#闪亮的坐标 #
Soldier trickery also. War is a fight of comprehensive strength, fighting equipment, fighting personnel, and more often fighting brains and courage.
On the Korean battlefield, there was a classic battle. In this battle, Zhang Zuyu, commander of the Sixtieth Army of the Chinese Volunteer Army, created a miracle, a miracle in the history of Chinese and foreign wars - 3500 people lurked under the eyes of the enemy for 19 hours on a large scale, the enemy was unaware, and finally launched a surprise attack to achieve strategic intentions.
Zhang Zuyi
This article tries to restore the scene at that time, and review how Zhang Zuyu completed this seemingly impossible task.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="01" > the Sixty Army won first and then lost, peng Dehuai was angry</h1>
The Sixty Army was Zhang Zuyu's old squad, formerly known as the Eighth Column of the Jinji-Hebei Luyu Field Army. Zhang Zuyu led this team to participate in the battles of liberating the northwest and southwest, and made outstanding achievements. When the Korean War broke out in June 1950, the Chinese Volunteer Army went to Fight in Korea in October, and the Sixty Army was sent to the front.
Although Zhang Zuyu was the commander of the Sixty Army at that time, he was also the commander of the Western Sichuan Military Region, considering that the construction of western Sichuan had just started, and it happened that Zhang Zuyu was also suffering from a stomach disease, and the central authorities did not agree to Zhang Zuyu's request for battle, but left him in the rear. This is undoubtedly a bit cruel to a battle-hardened soldier. The only thing that Zhang Zuyu could do comfort was that the Sixty Army he had led could gallop across the Korean battlefield and make up for his regrets.
The Sixty Army entered the Korean War and also took Zhang Zuyu's heart. Zhang Zuyu kept looking in front of the battle map every day, not letting go of every news on the front line. At the beginning, it was not bad, the sixty army's victories were frequently reported, Zhang Zuyu listened to the war reports, and his heart was beautiful, as if he had won the battle. However, in April 1951, the news of the disastrous defeat of the Sixty Army suddenly came -- the 180th Division of the Sixty Army failed to break through, and only 300 people of the 7,000 men of the division broke through, almost destroying the entire army, creating the largest failure record since entering the Korean War. Peng Dehuai was furious, the commander was dismissed, and the Sixty Army was replaced by a defensive rest.
Peng Dehuai
It was also proposed that the 180th Division be abolished. Some people also said that it would be better to send the 180th Division to the Northern Wasteland to cultivate land.
For a time, the Sixty Army became the target of everyone's attention, and Zhang Zuyu felt the shame that came from the rear. Zhang Zuyu did not understand why the heroic and good-fought Sixty Army had suffered such a great defeat, and he could not sit still in the rear, eagerly thinking of the front line to see what was going on.
On July 10, 1952, Zhang Zuyu was given the opportunity to visit and study with the Southwest Military Region, and rushed to Korea in a hurry.
At the headquarters of the Volunteer Army, Zhang Zuyu met chen geng, the deputy commander of the volunteer army, who had been away for many years. This time north Korea met, very cordial. Chen Geng briefed Zhang Zuyu on the five battles of the Volunteer Army, and also introduced the damage of the 180th Division of the Sixty Army in the fifth battle.
After the end of the second phase of the Fifth Campaign, the volunteers who participated in the battle had been fighting for five consecutive days and nights, and many troops were extremely tired, ran out of ammunition and food, and had difficulties in supply. The headquarters of the Volunteer Army decided that the main force of our army would move to the 38th Line for recuperation.
During the transfer of the Volunteers, the United Nations army sent four corps and thirteen divisions to counterattack the volunteers. The enemy formed a contingent of motorized infantry, tanks, and artillerymen, and plunged deep into our army along the road to divide our army. The various units of our army fought and retreated, and the fight was extremely arduous. Although the main force withdrew from the encirclement, the casualties were heavy.
Among them, the 180th Division carried out the corps' orders, stayed in place, and carried out the task of blocking the attack. At that time, torrential rains were continuous, and the movement of the troops was difficult. The area south of Zhiyan-ri was surrounded by the U.S. Seventh Division, the Twenty-fourth Division, and the South Korean Sixth Division, and the 180th Division suffered heavy losses in the breakout.
Chen Geng
After Chen Geng finished briefing the situation, he took out a copy of the "Notice on the Damage Incident of the 180th Division" from his briefcase and handed it to Zhang Zuyu. Zhang Zuyu saw the words written in the briefing, such as "seriously light enemy," "insufficient reconnaissance," "improper command," and "tactical error," and said to Chen Geng: "I took the 180th Division with me, and I am very saddened that it has suffered such serious losses in Korea!" I think I also have a responsibility, which I didn't bring well in the past. ”
Chen Geng said, "Zu forgives you not to be too upset, and don't blame yourself." This force used to be good and hard. The famous leather brigades and Linfen brigades of the whole army are all sixty army! It was only the lack of experience in fighting the U.S. military, coupled with factors such as improper command and climatic environment, that it suffered this loss. What is important now is to cheer up the spirit, rectify it well, conscientiously sum up the lessons learned, and fight a turnaround battle! ”
Zhang Zuyu squeezed the heavy briefing and said firmly, "I want to return to the Sixty Army!" Resolutely fight a turnaround battle! ”
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="02" > Chairman Mao specially received - "First go and make up the teeth!" ”</h1>
Soon after Zhang Zuyu returned to China, a telegram from the Central Military Commission arrived— appointing him commander of the Sixtieth Army and secretary of the party committee of the Volunteer Army.
On September 25, 1952, Zhang Zuyu went to Beijing to receive orders and stayed at the Rural Hotel of the Central Military Commission Of Zhushikou outside the Qianmen Gate. Approaching the National Day, the Central Military Commission informed Zhang Zuyu that he would go to North Korea after attending the National Day ceremony on October 1. Zhang Zuyu had to hold on to that impatient heart.
National Day ceremony
After participating in the National Day viewing ceremony, Zhang Zuyu was ready to leave immediately. At this time, the Central Military Commission issued another notice -- to stay on standby and the central leadership to summon him. Zhang Zuyu was uneasy in his heart, who wanted to see him? Is it possible that the situation has changed and it is impossible to go to North Korea?
At 9:00 a.m. on October 4, a director of the General Cadre Department of the Central Military Commission came to see Zhang Zuyu and brought him a surprise -- Chairman Mao was going to meet you at 11 o'clock. When Zhang Zuyu heard the news, he was excited and busied himself with shaving and changing clothes. The commissioner watched him busily until 11 o'clock, and the two of them drove to Zhongnanhai in a Warsaw brand car.
Mao Zedong saw Zhang Zuyu and asked kindly, "Zu forgiveness, where are you from?" ”
Zhang Zuyu replied: "Chairman of the report, my hometown is in Shangcheng County, Henan Province. ”
Mao Zedong said, "Ah, it turned out to be from the Dabie Mountains, good, good." During the Qing Dynasty, you Shangcheng County had a Zhou Zai Chancellor, do you know? "Mao Zedong is very knowledgeable, and the allusions of small county towns can also be counted.
Zhang Zuyu said, "After I arrived at the army, I learned from the book that this person's name is Zhou Zupei, and he is from Chengguan, our county seat. ”
Mao Zedong asked again, "How many years have you been in school?" ”
Zhang Zuyu replied: "After studying at home for three years in private school, when I was 12 years old, my father died of illness, and my family dropped out of school when I was poor, and I herded cattle for the landlord's family. In the summer of 1929, when the peasants in my hometown rioted and established the Red Army, I signed up for the Red Army. ”
Mao Zedong said, "Ah, it's not simple. There is a saying in China that the children of the poor have long been in charge, and the cowherds in the past are now the military commanders. It is the revolution that has produced and cultivated a generation. ”
Mao Zedong
After talking about family customs, Mao Zedong returned to the legend: "Except for some objective reasons for the defeat of the 180th Division on the Korean battlefield, subjectively speaking, in the Shanxi battlefield, your Sixty Army fought well, and the liberation of the Great Northwest and the Great Southwest was also too smooth. It is good to win the battle smoothly, but it also breeds the possibility of failure. If you are not cautious and do not take others seriously, where is there not to lose? ”
Zhang Zuyu thought to himself, this time the Sixty Army lost people and lost people to their homes, all of which alarmed Chairman Mao, so he said with shame: "The chairman is right!" The 180th Division's defeat on the Korean battlefield this time was the problem of self-confidence and light enemy. ”
Mao Zedong saw that Zhang Zuyu understood the problem and nodded reassuringly. He noticed the gap in Zhang Zuyu's gums as he spoke, which was the tooth that had been knocked out by a bullet. Mao Zedong's humor came up again: "What to do?" I don't think the 180th Division does have to go to the Northern Wilderness, and the number does not need to be changed. You go a few days late, go to the Union Hospital to fill your teeth, and when you get to North Korea, open your voice, speak louder, and mobilize the troops to fight a turnaround battle! ”
Mao Zedong's witty humor made Zhang Zu forgive him like a spring breeze, and his heart also added a sense of motivation and determination.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="03" > hero sees the same thing - how can it be surprised, only lurking</h1>
Zhang Zuyu held his breath and rushed to the Korean battlefield. But we must not gamble on war, but rely on real ability.
Zhang Zuyu formulated the guiding ideology of "actively defending, starting from small battles, training troops in positions, gaining experience, and then gradually expanding the scale of operations." He organized special shooters to carry out pre-formation "live target" activities; at the same time, he organized small detachments to choose an opportunity to attack. In less than two months, the use of cold guns and cold artillery killed and injured 3115 "United Nations troops", an average of 50 people per day, so that the enemy did not even dare to pee outside the fortifications. They also killed 7 tanks, 13 vehicles, 13 cannons, and 24 aircraft, and the morale of the officers and men of the unit gradually increased, and they became familiar with the playing methods and tactics of the "United Nations Army".
Zhang Zuyu thought to himself,"Just a big victory to restore the glory of the Sixty Army!" This day is coming soon.
The Korean War began in June 1951 and was a state of fighting and talking. Mao Zedong was very keen on this and demanded that the volunteer army fight every battle well, hurt the United States, and promote talks. In 1953, Truman faced a presidential election and used the Korean War as a campaign chip to give high hopes. Therefore, in the negotiations, the enemy's attitude was once tough, sometimes it was a rogue, especially the representatives of the South Korean army, the attitude was even more arrogant, and even shouted "marching into the Yalu River" and "not bound by the treaty, fight alone!" In this case, the Volunteer Command drew up a summer counterattack operation plan, proposing to "destroy the enemy and train the troops to cooperate with the Panmunjom negotiations." "Teach the "UN army" a lesson and let them honestly sit down and negotiate.
Situation in the Korean War
The best plan to thoroughly improve the existing defensive positions of the Volunteer Army is to take back the Golden City, which was taken by the enemy in 1951, cut the front line, and lay a good foundation for future armistice deployment.
In early May 1953, the commanders, political commissars, and chiefs of staff of the Twentieth Corps gathered at the Shelter To discuss how to fight. Zhang Zuyu already had a plan in mind, but he still wanted to hear what others thought. Unexpectedly, commander Zheng Weishan's speech spoke to his heart, which was really the same as what the hero saw.
Commander Zheng Weishan said that to attack Jincheng, we must first capture the three highlands of 902.8, 973 and 883.7 in front of the Sixty Army. There was an enemy reinforcement regiment in the defense. To unplug it, large-scale stealth operations are needed.
Zheng Weishan further analyzed -- By laying down these three points, we can achieve the following effects: First, we can shock the enemy by mental surprise; second, it is equivalent to cutting off the enemy's three legs and causing the enemy's defense in the Jincheng area to lose its balance, so that we can directly develop in depth, expand the results of the battle, and recover the lost ground; third, these three highlands are the key parts of the enemy's "Missouri Defense Line.", and laying it down is equivalent to tearing open the opening of the enemy's "Missouri Defense Line," and the enemy will inevitably fight back desperately. We can take advantage of the opportunity to achieve the goal of killing and injuring a large number of the enemy's living forces.
Zheng Weishan finally said that if the prominent part of Jincheng is not recovered in this counterattack operation, it will be more difficult to recover in the future, and there will even be no chance to recover it again. From the whole stop line and the long-term future sticking to it, it's worth taking a risk.
Zheng Weishan and Mao Zedong
After Zheng Weishan finished speaking, the military commanders and chiefs of staff attending the meeting did not speak immediately, but thought silently.
First, to launch this campaign, it is necessary to attack the positions of two enemy regiments at the same time, which has not been tried by the enemy and us since the Korean War was turned into defense. Moreover, the Volunteer Command had stipulated that the scale of the campaign should be controlled below the battalion, preferably one or two companies. When this battle is fought, it will greatly exceed the rules. Second, in the absence of air supremacy and poor technical equipment, it seems unlikely that there will be a long-term lurking, let alone precedent. Third, once the fight is not done well, the whole world will watch, and that will affect the military and national prestige and negotiations. At the same time, there are also some comrades who are worried about whether the Sixty Army can accomplish this task.
To fight, it is also necessary to go up to the Sixty Army, and it can no longer be replaced. Zheng Weishan looked at Zhang Zuyu, and Zhang Zuyu became a bamboo in his chest.
Zhang Zuyu said that both the enemy and us were guarding the high mountains. We had to go down from our main position, to the bottom of the ditch, then over the valley floor, and then to the front of the enemy position to lurk, a journey that took about 6 to 7 hours. It's summer and it's dark at eight o'clock in the evening. If you leave at dusk and walk for six or seven hours, it will probably not be until about three o'clock the next morning to reach the lurking place. Add to that the time it takes to prepare for battle, and it's expected to take an hour or two to attack the enemy. At that time, around half past four, it was already dawn. If you attack again at dawn, you will be counterattacked by the enemy's air artillery fire, increasing casualties. This will not facilitate the mobile strength and artillery attack of our army, and after the capture of the position, there will be no time to build fortifications.
Everyone listened to Zhang Zuyu's analysis and thought in their hearts, so to speak, the lurking plan is still not feasible.
Schematic diagram of the Battle of Jincheng
Suddenly, Zhang Zu's words changed, and he continued to say that from December 1952 to the present, our army has carried out 26 small counterattacks against the enemy, of which 25 have been fought in a war of annihilation. We are familiar with the characteristics and terrain of the enemy army, and if we are carefully organized, we can reach the lurking site in the early morning and lurk until eight o'clock in the evening.
When Zheng Weishan heard this, a smile appeared on his face.
Zhang Zuyu continued: After many counterattack operations in the previous stage, we have pushed the front line to the front of the enemy. In the middle zone between the enemy's and our positions, we already have the initiative, and the enemy's detachments do not dare to easily move outside the front, even in the daytime. Due to the limited number of artillery shells of our army, when artillery bombardment was carried out in the past, it could only strike at the enemy's main position, so the bushes in the enemy's front were not destroyed, which made it convenient for our army to conceal. Coupled with the continuous flow of water in the mountains, the sound of running water can be used as a cover for the noise made by the warriors. In terms of the use of troops, the enemy army is a regiment, and we only use 1.1 to 1.3 times the strength of the troops, which is enough for the first echelon. In addition, by taking advantage of the dead ends of the mountains, strengthening the continuous attacks of artillery fire on the enemy, coupled with feinting and camouflage, strict discipline, and raising the problems that may be encountered one by one, we can find a solution. Moreover, there is never such a precedent for lurking in the enemy's front with so many troops, which can be unexpected.
Zheng Weishan
Zheng Weishan listened, patted the table happily, and made up his mind to say - Fight! Typing mistakes I am responsible! Zhang Zuyu said - we are both jointly responsible! Zheng Weishan waved his hand and said- Don't you be responsible, I am the commander of the corps, of course I am responsible!
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="04" > achieve perfect lurking, surprise attack before washing the shame</h1>
The former enemy command post of the Sixty Army was located at Longmen Mountain, and it was almost face-to-face with the enemy's forward position, and a large-caliber machine gun could hit the command post, and shells and bombs also exploded nearby from time to time. But the battle situation can be directly observed here, and Zhang Zuyu is very satisfied with this position. Because the Sixty Corps originally belonged to the three corps structure, Xu Shiyou, the new commander of the three corps, and Du Yide, deputy political commissar, also visited the front-line command post for guidance.
Before lurking, Zhang Zuyu made very meticulous arrangements. The selection of 3500 people, what kind of clothing to wear, what kind of equipment to bring, what food to eat, what posture to use, what to do if you want to cough, what to do if you want to untie your hands, what to do if you want to turn over, etc., have been carefully studied, strict regulations and training. Arrange for the artillery to fire a cold cannon every two hours, and cooperate with the soldiers to turn over and change their postures. At the same time, detailed arrangements were made for artillery fire and infantry feints. Everything is ready.
On 9 June, troops preparing to advance into the lurking area, after further checking their attire, conveyed and memorized plans for artillery fire support, repeatedly ordered the infiltration discipline. Each assault company also held a red flag signature and flag-awarding ceremony.
At nightfall, under the order of Zhang Zuyi, the 535th Regiment of the 179th Division of the First Echelon of the Sixty Army and the 3,500 commanders and fighters of the 542nd Regiment and the 543rd Regiment of the 181st Division, with a towel on their arms, plunged into the night.
Volunteers
Around 2:00 a.m. to 4:00 a.m. on June 10, as Zhang Zuyu calculated, the lurkers arrived at the predetermined location one after another, the nearest point less than 300 meters from the enemy position.
The real test has only just begun, and the sky will soon be light. Since the early morning, Zhang Zuyu has stood in front of the map and meditated. Although he was convinced, the preparations before the war were quite solid, thorough and meticulous. However, after all, the enemy and us are living people in motion, and the situation on the battlefield is changing rapidly, so we are afraid of any accidents. The atmosphere in the command post was tense and quiet, and no one spoke loudly.
The warriors in the lurking area watched the sunlight gradually shine through the dense leaves on their bodies, and quietly lay down, hoping that the day would soon pass. At noon, hungry, some warriors ate dry food silently, and some chewed turnips under the cover of the sound of running water. Fighters a little further away from the enemy's forward positions also used the intermittent explosion of artillery shells as cover, clicking and clicking to open the cans — the soldiers humorously said that this was "infantry and artillery coordination".
The enemy and we fired cold cannons at each other intermittently. The enemy did not notice that today our artillery fire was a little more frequent. The regimental command posts kept reporting – no surprises were found! Zhang Zuyu felt a little more relaxed.
A corner of the Battle of Jincheng
At 2 p.m., the Forward Observatory suddenly reported that there was hostility! From the forward fortifications of Highland 973, 5 people came out and walked towards the lurking area with guns.
Zhang Zuyu raised his telescope to observe, saw that it was 5 South Korean soldiers, and immediately gave orders to the staff officer on duty - tell Commander Wu, give him a few cannons, and immediately drive these guys away! Half a minute later, several shells landed on the five South Korean soldiers, and the enemy was frightened and immediately bent down and ran back. The chief of staff of the 542nd Regiment reported loudly that the enemy had run away. The comrades in the command post breathed a long sigh of relief, and their hanging hearts let go.
The sun slowly moved westward, and in another hour or two, as soon as it got dark, the big lurking was successful, and the surprise attack could begin.
Then the situation arose again, and the enemy fired several shells from the position behind the mountain beam. An artillery shell landed in the lurking area of the Fifth Company of the Second Battalion of the 535th Regiment, which was a bush, and the artillery fire made the place instantly white. Unfortunately, the soldier Zhang Baocai's legs were hit by shrapnel, and the blood flowed non-stop, and Zhang Baocai fainted in pain.
After the smoke cleared, the soldier next to him found that Zhang Baocai was injured, but he could not go to the rescue. I could only watch and watch Zhang Bao wake up, afraid of the pain and biting his sleeve to death, and finally hanging his head and sacrificing!
Battle of Jincheng
This enemy shelling, nothing was found, and 3500 people did not seem to exist at all.
As the sun set, the enemy fired more than a dozen shells at the 542nd Regiment's lurking area. The regimental commander Wu Zhankui immediately ordered the artillery to return fire, and the enemy artillery stopped firing. The warrior Gou Ziqing's abdomen was pierced by shrapnel, and his intestines flowed out. Without a cry, he shoved his intestines into his stomach, tried to block it with a towel, and continued to fight, only to be killed before long. On this day, there were 15 soldiers like Zhang Baocai and Gou Ziqing who died silently, and 7 were injured.
However, the volunteers, with a high degree of self-conscious discipline, rendered the enemy's artillery reconnaissance ineffective. More than 3,500 people, with iron discipline and will, have completed the great lurking.
At 8:20 p.m., 3,500 men had been lurking under the enemy's nose for up to 19 hours. The attack flares finally took off, but this was just Zhang Zuyu's artillery feint of "sounding east and striking west". The cannons on the hills on both sides rumbled and the flames soared into the sky. The two units attacked the hills on both flanks separately, and the enemy mistakenly thought that our army was going to attack from both flanks and mobilized its troops to return fire on both flanks.
A few more flares rose into the night sky, which was the commando attack signal. Before the attack, of course, the artillery clearance, the three highland artillery fire of 902.8, 973 and 883.7 was shrouded, the shells and explosives on the enemy position were detonated, the lighting mines were illuminated, and the shelter was hit.
After 7 minutes, the artillery fire shifted deeper, and the enemy judged that it was time for our infantry to attack. The infantry who had hidden in the fortifications came out one after another. Even 3 minutes later, our artillery fire flooded the forward positions, once again inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy.
After 5 minutes, the artillery fire extended deeper again. The enemy who hid in the tunnel ran out again. But they did not expect that this was another false extension. A few minutes later, our artillery fire slammed into the forward positions. Zhang Zuyu was playing psychological warfare with the enemy.
After all the artillery fire extended deeply, the commandos of the Sixty Army launched an attack on their respective targets in the face of the flames, bravely interspersed like divine soldiers descending from heaven. The South Korean army could not understand how these people came from, and rushed to the battle and was defeated. After an hour of fighting, the three highlands were successfully taken.
After the battle, Zheng Weishan, Yang Yong, Wang Ping, Xu Shiyou, Du Yide and other veteran battlefield generals came to the tunnel of the command post of the Sixty Army to praise and encourage the Sixty Army. Xu Shiyou patted Zhang Zuyu's shoulder and said, "Commander Zhang Jun, you have courage!" It is a miracle to sneak thousands of people under the nose of the enemy, take it by surprise, and fight a beautiful annihilation battle!
Xu Shiyou
On June 12, the Joint Command of the Chinese Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army issued a commendation order, saying that the operation "set an example of annihilating most of the enemy's 1 regiment since the first time since our army's defensive counterattack."
Immediately afterward, Zhang Zuyu commanded the 190,000-strong army of the Eastern Group Army (seven divisions of the Sixty Army, the Twenty-first Army, and the Sixty-eighth Army), successively took the 949.2 Highlands and Kim SeongCheon, annihilated more than 30,000 enemy troops, captured the defensive positions of the four divisions of the first echelon of the South Korean Army, completed the initial strategic deployment, and played a military might and a national prestige.
Enemies who have fought against the Chinese army often do not understand one thing, why comparing the conventional laws of war with the Chinese army, there will always be times when they are not right, and there will always be incredible times.
Because they ignore the most important "human" factor, human subjective initiative, discipline, flexibility is the most active factor, the most difficult to control factors. The iron will and steel discipline of the Chinese army and The Chinese soldiers are not possessed by the enemy. Therefore, there will be a general like Zhang Zuyu who will create one incredible miracle after another in the history of war.