China's splendid rivers and mountains, alpine valleys, ravines and ravines, quemo traffic, layers of terraces, lakes smooth as mirrors, rivers meandering, full of vitality and vitality, this is our beautiful homeland. If the grain on this kind of porcelain is associated with it, it is indeed similar to the magic of the same work, feeling the ghost of nostalgia, and sighing the exquisite porcelain.
Porcelain openings have eternal artistic vitality. The key is that collectors should not simply pursue their economic value, but should explore their endless cultural connotations.
Regarding the opening of porcelain, some people say that it is open for five years, some people say that it is open 1 jiazi, and recently I also heard the observations of archaeologists at the excavation site, and the ru porcelain pieces excavated 1,000 years ago will be opened a week later.
First, the porcelain opening is a natural cracking phenomenon of porcelain glaze Ru kiln plate local opening characteristics
There are two main reasons for the cracking of porcelain glaze: first, the mud extends in a certain direction when forming, which affects the arrangement of molecules;
Second, the expansion coefficients of the blank and glaze are different, and the shrinkage ratio of the tire glaze is inconsistent when cooling after roasting.
Therefore, cracking is a disadvantage in porcelain firing.
However, the open glaze (i.e., crack glaze) produced by clever craftsmen who mastered the law of cracking slowly became a special decoration of porcelain.
Official kiln pink blue glaze convex string pattern three-legged bottle (Qing Palace old collection)
Modern porcelain enthusiasts call the grain characteristics of the surface of porcelain "open piece". It can be divided into "large opening" and "small opening" according to the size ratio, and can be divided into natural opening and artificial opening according to the process. In the Song Dynasty, Ru, Guan, and Ge kilns all had porcelain with open piece characteristics passed down.
Official kiln pink glaze bottle (Qing Palace old collection)
The naturally formed opening of the surface of the porcelain is the trace left by time. The surface glaze layer gradually cracks inwards, or takes the form of caviar patterns, or into cow hair patterns. Regardless of the pattern, the opening is not related to the embryo, and the opening streak will never go deeper, but only on the glaze. Therefore, where porcelain is naturally opened due to age, its glaze is always looming between them. If it is an artificial film, it is suddenly revealed on the porcelain tire.
Jun kiln milk nail washing
The opening pieces of porcelain that have been formed over time have their artistic vitality. It is precisely because of the literati's appreciation of the high-level beauty produced by this "defect" that a long-lasting porcelain opening art has been formed.
Ru kiln azure glazed jade pot spring bottle
Second, the common porcelain opening is divided into the following forms of introduction: (Note: The description of these texture adjectives of the opening piece is different, for reference only) The types of porcelain opening pieces:
Although most of the kilns and a considerable number of varieties of ancient ceramics have more or less different degrees of opening phenomenon, most of them are treated as firing defects. However, there are also some strains that form specific artistic effects, and some can even be used as specific points to identify the authenticity of ancient porcelain. The following are some of the types of porcelain openings:
"Ice Crack" opening: This describes the formation of cracks as clear as ice and snow on the glaze of ice crystals. This crack is very dense, there is no gap, impurities can not invade, after hundreds of years, still appear crystal clear. As shown in the figure, the ice cracks are clearly visible.
Northern Song Dynasty Ru kiln plate
Ice cracks in the glaze of the Northern Song Dynasty Ru kiln plate
"Wenwu" opening film: This is to describe the ceramic utensils up and down left and right, the whole body open piece. Among them, there are large irregular opening films, which are compared to "literary films", and there are smaller opening films in them, which are compared to "martial films". If you have a collection trapped in the sale, want to find a regular auction house for auction, you can negotiate with the manager of Fuxi Auction House Xiaofang, Yijiu Yi, Sanqilu, Two Qiqi Wujiu, since ancient times, there is a metaphor of "the way of literature and martial arts, one piece and one relaxation", which is quite appropriate to describe the form of this kind of opening film. This kind of opening is most prominently characterized by Songguan kilns and Ge kilns, and it is also the largest feature of this type of porcelain except for purple iron feet.
Song Ge kiln bile bottle
Song Ge kiln bile bottle open "Wen Wu tablets"
"Fish scale" shaped opening: This is a very unique opening phenomenon, mainly concentrated in the Northern Song Dynasty Ru kiln, Song Guan kiln and a small number of Southern Song Longquan kiln products, other varieties have not seen. Morphology is an interlayer opening phenomenon that occurs between layers of hypertrophic glaze layers. The glaze layer of this type of porcelain is very thick, and some even exceed the thickness of the carcass. Such a thick glaze layer is formed by glazing many times, and each glaze must be applied after drying, so the thickness between the layers of glaze is uneven, and after the porcelain is fired, the stress between the layers is different, and the fracture occurs between the layers.
Southern Song Dynasty official kiln three-legged bottle
"Fish scales" open flakes
"Gold wire" type opening piece: "Concise Ceramic Dictionary" is explained as "a kind of grain piece, the special ornament of the porcelain of the Heirloom Kiln, because the opening piece has a large and small distinction, the large opening piece is dark gray like iron, and the small opening piece is sauce brown, like gold wire and named." The glaze of the kiln porcelain is thick and the glaze color is calm, because of the high content of iron oxide in the carcass, the glaze melts and droops at the mouth edge when firing, the glaze layer becomes thinner, and the purple fetal bone of the sauce is looming.
Song Ge kiln string pattern bottle
Ancient craftsmen used the method of sudden cooling before the kiln came out of the kiln, and the stress in the glaze was released sharply to produce large openings. The porcelain is then soaked in an iron-containing solution, and the crack adsorbs the iron into the crack to form an "iron wire" effect. Then put this kind of porcelain that is opened once into the kiln to bake, do not wait for the glaze to melt, and then carry out the second sudden cold, so that the glaze produces a small opening in the large opening piece again, and then the fired porcelain is put into the stale tea water, and the cracks then adsorb the pigments such as theophylline into the gaps, or due to long-term use and play, a large set of small pieces, iron wire wrapped in gold wire is formed. This unique craftsmanship of the kiln is a typical example of the artificial control of the opening of the piece by ancient craftsmen since the Song Dynasty, and has been inherited and continued by the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. "Hundred crumbles" opening piece: This is also a kind of kiln opening piece, but the grain piece is more finely broken, it is too fast to cool down before leaving the kiln, resulting in the glaze being torn apart, and the cracks are dense like beads. "Drinking Liuzhai Porcelain" mentions that "the instrument is small and opens a large piece, and the large and small pieces are expensive." In recent times, it is not the opening of the Guige kiln, but the opening of the Guilang kiln. Most of the open pieces of porcelain are precious to those who have no traces. "This is the standard that people have appreciated since ancient times.
Song Ge kiln bowl
"Hundred crumbles" opening film
"Fly wings" opening film: This is a phenomenon unique to Tang Sancai. Tang Sancai is the product of the tang dynasty's popular thick burial style, and absorbs the western style, shaping a rich and colorful utensils, which fully demonstrates the culture of the Tang Dynasty and is favored by all countries in the world.
Tang Sancai fly wings
"Sesame pattern" opening: This kind of open sheet form is similar to Tang Sancai glazed open piece, as fine as sesame particles, but because it is attached to the porcelain tire, the adhesion is relatively strong, and the glaze layer has no warpage phenomenon. Tang Changsha kiln products are the most representative.
Crab claw pattern opening: Crab claw pattern is a kind of ceramic firing process produced by the heat of the tire glaze due to their different expansion coefficients, this physical phenomenon is manifested in the glaze of the Ru kiln, it is like the traces of crab claws walking on the sediment, which is called crab claw pattern.
"Cow hair pattern": it is intermittent, sparse on the vessel, as if the sky is slightly glowing, and it is similar to a cluster of cow hair and got its name.
Eel blood streaks
After understanding the reasons and types of porcelain openings, let's share with you how to distinguish the difference between porcelain new openings! The difference between new and old open piece porcelain takes the porcelain open piece as a reference for identifying special porcelain with cracked pieces, which is of practical significance, for example: Song Dynasty brother kilns, official kilns, Ming and Qing dynasty glaze, etc., all with open pieces, we can start from the new and old pieces of open pieces to identify, so it is convincing. The formation of open pieces is also one of the processes of porcelain firing, so that the fired porcelain produces different cracks, which are artificially made in a short period of time and form a fast speed. Newly cracked open pieces, the edges of the openings will be very sharp, but a large part of the open pieces of porcelain that have been used for many years. As shown below: Qing Dynasty glaze incense burner, the original sharpness of the opening edge will become blunt, the phenomenon of old porcelain opening, after years of porcelain glaze aging and natural use loss, the opening has no original sharp phenomenon, become the phenomenon of edge blunting and rounding, the opening due to the long-term deposition of organic matter by microorganisms decomposition to produce a lot of pigments, these pigments in the aging glaze face under the glaze diffusion, so the bubbles around the opening below the opening are also infected, into various colors of colored bubbles.
Modern imitation glaze water bowl: sharp at the opening, a single color accumulated in the mouth, generally after cracking with acidic substances to make old, the opening edge can not see the passivation phenomenon, can be determined as a new imitation.
Observation of unresolved particles in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, because the mineral pigment grinding process is not fine enough, we often under the microscopic 200 times, we can find that some porcelain in this period often appears on the unsolved or undignified blue particle points of cobalt, which is rarely found in the Qing Dynasty or modern times.
Qing Dynasty Kangxi period of blue and white porcelain, did not find that there is no phenomenon of unreverted blue particles, modern imitations do not have this phenomenon, which is directly related to different periods of pigment materials and processing fineness, we can judge their differences through these phenomena to achieve the purpose of identification
The opening is a phenomenon of glaze fracture caused by the firing process of ceramics or historical reasons, which is considered a defect in the secular eye. However, it is precisely by taking advantage of this defect that craftsmen with artistic creativity turn decay into magic, artificially using the opening effect to produce unpredictable and mysterious artistic effects.
Ceramics are still life objects, especially azure glazed furnishings, which often give people a sense of tranquility and solemnity. The stripes and blocks crisscross and crisscross each other, break and connect, and the gaze follows the lines to produce a sense of imagination, resulting in a sense of pulsation and confusion. The opening piece of standing porcelain adds a touch of vitality to it just right, giving ancient ceramics thousands of years of immortal and eternal artistic vitality, which is the charm of the opening art. As "When life has cracks, sunlight shines in"!! (The picture and text are from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original author)