden coffin. There are 17 burial items in the tomb, of which 1 is a thin-tired black pottery high-handled cup and a white pottery mane, and some common instrument shapes in the late Dawenkou culture have been excavated, such as jar-shaped ding, bean, pot, three-legged cup and other instrument shapes (Figure 8).
The mouth of the thin tire high-handled cup is open, the bottom is rounded, the boundary between the cup body and the shank part is obvious, and the shank has sparse strip holes. It is basically the same as Hangtou Group B, and is completely consistent with the sites of Dafanzhuang 1, Shihetou, donghaiyu and so on. The pottery is supine, the neck is thick, and the crotch pocket foot. It seems to be closer to the early pottery of the Longshan culture. If the factors of other types of artifacts are considered in conjunction, M136 should belong to the category of Hangtou Group B, which is the remnant of the transition period from Dawenkou to Longshan culture.
6． Ruins of Weichi Temple
Located in the northern Anhui Plain, the ruins of Mengcheng Weichi Temple, with an area of only 20,000 square meters, are a small ring moat settlement in the late Dawenkou culture. Since 1989, the Anhui team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has excavated the ruins of Wei chi Temple thirteen times, revealing a well-preserved and complete settlement. Rows of houses and a large number of tombs were found.
Three units at the site of Weichi Temple are closely related to the transitional remains between the Dawenkou and Yongsan cultures.
One is the M171. A thin-breasted black pottery high-handled cup was unearthed, the shape of the cup body resembles the first paragraph of the Longshan culture, and the handle is decorated with sparse irregular bar-shaped cutouts, which are the same as the hangtou class B remains. The beans, pots, cups, etc. (Figure 9) are all relics of the latest stage of the Dawenkou culture. Therefore, the tomb can be used as a unit at the same time as the remains of Hangtou Group B.
The second is the M67. This is a slightly larger tomb, because there are two-story platforms around it, so it should have a wooden coffin. There are a total of 16 burial items (Fig. 10), and 2 artifacts are more important. One is M67:8, a thin-tire black pottery high-handled cup, which is shaped in the style of the first stage of the typical Longshan culture, that is, similar to the shape of the Dafanzhuang 2-type high-handled cup, especially the high-handled cup (M136:2, M106:5) excavated from the first tomb of Yin Jiacheng.[30] The other is M67:11, a typical southern-style pottery, flat-mouthed, kneaded tubular short stream, according to which many scholars call it a cup. Slender neck, three pockets of feet slender, small ring-shaped handles attached to the edge of the neck and foot junction .[31] This slender-necked mane is found both in the late Shijiahe culture at the Shijiahe site in Tianmen, Hubei Province,[32] and in the latest phase of the Haochuan Cemetery in Suichang, Zhejiang Province(M58)[33] and in the early Qianshan Yang period. The same era as the High Handle Cup, it is the first paragraph of the first issue of Yongsan Culture.
The third is JS2. It is a rectangular shallow pit, which excavators characterize as a sacrificial pit. Five pieces of pottery, 2 pieces of beans, 2 pieces of cups and 1 piece of high-handled cups were unearthed in the pit. The shape of the high-handled cup is more special, the cup body is an open cylindrical cup, the shorter thick handle is directly connected to the cup body, and the shank has three rows of strip holes. From the analysis of the shape and ornamentation, at about the same time as the Dafanzhuang 3-style high-handled cup, that is, the second stage of the Longshan culture, it should have entered the Longshan culture for a period of time in absolute age.
The above three units of the Weichi Temple site can be directly connected to the Hangtou B group is M171. M67 and JS2 are already late in absolute age to the 1st and 2nd stages of yongsan culture. In other words, the lower chronological limit of the late Dawenkou culture in northern Anhui was later than the end of Ludong and Luzhongnan. When these two regions have entered the Longshan culture, northern Anhui may also include places such as eastern Henan, which is still in the final stage of the late Dawenkou culture. The age gap between the two regions shown in pottery typology is one or two time periods, and the absolute age is between 50 and 100 years. This shows the imbalance in cultural development and succession in different regions.
5. Conclusion
As far as the current data is concerned, there are indeed transitional remains between the Dawenkou and Longshan cultures, represented by The B Group of hangtou sites. The existence of this group of remains is more complicated, and there is an independent existence in a certain site, such as the Zhucheng Shihetou Sarcophagus Cemetery, which basically belongs to this period. There are also remnants of the late Dawenkou culture that are closely related to the same site, such as Hangtou, Liangwangcheng, and Weichi Temple. There are also residences between the late Dawenkou period and the early Longshan culture, and the three live in the same site in turn, in the form of continuous development, such as the Donghaiyu and Dafanzhuang ruins.
Most of the pottery shapes of this type of relic, represented by the Hangtou B Group, were inherited from the late dawenkou culture, and were extremely evident in sites such as Hangtou, Dafanzhuang, Liangwangcheng in northern Jiangsu, and Weichi Temple in northern Anhui. Therefore, our opinion is to classify the time period represented by this group of remains into the Dawenkou culture and place it in the last stage of the late Dawenkou culture. In fact, the distribution area of the late Dawenkou culture and the Longshan culture is the same, and the bearers and creators of the culture are the Dongyi ethnic groups in ancient history and legend, and the two are originally different stages of the same culture, but due to human reasons, they are divided into two archaeological cultures.
When I discussed the staging of the Dawenkou culture and the Yongsan culture 30 years ago, I was confused about the relationship between the two cultures. If you look at the pottery, the relationship between the late Dawenkou culture and the Longshan culture is closer than that of the middle Period of the Dawenkou culture. For example, the two most important types of ritual vessel carriers in Longshan culture, the bag-foot pottery mane and the eggshell pottery high-handled cup, and the most important types of cooking utensils and eating utensils - can-shaped ding, beans and barrel cups, are the main factors in the late Dawenkou culture and the combination of Longshan culture pottery, and have continued until the final stage of Longshan culture. Therefore, at that time, there was a strong idea that the late Dawenkou culture could be separated from the Dawenkou culture, or merged with the Longshan culture, or named "Xixiahou culture" or "Lingyanghe culture" separately, so that it could correspond chronologically with the Miaodigou II culture in the Central Plains, and then reveal the historical process of the basic synchronous development of the Neolithic culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River [35]. Now the hangtou group B relics are separated into a small time period, which makes the evolutionary relationship between Dawenkou and Longshan culture clearer, reaching the realm of interlocking and tight seams, and is conducive to the development of various follow-up research work.
(Author: Luan Fengshi, School of History and Culture, Shandong University.) In addition, the annotation is omitted here, for the full version, please check "Jianghan Archaeology", No. 6, 2021)
Editor-in-charge: Duan Shushan
Audit: Diligence
Chen Lixin
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