#"Flash hour" theme essay issue 2 #
Hello everyone, I am learning from history.
When it comes to the world's four major intelligence organizations, many people know that it is russia's KGB, the United States' CIA, Britain's MI6, Israel's Mossad.
The predecessor of the Russian KGB, the Cheka Organization of the former Soviet Union, directly established the KGB's position in the global intelligence community through a series of purges.
In this issue, we will talk about the founder of the Cheka organization, Dzerzhinsky.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > eleven years in prison</h1>
Born on September 11, 1877 in the minsk oblast of present-day Belarus, Dzerzhinsky was a well-off, small landowner, and his greatest ambition at the time was to become an archbishop.
When the younger Dzerzhinsky entered secondary school, he began to come into contact with Marxism and became a socialist. By 1895, at the age of 18, Dzerzhinsky decided to drop out of school and go out into society, to the peasants, to better "learn from the people and get closer to them."
Dzerzhinsky then became a professional revolutionary. Began an 11-year journey of arrest, exile, flight, re-arrest, re-exile, and re-exile.
In July 1897, Dzerzhinsky was arrested for the first time and sentenced to three years of exile, after which he fled.
He was arrested again in 1900 and sentenced to five years in exile in Siberia in 1902, and on the road to exile he fled again.
He was arrested and imprisoned again in July 1905, but at this time the first Russian Revolution took place. Three months later, he was released from prison after the "October amnesty."
In 1908 he was arrested, tried, and exiled to Siberia again, and Dzerzhinsky became acquainted with the road and fled again...
In this way, Dzerzhinsky lived in prison for 11 years, and after the February Revolution of 1917, Dzerzhinsky finally joined the Bolsheviks, and because of his excellent work, he was elected secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee, responsible for all the organization of the party. After the victory of the October Revolution, he was elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
Soviet Russia during this period faced a siege and blockade throughout Europe, and the situation at home and abroad was extremely precarious, which also gave Dzerzhinsky the opportunity to form the Cheka.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, form the "Cheka" organization</h1>
"Cheka" (ВЧК) was the All-Russian Special Committee for the Suppression of Counter-Revolution and the Elimination of Sabotage (Всеросийская чрезвыϱайная комиссия по борьбе с кон Transliteration of the Russian abbreviation of theтреволюцией и саботажем), later renamed All Russia for counter-revolution and the fight against speculation and power Special Committee on Abuse (Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией, спекуляцией и преступлениям по должности), referred to as the All-Russian Anti-Corruption Committee.
After the October Revolution, Soviet Russia faced the strong interference of the white bandit army formed by the big landlords and nobles at home, as well as various counter-revolutionary forces abroad. Lenin realized that in order to achieve the dictatorship of the proletariat, it was necessary to establish an "organized and specialized system of violence."
In order to stabilize Soviet power, Lenin proposed that Dzerzhinsky be the chairman of the "All-Russian Purge Committee". The office is located at 2 Pea Street in Petrograd. After the Soviet government moved its capital to Moscow in 1918, the headquarters of the Cheka was moved in 1920 to 11 Lubyanka Square in the center of Moscow, now the headquarters of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.
The "Cheka" belongs directly to the Soviet People's Committee and has great power, and the Cheka organization of counter-revolution is in charge, petty theft is also in charge, speculation is also in charge, and passive sabotage is also in charge... In addition to being able to arrest all counter-revolutionaries, the Cheka organization is best known for its power to execute directly without trial: the Cheka says that whoever is a counter-revolutionary is a counter-revolutionary, and can be executed without application or trial.
Dzerzhinsky said: "For the 'Cheka', the right to have the execution of prisoners is extremely important. ”
Dzerzhinsky spent eleven years in the Tsar's prison and had escaped from exile many times, so he was extremely familiar with the reconnaissance, arrest, and sentencing of the Russian military and police, as well as with how to make it impossible for prisoners to escape.
Therefore, under the leadership of Dzerzhinsky, while learning from his Western counterparts, the Cheka organized and wrote the "Basic Principles of Intelligence Work" and the "Introduction to the Intelligence Work Methods of the "Cheka", etc., to standardize the work of the Cheka organization.
Lenin once spoke highly of the work of the anti-operatives, calling them "a powerful weapon in the struggle against attempts to overthrow Soviet power by enemies much stronger than us".
But unlike later, this institution degenerated and became the eagle dog of political struggle. The newly established Cheka organization considered itself a "soldier of the revolution"!
Dzerzhinsky said: "A Chekaist should be kind-hearted, calm, honest and honest, and fight to the death to defend the fruits of the revolution." It later became the motto of the KGB.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > three, Dzerzhinsky: the man who does not blink</h1>
Dzerzhinsky created the notorious "Cheka", so what kind of person was he himself?
According to records, Dzerzhinsky himself lived an almost Puritan life.
Dzerzhinsky only has an office and no home, works, eats, and lives in the office of Lubyanka, most of the time work more than 18 hours, even Dzerzhinsky does not pursue a luxurious material life like others, and it is rumored that Dzerzhinsky only needs three things to live: bread, water and work.
He refused to enjoy privileges that no one else had, putting himself and all the staff on one level. If the veteran brought him something delicious, Dzerzhinsky would look at the veteran with a scrutinizing look and ask, "Is that what other people are eating today?" ”
The veteran hastened to reply: "Yes, yes, everyone eats the same, Comrade Dzerzhinsky." ”
This is true at home and abroad, as a British diplomat, Lokat, once described him: "Dzerzhinsky's demeanor is impeccable, his speech is very decent, but there is no sense of humor." The most wonderful thing was his eyes, those deeply sunken eyes that shone with the cold light of fanatical faith. He never blinked, as if his eyelids were paralyzed. ”
In January 1919, Dzerzhinsky was ordered by Lenin to assist in the Pilm Affair as Stalin's deputy. Thereafter, Dzerzhinsky became Stalin's most important political ally.
In 1920, Stalin, chairman of the Southwest Military Commission, and Dzerzhinsky, commander of the rear of the Southwest Front, who was responsible for logistics, worked together to crush the Polish 2nd Army, crush the attack of the Polish 3rd Army, and completely turn the tide of the Soviet-Polish war.
Dzerzhinsky's position in the early days of the Soviet Union was extremely high, even not much lower than Lenin's, and when the Bolsheviks founded the party to elect members of the Central Committee, the top three votes were:
Third place: later the actual leader of the October Revolution, Trotsky, the founder of the Red Army.
Second prize: Lenin, the founder of Soviet power.
1st prize: Dzerzhinsky.
Unlike the later leaders of the Cheka and KGBs, Dzerzhinsky was loyal to communist ideals, defending the people and fighting the enemy, and he was also evaluated as a real red sword of punishment, and even the enemies could not say anything bad about Dzerzhinsky.
On July 20, 1926, Dzerzhinsky died of a heart attack at the age of 49 while delivering a speech against the opposition in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of Bulgaria.
After Dzerzhinsky's death, the main division of the special forces of the Former Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Former Soviet Union was named "Dzerzhinsky Division", which participated in the Great Patriotic War and the Chechen War of the Soviet Union.
Moreover, the square in front of Lubyanka, the office of the "Cheka", was also named Dzerzhinsky Square, and a bronze statue of Dzerzhinsky was erected.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the existence of Dzerzhinsky was almost completely overthrown because the "Cheka" organization of the former Soviet period became the representative of political incorrectness.
His bronze statue was torn down, Dzerzhinsky Square was renamed Lubyanka Square, and even the name of the "Dzerzhinsky" division was abolished in February 1994 and directly called Одон, meaning independent special operations division.
Photo note: Statue of Dzerzhinsky that was torn down after disintegration
After entering the new century, with the strong support of former KGB agent and Russian President Vladimir Putin, the name of the "Dzerzhinsky" division of the independent division of the special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was restored in 2014.
The Cheka can be said to be a harsh dictatorial measure adopted by the Soviet Union to defend the Red regime after its establishment, and it made an indelible contribution to the stability of the Soviet Union in the early days of its founding.
Moreover, during the Dzerzhinsky period, the Cheka he led was an independent organization that did not serve the will of the individual and fought for communist ideals.
Unlike the leaders of the later Cheka and KGBs, Yagoda, Yezhov, Beria, etc., were not allowed to die well and leave a stigma. Only Dzerzhinsky, although most people did not like him, did not criticize him too much.
Note: Stalin and Trokyts carried the coffin for Dzerzhinsky's funeral
On July 10, 1926, three hours before Dzerzhinsky's death, he wrote in a speech to the Central Committee of the USSR and the Central Control Commission: "Do you know what is my strength?" That is, I never cared about myself, I firmly believe that everything I did was right, and I was willing to dedicate myself to my cause. That's why all of you here trust me and love me. I have never been against things of reason, but as long as there is chaos and disorder, I will go all out to fight them. ”
When Dzerzhinsky said, "I never care about myself," the members of the Central Committee in the Great Hall replied loudly: "Да!" That is, the Russian meaning of "yes, agree".
Text/Take history as a mirror
Graph/Network
References/ "Top Secret Operations of the KGB of the USSR"
"Dzerzhinsky"