Western philosophy needs to pass specific data, as well as detailed arguments, and constantly argue, but in fact, data and arguments, in the thinking of a limited number of people, even if the result is not necessarily correct, there are things that happen from time to time when Western philosophy is overturned by the predecessors, or the arguments are abandoned to a point where there is no way to argue again, and another way is changed.
Therefore, Western philosophy divides many branches of disciplines in the process of argumentation, so Western culture has philosophy after Western science. To understand philosophy, I think some people say that you have to understand the history of Western philosophy, or the history of philosophy, and people who haven't read the history of philosophy don't really know philosophy.
People who say that there is no philosophy in China need to start by understanding the history of Western philosophy, and if you want to understand, it is recommended that you listen to Professor Zhang Zhiwei talk about Western philosophical wisdom. Any philosopher would not utter the phrase that there was no philosophy in ancient China.
The word "philosophy" is of ancient Greek origin and consists of the words "love" and "wisdom". First used by the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras. Later, the term philosophy was widely recognized and used in countries around the world.
"Philosophy" is a social ideology that studies human thought and cognition of society, all things, and the universe. Pay attention to enlightenment and wisdom, causing people to sublimate their thinking.
The West pays attention to curiosity, so it has produced modern physics and has always been at the forefront of the world. China pays attention to practice, so it has produced a unique Chinese philosophy.
Chinese philosophy refers to the philosophical school composed mainly of Confucianism, Dharma, and Mojia, which is divided into ancient philosophy and modern philosophy.
Just because Westerners first use the term philosophy, we can't think that there is no philosophy in China, and Pythagoras, the philosopher, is a crazy lover of Eastern culture, and the philosophical theories he put forward are influenced by Eastern culture a lot.
In ancient China, there were mainly Confucians, Dharma, and Mojia as the main philosophical schools. The introduction and development of Western philosophy in modern times has also had a great impact, with Marxist philosophy being defined as the official ideology, and scholars represented by Neo-Confucianism trying to innovate and develop traditional Chinese philosophy.
Chinese's cosmology is represented by the I Ching, and the ethical social outlook is represented by the theory of Confucius and Mengzhi, which has been revered by successive rulers and Confucians.
The basic trend of modern Chinese philosophy is the fusion of Chinese and Western philosophy. This fusion is not an external attachment, but an internal communication. Its essence is the unity of "intellectual understanding" and "emotional satisfaction", the unity of logic and intuition, and the unity of meaning and meaning. Its manifestation is the rise of Western formal logic and the promotion of traditional Chinese philosophical intuition. This trend was opened by Tan Sitong, Yan Fu, and Zhang Taiyan, and followed by Xiong Shili, Feng Youlan, and Jin Yuelin.
Various disciplines were born in Western philosophy, and thus Western science was born. The word science was also coined by Westerners. But you can't say that there was no science in ancient China because the two words science were created and defined by Westerners.
We're going to show you the scientists of each dynasty.
Warring States period: Li Bing (c. 302 BC – 235 BC), formerly known as Li Bingbing, was a native of Yongze, Wei (present-day Xiezhou Town, Salt Lake District, Yuncheng, Shanxi). Known as the land and sea, the warring states period famous water conservancy engineering experts.
Han Dynasty: Zhang Heng (78–139), also known as Pingzi, was a native of Xi'e County, Nanyang County (present-day Shiqiao Town, Nanyang, Henan). He was an outstanding astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, and writer of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the grandson of Zhang Kan, the Taishou of Shu County.
Hua Tuo (c. 145 AD – 208 AD), courtesy name Yuanhua, was a native of Peiguo County (沛国谯县, in present-day Bozhou, Anhui), and a famous physician of the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Main achievements: The originator of surgery, the invention of hemp boiling scatter, five poultry play.
Western Han Papermaking, Eastern Han Improvement: The mainland is still the first country to invent paper, to the Eastern Han Dynasty Cai Lun improved papermaking, which makes paper is a systematic manufacturing, there is a standard papermaking process. Papermaking was introduced to Korea, Vietnam, Japan in the 4th century AD, and to Europe and other places in the 8th century AD, before the introduction of papermaking, European writing was written on sheepskin or other animal skins, these records are very precious, so there are very few records that have been handed down. The introduction of papermaking has made great contributions to the spread of world culture.
Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties: Zu Chongzhi (429-500), Ziwenyuan, was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Jia Sixun, around the time of Yongxi II to Wuding II (533–544), was a Northern Wei agronomist during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Li Daoyuan (c. 466, 469, 470 or 472–527 CE), courtesy name Shanchang, was a Northern Wei geographer during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Ma Jun, also spelled Deheng, was a Native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period and was one of the most prestigious mechanical inventors in the history of ancient Chinese science and technology.
Liu Hui (c. 225–295 CE) was a great mathematician of the Wei and Jin dynasties and one of the founders of classical Chinese mathematical theory.
Ge Hong (284–364), Eastern Jin Dynasty Daoist, famous alchemist, and medicinal scientist.
He Chengtian (370-447), Chancellor of the Southern Song Dynasty and a famous astronomer.
Sui Dynasty: Famous astronomer Liu Zhuo, who formulated the most advanced calendar of the time, the Imperial Pole Calendar
During the Tang Dynasty: Sun Simiao (581-682), a native of Jingzhaohuayuan (now Yaozhou District, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi), was a Tang Dynasty medical scientist who was known as the "Medicine King" by posterity. He is the author of "Thousand Gold Essentials for Emergencies", referred to as "Thousand Golden Essentials",
Li Chunfeng Was an outstanding astronomer and mathematician in the Tang Dynasty.
The monk Yixing, a senior monk whose original name was Zhang Sui, was a famous astronomer and surveyor in the Tang Dynasty.
Wang Xiaotong, a Tang Dynasty mathematician and astronomer, was the first mathematician in the world to propose the solution of three algebraic equations.
Song Dynasty: Bi Sheng (972-1051), born in Pushui County, Huainan Road (present-day Yingshan County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province), was an inventor of the Northern Song Dynasty and the inventor of movable type printing.
Yan Su (961–1040), courtesy name Muzhi (穆之), courtesy name Zhongmu (仲穆), was a shanggu of Yidu, Qingzhou, whose ancestral home was Yidu, Qingzhou, and settled in Cao Prefecture (曹州, in modern Cao County, Shandong). Famous scientist, painter and poet of the Northern Song Dynasty. Knowledgeable and proficient in astrophysics, he has created and invented instruments such as guide cars, jili drums, lotus leaks, etc., and has authored "The Theory of Sea Tides", drawing "Sea Tide Maps" to illustrate the principle of tides.
Su Song (10 December 1020 – 18 June 1101), courtesy name Zi Rong, was originally from Tong'an County, Quanzhou, Fujian (present-day Tong'an District, Xiamen), and later moved to Danyang County, Runzhou. Outstanding astronomer, astronomical mechanic maker, pharmacist. He led the manufacture of the world's oldest astronomical clock "Water Transport Instrument Elephant Platform", which opened the precedent of modern clock escapements. Because of his outstanding contributions to science and technology, especially medicine and astronomy, he is known as "one of the greatest naturalists and scientists in ancient China and the Middle Ages". There are works such as the Bencao Tujing, the New YiXiang FaJiao, and the Su Wei Gongwen Collection.
Shen Kuo (1031–1095), courtesy name Cunzhong, was a Han Chinese official and scientist from Qiantang County, Hangzhou (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Shen Kuo devoted his life to scientific research, and has deep achievements and outstanding achievements in many disciplines, and is known as "the most outstanding figure in the entire history of science in China". His masterpiece "Mengxi Pen Talk", rich in content, is a collection of scientific achievements of the previous generation, and has an important position in the history of world culture, and is known as "a milestone in the history of Chinese science".
Qian Yi (Chinese: 錢乙; pinyin: Zhāng zhō Qian Zhixue, who was first famous for his "Cranial Fontanelle Fang", practiced pediatrics and was awarded the Hanlin Medical Doctor. He once served as a tai hospital clerk, and the "Outline of the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries" said that "Qian Yi's young section was the best of the best generation", which is not an exaggeration. In his lifetime, he wrote a lot of works, including five volumes of "On typhoid fever", 100 articles of "On Babies and Children", eight volumes of "Qian's Xiao'er Fang", and three volumes of "Pediatric Drug Evidence". At present, only the "Pediatric Drug Certificate Direct Recipe" remains, and the other books have been abandoned.
Li Jie (李诫), courtesy name Mingzhong, was a native of Guanzhou, Zhengzhou (present-day Xinzheng, Zhengzhou, Henan), and an architect. He presided over the construction of large-scale buildings such as the Kaifeng Mansion, the Taimiao Temple, and the Empress Qinci Buddhist Temple. Li Jie wrote the book "Construction Of French Style", which records the norms of ancient Chinese building construction.
Tang Shenwei, Zi Zhenyuan, a native of Chengdu, was a famous pharmacist in the Northern Song Dynasty. He made great contributions to the development of pharmacology and the collection of folk single prescriptions, pioneering the control of pharmaceutical prescriptions. About 1082 AD, it was compiled into the "Scripture History Proof Class Preparation Urgent Materia Medica".
Song Ci (1186-1249), also known as Huifu, Han Chinese, a native of Jianyang (now part of Nanping, Fujian), a famous forensic scientist of the Southern Song Dynasty, is generally believed to be Song Ci who pioneered the "forensic identification" in 1235 AD, so Song Ci is revered as the originator of forensic science in the world.
Yang Hui (杨辉), courtesy name Qianguang, was a Han Chinese scholar from Qiantang (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province) and an outstanding mathematician of the Southern Song Dynasty. He summarized folk multiplication and division algorithms, "stacking techniques", vertical and horizontal graphs, and mathematical education. It was the first mathematician in the world to expel a rich vertical and horizontal map and discuss its constitutive laws. The arc vector formula was also demonstrated, which was sometimes called "Huishu". There are 5 kinds of mathematical works in 21 volumes, namely 12 volumes of "Detailed Explanation of Nine Chapters Of Algorithms" (1261), 2 volumes of "Daily Algorithms" (1262), 3 volumes of "Multiplication and Division", 3 volumes of "Multiplication and Division of Tianmu Ratio" (1275), 2 volumes of "Tian Mu Ratio Multiplication and Division" (1275) and 2 volumes of "Continuing Ancient Extraction And Strange Algorithms" (of which "Detailed Explanation" and "Daily Algorithm" are not finished). The latter three are collectively known as "Yang Hui Algorithm". Translations have been published in Korea, Japan and other countries, and have been circulated around the world.
Yang Hui
Qin Jiushao (1208–1268), also known as Daogu, was of Han ethnicity, whose ancestral home was Lu Commandery (present-day Fan County, Henan Province), and was born in Puzhou (present-day Anyue County, Ziyang). The famous mathematician of the Southern Song Dynasty, who studied astrology, phonology, arithmetic, poetry, bow, sword, and construction, completed the book "Nine Chapters of the Book of Numbers" in 1247, in which the Great Yan Qiu Yi Shu (a solution to the problem of the system of the same remainder equation, which is now known as the Chinese residual theorem), the three-oblique product method and the Qin Jiushao algorithm (the numerical solution of the positive root of the higher-order equation) are important contributions of world significance, expressing an algorithm for solving the numerical solution of the unary high-order polynomial equation - positive and negative opening equations.
Qin Jiushao
Many people say that there were no scientists in ancient China, but you just don't know, these ancient Chinese scientists in various disciplines have made outstanding contributions to the development of the world, and have a great influence on Western science and world science.