The core of the important concept of "the great power of the country" is to respect the people's dominant position, adhere to the people-centered development thinking, and constantly push forward the great cause of seeking happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the nation.
The central axis is located in the central area of the old city of Beijing, starting from Yongdingmen in the south, passing through Zhengyangmen, Tiananmen Square, forbidden city and Jingshan in the north, and ending at the Bell Tower and Drum Tower, with a total length of about 7.8 kilometers. A series of important buildings, courtyard spaces, doors, bridges, etc. form a sense of rhythmic rhythm change.
The central axis of Beijing is not only a typical representative of Beijing as the capital of the country and a historical city, but also the planning and design focus of Beijing to build a world city and a livable city. The central axis of Beijing has been built for more than 700 years since the founding of the Capital of the Yuan Dynasty, which can be described as the epitome of the history of the capital of Beijing, and also the "backbone of Beijing", historically, it is not only a symbol of imperial power and etiquette, but also a perfect blend with nature, and it is also a historical and cultural heritage protected by successive generations of people. "Beijing's unique magnificent order was born from the establishment of this central axis."
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Construction wisdom and value analysis of the central axis
The central axis embodies the unity of man and nature
The idea of the unity of heaven and man and the harmonious symbiosis
"The unity of heaven and man" has the idea of the integration of heaven, earth, and man. The upper is the heaven, the middle is the human, and the lower is the earth, which is regarded as the "three talents", which is the essence of the idea of "the unity of heaven and man". The "heaven" here mainly refers to the "heaven" with the will, that is, the "heaven" of the destiny. The so-called "unity of heaven and man" is the unity of heaven and man of man and destiny. The central axis of Beijing embodies the common geographical, cultural and psychological requirements of traditional China. According to the relevant theories of ancient China, the ideal location of houses, villages and cities is to sit on the back of the sun, sit north and face south, back to the mountains and face the water, and be surrounded by mountains on the left and right. According to the "Yuan Shi Batulu" record: "The land of youyan, the dragon pan tiger, the situation is majestic, the south controls Jianghuai, the north is against Mo." And the Son of Heaven will be in the middle to receive the Hajj from all sides. If the great king wants to run the world, he must be a yan in the place where he stays. It can be seen that the city of Beijing is in an ideal position in line with this traditional theory. The central axis is located in the middle of Beijing, where the dragon vein runs. The Dragon Vein is a divine protective force that runs through the middle, keeping everything orderly and impartial. Beijing runs from the mountains in the north, through the central axis, and leads to the city.
The central axis of the Ming Dynasty began with the three great halls of the Forbidden City and extended north to south, and the three great halls were chosen as the starting point, representing the idea of the unity of heaven and man. First of all, the three halls in the building, sharing a pedestal, the pattern is in the shape of "earth", representing the land and the world, the emperor's throne is in the Taihe Hall, representing the emperor is the center of the world, the emperor is the son of heaven, representing the will of heaven to rule the world, "the son of heaven, the king of heaven is coming to all the people." This also coincides with the situation in which the "soil" in the five elements is in the center. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the first three halls of the Forbidden City were named "Fengtian", "Huagai" and "Zhensheng", which were renamed "Huangji", "Zhongji" and "Jianji" during the Jiajing Period, and renamed "Taihe", "Neutralization" and "Baohe" in the Qing Dynasty, and its core idea was "Divine Right of The King, Carried by Fengtian". From a functional point of view, the three halls are the places where important activities such as the new emperor's ascension to the throne, the promulgation of edicts to the whole country, and the temple examination are held, which also shows that this is the most important place in the world and the center of the world.
Like the heavens and the earth, like the thoughts of heaven and earth
The ancients believed that the celestial realm was a social system centered on the North Pole Emperor Star, with "four elephants, five palaces, and twenty-eight houses" as the main trunk, and a very strict structure. The ZiweiYuan where Di Xing lived was located in the Middle Palace, while the East Palace Canglong, the West Palace White Tiger, the Nangong Suzaku, and the North Palace Xuanwu and the Twenty-Eight Residences formed the arch guard. In this regard, the ancients spared no effort to imitate in urban construction. For example, Miyagi symbolizes the Purple Micro Wall, Ayutthaya architecture symbolizes the Twenty-Eight Houses, and even the All-Day Star Bucket. This is the "royal system of palaces and palaces to take the law".
The Forbidden City's Noon Gate, Shenwu Gate, Wenhua Hall, and Wuying Hall are arranged according to the direction of the starry sky in the sky. The Noon Gate is called "Suzaku Gate" in its orientation, echoing the Forbidden City's back gate Shenwu Gate (known as "Xuanwu Gate" in the Ming Dynasty). In line with the ancient "Liqu": "Line, the former vermilion bird and then the Xuanwu, the left green dragon and the right white tiger." "The noon gate symbolizes the suzaku, which is related to the shape of the bird, according to the five elements, the south belongs to the fire, the fire is red, and the imperial city and palace sitting north and facing south are mostly red walls, which is consistent with the color of the vermilion bird." The emperor who lives in the middle of the Forbidden City symbolizes the four directions of his commander-in-chief, east, west, south and north, embodying the idea of heaven and earth.
The central axis reflects the philosophical connotations and the characteristics of etiquette
The theme of urban design in the old city of Beijing is expressed in the "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji". The craftsman camps the country, the square nine miles, the three doors next to it. The nine longitudes and nine latitudes of the middle school, the nine tracks of the tu, the left ancestor and the right she, facing the back market, the city is facing the first husband. The spatial layout of the axis is a modular composition system formed under strict design control, which is given the relationship between imperial power and political power, and realizes the unification of culture and spatial layout.
The idea of "neutralization"
The central axis of Beijing runs through the Chinese cultural spirit of "to neutralize, heaven to be in the right place, and all things to cultivate". "Neutralization" is from "Zhongyong", and "He" embodies the essence of Chinese culture. In the Zhou Li Di Guan Situ, it is written: "But the king founded the country, discerned the square and the right position, and the body of the country was through the wilderness... The scenery of the day is five inches in length, that is, in the land, the heavens and the earth are together, the four hours are also the intersection, the wind and rain are also met, the yin and yang are also combined, but the hundred things are in Fu'an, and the kingdom is built. [4] There is also a saying in the Lü's Spring and Autumn Shenshi: "The king of the ancients chooses the world to establish the country, chooses the country to establish the palace, and chooses the palace to establish the temple". The Xunzi Sketch records: "The king will dwell in the world, and the ceremony will be." The Forbidden City is located in the center of the north-south axis of Beijing, which also follows the traditional culture of "choosing the middle and standing".
Historically, the central axis of Beijing has been influenced by the guiding ideology of "facing the south and the king" and has been developing to the south. After the Beijing Asian Games, the central axis began to extend northward, and the fabric of Beijing city has changed greatly, beginning to incorporate many modern elements, and the original traditional concept has undergone new changes.
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Aesthetic implications
After the establishment of the outer city in the late Ming Dynasty, the spatial pattern of Beijing City formed a pattern of layers of arch guards, that is, with Miyagi as the core, the second layer as the imperial city, the third layer as the inner city, and the fourth layer as the outer city, and the layers of arch guards. The entire central axis is basically a representative architectural entity.
The construction of the central axis reflects a very high level of artistic achievement, showing the beauty of colorful human settlements, elegant and customary appreciation, colorful and inclusive, both the beauty of court culture and the beauty of life in the city culture. The unity and change of the color of Beijing's urban architecture strengthens the artistic effect of the architectural space. Different shapes, with yellow, green, blue and other colors, the roof and a large area of gray roof combination, showing a regular pattern, but also make people feel organized and orderly.
The central axis reflects the attributes of the people and the vitality of the atmosphere
The construction of the central axis adheres to the construction of human settlements with people as the core, builds a reasonable spatial order, and enables people to live and work in peace and contentment. The Book of Han records that "the holy kings and the people, building the city and living in the country", refers to the realization of long-term social stability and the people's life through human settlement planning. The living environment in the old city of Beijing takes people as the core, focuses on the relationship between people and the environment, and strives to create an orderly space and livable environment, which is an important means of governing the country. Pay attention to humanistic care, equipped with public facilities, convenient people's livelihood. All kinds of service facilities are arranged with the people's lives as the center, including public places such as markets, schools, temples, festivals, etc., so that people can enjoy material richness and spiritual pleasure. The people live in stability and comfort.
The central axis of Beijing in the new era should fully reflect the value of the people, maintain the unique style and connotation, enhance the attractiveness of the city, and improve the sense of identity and acquisition of citizens. The current central axis area of the historical and cultural perception experience, viewing and display path and urban streetscape style and other aspects still need to be optimized and improved, it is recommended to continue to promote the protection, creation and rejuvenation of the central axis, and adhere to the use of system concepts to carefully build the central axis of Beijing that serves the society and the people.
The current situation of the central axis is judged and the principle of protection and rejuvenation is protected
Judgment of the current situation
Streets on both sides of the central axis
Cultural perception needs to be improved
The central axis currently needs to improve its own perception and urban perception. As a spiritual axis that cannot be completed from north to south, how to perceive the existence of the axis in the city and better integrate with the urban road structure needs to be further explored. Through the assessment of the current situation, the pedestrian space of Xisi North Avenue, Dongsi North Avenue, The South Section of You'anmennei Street, Zhushikou East Avenue, and the Middle Section of Qiansanmen Avenue is insufficient. It is suggested that in the future, consider combining the city gate system to create an urban forest and strengthen the perception and walkability of historical streets.
The characteristic value of the city gate wall system has yet to be excavated and displayed
At present, the fifth façade of the central axis area is dominated by low-rise slope roofs, and the future will focus on protecting the slope-top buildings along the line, so that the old city can clearly show the combination of slope-top agglomeration and flat-slope in space. The overall style is complete, mainly traditional Chinese and Republic of China architecture, and there are a small number of modern architectural styles in the local area. In the future, we should focus on optimizing the spatial environment of the near-city gate and the city wall area, highlighting the historical spatial pattern of the central axis from the style, and strengthening the spatial echo relationship between the surrounding blocks and the central axis by continuously promoting the style improvement work, so as to shape the overall style of the integration of ancient and modern.
The historical perception of the southern part of the central axis needs to be improved
At present, the perception of the historical points in the south of the central axis is relatively weak compared with the northern section, with the Forbidden City as the center, the bell and drum tower in the north, and the Zhengyang Gate in the south, and the nodes of the historical buildings are densely distributed and highly perceived; the Zhengyang Gate shows a gradual weakening trend to the south. From the perspective of the experience path from south to north, it shows the perception effect of first suppressing and then rising. The pedestrian space environment of the streets in the Yongdingmen and Tianqiao areas needs to be improved. It is recommended to excavate historical resources in areas with weak historical perception such as Di'anmen East Avenue, Di'anmen West Avenue, and Zhushikou to weave and supplement historical resources, connect historical and cultural resources such as Liulichang, Dashilar, Tianqiao, and Temple of Heaven, and shape the public cultural space in the south of the central axis. Pay attention to the strengthening and creation of spatial perception of the historical axis south of the Forbidden City, and should urge historical resources to radiate outward, drive the spatial perception of weak plates, and form an overall experience structure.
The current advantageous resources need to be strengthened to form a system
Due to the demolition of the inner and outer walls of Beijing and the imperial city wall, only two small spaces remaining on the cultural base of the central axis, the Forbidden City and Tiananmen Square. How to reconstruct a systematic cultural integration grassroots in cities needs to be studied more deeply. The concentration of symbolic resources in the area with the Forbidden City as the core should be elevated and highlighted in the urban space. Advantageous resources show a linear distribution and a small number of groups gathered, should be combined with the superior resources to form a display and viewing dynamics, and integrate the basic resources within the group, to build a city-wide cultural experience network system.
The Central Axis Protection Revival Principle
Return from a bird's eye view to human vision
Pay attention to the perspective of pedestrians and the experience of space, and put forward landscape assessment opinions. Current research work is more focused on a bird's-eye view of the central axis, and future research designs should take into account the pedestrians' experience of urban space. "Livable" as the capital and all cities of the construction program, requiring attention to people-oriented, the establishment of a good living environment, to solve the problems related to the vital interests of the masses, including travel, cultural activities, shopping, etc., of which, the most basic is a good living environment and public space.
Return to the urban perspective from a heritage perspective
Starting from the planning and management needs, we strive to improve the integrity of the new and old building complexes. The basis for landscape control of planning and approval projects is insufficient, and the design guidelines for the control of the central axis are mainly from the perspective of heritage protection, and put forward control requirements. From the perspective of approval, in view of the adjustment of functions around the central axis and the actual construction needs, formulate short-term construction guidance opinions that are easy to operate, inherit and develop the traditional context, and guide and control the planning and construction of new projects. The form of the central axis of the city and the glory of the capital city can be continued, and it has been promoted in the protection and development.
Regression from the ideal goal to the implementation
Propose implementation plans from the perspective of social, economic and cultural development and change. The current situation control elements mainly include building height, color, volume, style and other content, the style control of the central axis is not only based on "visual feelings" and "morphological aesthetics", the life, economy and development of the city and historical districts should be reflected and continued, and the environment in which the heritage is located is constantly moving forward, including social, economic and cultural, and study how to put forward scientific and effective control of the central axis in the environment of considering development and change.
Promote the restoration of central axis protection with people as the center
Enrich and expand public activity venues and stimulate the vitality of the central axis
Strengthen the sequence of spatial structures, display the magnificent concept of capital construction, and reshape the integrity of the axis space.
Restore the important central axis heritage elements, form important places to reproduce, and form a "holistic" central axis order in which the old and the new are harmoniously blended. The implementation of the restoration of Di'anmen was discussed in stages to protect the integrity of the imperial city. Restore the Qianmen Moat and Zhengyang Bridge, and complete the spatial structure of Tiananmen Square. Study and restore the Yongdingmen Arrow Tower and the Urn City to form a complete pattern of yongdingmen.
Based on key streets such as four horizontal and five vertical, enhance the cultural perception of streets and alleys
As a "back market" commercial street that gathers the cultural heritage of the central axis, Di'anmen Outer Street promotes the overall improvement of the quality of the central axis through refined one-household-one-policy design. Di'anmen West Avenue and Di'anmen East Avenue, as the main avenues carrying cultural life, form a boulevard with a suitable scale through cross-section optimization, reshape the boundary, and plan the green belt in the qualified place to symbolize the old site of the city wall. Jingshan Backstreet has historically been the only way to travel within the Imperial City's rear gate control area, and it is planned to explore a feasible reconstruction plan for the Security Gate and define the space inside and outside the Imperial City. Jingshan West Street and Jingshan East Street, as private annex spaces between the royal court, create a street, a hall, and a water system, creating a beautiful and pleasant royal landscape environment. Fujing Street, as the "most beautiful" Fujing Cultural Street in Beijing, is the core of displaying the landscape of the ancient capital of Beijing, and in the future, it will mainly strengthen the humanized design of Jingshan Qianjie and form a street landscape that shows multiculturalism. As solemn streets that serve the government affairs functions of the capital, display the image of the country, and embody the style of a big country, the north-south long street and the north-south pond are combined with the work of relieving and retiring, rationally using cultural relics at all levels, and implanting multiple functions such as government services, international exchanges, and cultural exchanges. Qiansanmen Avenue is an important demarcation line between the inner and outer cities in the construction of the pattern of the old city of Beijing, and the main construction of historical and cultural essence greenways with diverse functions, rich connotations, smooth and convenient in the future.
Carry out a variety of central axis cultural display and experience activities, and tell the story of the central axis
Combined with heritage protection and the rectification of streets, alleys and alleys, carry out residents' oral history and cultural stories of historical districts, cultivate a group of central axis cultural managers, including docents, volunteers, indigenous people and other people, combined with a variety of media methods, and through the intelligent tour platform to let the public know and understand, disseminate and carry forward the central axis cultural memory, and cultivate regional cultural ecology. Using virtual reality technology, we can restore and reproduce historical and cultural landscapes.
Show the audio and video charm of the morning bell and twilight drum, the crisp whistle of the pigeon whistle, and the greeting of the neighbors
Through the bell tower and drum tower that represent the characteristics of the central axis of Beijing, the punctual chime is performed to restore the sound of old Beijing, reflecting the unique lifestyle and warm memory of the old city. Create a place for festivals and events to tell the story of the old city. Implement urban noise reduction in multiple ways, create rich park greenery, and create a beautiful environment with birds and flowers.
Grasp the improvement of business functions and create a beautiful life scene
Increase the intensity of business format control work in the central axis area block represented by Di'anmen Outer Street and Qianmen Street, and dynamically optimize the proportion of the current business format configuration. Limit homogeneous and inefficient formats, and effectively use the building area that has been cleared and withdrawn as a development space for new formats. Guided by operation evaluation, timely adjust the location and functional positioning of the block format, and create a central axis cultural living space that integrates cultural and commercial residences.
The renovation improves the urban streetscape and highlights the characteristics of the central axis
Create a national etiquette culture and citizens' life experience as the central axis of Beijing
The magnificent royal buildings and simple residential courtyards complement each other, the beautiful scenery of rivers and lakes and the iconic architectural complexes are intertwined and integrated, the magnificent city towers are harmonious and harmonious with the soothing shops, guild halls and houses, and the prosperity of the street market and the tranquility of the hutongs constitute the rich and interesting life of the city.
The outer section of Di'anmen shows the residential areas and bustling street markets formed by the intersection of the Grand Canal and the dual heritage of the future central axis, and the bell and drum towers are reflected in the large and gentle hutong-courtyard historical district. The Di'anmen-Jingshan section shows the cultural landmarks of the capital and the core functional agglomeration area of the capital with the imperial city as the core. Preserve the overall artistic achievement and highlight the supremacy of the Royal Family. Inherit the order pattern of the capital city with clear primary and secondary and intertwined longitude and latitude, protect the essence of the palace garden, altar temple, inner house, temple and other architectural essences, and form a whole of historical and cultural style of the organic connection between the Forbidden City and the imperial city.
The Tiananmen Square section highlights a safe, clean and orderly government environment, and protects the openness, centrality, symmetry and integrity of the surrounding interface of Tiananmen Square.
The qianmen section creates a golden business card of the capital's commercial district that disseminates traditional commercial civilization, presents the characteristics of combining traditional architectural style and Western style, and reflects the old Beijing well culture.
The Zhushikou-Yongdingmen section takes the Xiannong Temple and the Temple of Heaven as the core, creates a characteristic area dominated by performing arts functions, protects an important part of the historical pattern of "Nine Altars and Eight Temples", and forms an organic unity of the ritual building complex with strict regulations and spectacular volume and the civilian residential block.
Strengthen the urban design of the southern and northern extensions of the central axis, and build a high-quality beijing central axis in the future
With the planning and construction of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the strategic deployment of the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, the central axis of Beijing has continuously expanded in the direction of north and south, becoming a lifeline that embodies Beijing's humanistic history, moral indoctrination, customs and folk customs, and social development.
The north-south extension of the central axis should continue to improve urban functions and spatial order, create new functional nodes in Dahongmen, Nanyuan and other areas, strengthen the urban design of urban style, spatial form, architectural layout, public space, architectural color, fifth façade, etc. of local important nodes, and should fully excavate its historical and cultural connotation and the philosophical concepts contained in the central axis, complement each other with the central axis of the old city, and show the unique charm of the integration of traditional culture and modern civilization.
Design leads the urban revitalization plan and creates a central axis scene
The goal of creating a central axis scene should strengthen the sequence of spatial structure and show the construction concept of the capital of a big country
Reshape the integrity of the axis space, establish a "holistic" central axis order in which the old and the new are harmoniously blended, restore important central axis heritage elements, and form an important place to reproduce.
The Dashilar area condenses the essence of nearly a thousand years of history and the essence of Beijing's taste and commerce for a hundred years. It is recommended to reshape the northern gateway of the region, create a landscape leisure strolling street, recreate the landscape of the Moon Bay Jinshui Bridge, and reminisce about history. The north side and the south area of Qianmen Arrow Tower form an overall leisure square, which is conducive to an integrated pedestrian leisure and sightseeing area. Reproducing the moat form, restoring the Zhengyang Bridge at the original site, and restoring the traces of the urn city on the plane of the tree array, providing people with historical remembrance.
Di'anMen belongs to one of the "nine gates of the central axis" in terms of layout. As a historical imperial inner street, Di'an Avenue and Di'anmen have experienced many historical events together. At present, Anmen Inner Street is only an urban road, and the red wall on both sides of the road is green, and the road pattern is no different from the ordinary landscape road, which does not reflect the important position of the inner road of the imperial city. The reconstruction of Di'anmen can be carried out in two ways: signage or rehabilitation, and the advantage of the sign display is that it has less impact on traffic and has a better expression of historical information, but the enhanced effect on the perception of the central axis space is weak. The advantage of the rehabilitation display is that the enhancement effect of the perception of the central axis space is strong, and the historical information is better expressed, but the impact on traffic is greater, the impact on the surrounding buildings is higher, and the cost cost is also higher.
Enrich the spatial feeling and visual experience of pedestrians, highlighting the rich cultural characteristics
Control the rhythm and rhythm of the central axis and the surrounding space, so that people can feel the characteristics of the old city while walking. A good street interface order should be formed, small squares, parks and other urban viewpoints should be created, and the iconic landscape with characteristics should be strengthened and created. Avoid negative landscapes and create a better viewing experience in Beijing's old city. The modernization of the construction has undoubtedly caused a certain negative impact on the traditional landscape environment of the old city, and for the buildings that have destroyed the integrity of the traditional style of the old city, they can be avoided through certain landscape design and path planning to create the best viewing point of the old city.
Enhance the cultural perception of the central axis, light up the central axis, and strengthen the characteristics of the central axis
It is recommended to upgrade the façade of the shops on Di'anmen Outer Street to protect the original axis order, strengthen the characteristics of the "back market", and show the bustling beauty of the street. Strengthen heritage perception, excavate the central axis heritage viewpoint, restore the viewing gallery, enhance the public environment, light up the central axis, and attract people to stop and watch. Connecting the elements of the "central axis image" is displayed in tandem, and the interaction between the central axis culture and urban space is sought. In view of the key renovation buildings that affect the style of the central axis, the planting of street trees has been increased recently to cover the negative buildings; the architectural style improvement has been carried out in the long term, and the buildings with destructive styles have been demoted or remodeled.
Strengthen the humanized design of the central axis viewing and improve the convenience of walking
At present, the cross-street connection between the east and west sides of Wanning Bridge needs to be strengthened, and it is recommended to strengthen the association of historical routes to form a continuous green belt of waterfront landscape. Integrate the historical resources of Wanning Bridge and Fire Temple, form a new cultural exchange place through landscape upgrading and transformation, and create a humanized bridgehead viewing space. Strengthen the design of urban interface weaving. Promote the weaving and repair of Shichahai subway station, show the historical texture style, implant commercial and cultural functions, and combine landscape construction to achieve the restoration and cultural continuity of the urban texture.
Strengthen the construction of environmental landscapes and promote the humanization of public spaces
It is suggested that the layout of Tiananmen Square is more humane, which can not only show the extraordinary great scene, but also fully display the rich details of humanization to serve the political and cultural needs of the country and the people. Weaken the motorized traffic on both sides of the square, change it to a pedestrian road or shared street, and form the Great Hall of the People, the National Museum and the square as a whole, and enhance the continuity of the interface. Increase leisure facilities on both sides of the square to form a small-scale spatial feeling, create urban micro-space places, and provide people with public communication and leisure space.
In the future, the "overall protection, active creation, and comprehensive rejuvenation" of the functional core area of the capital should adhere to the people-centered, use system concepts, systematic thinking, and systematic methods, coordinate and balance the relationship between the five major systems of urban society, economy, culture, space, and science and technology in multiple dimensions, protect the beauty of the overall order of the central axis of development, and become a great artistic masterpiece with a long tradition and a contemporary vitality, writing a new chapter in Beijing's urban cultural rejuvenation.
The author is the chief architect of Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. and the chief architect of Shougang Group
Source Beijing City Sub-Center Newspaper | Author Wu Chen
Edited by Wang Qiong
Process Editor Wu Yue