Chapter One: Philosophy and the History of Philosophy
"Philosophy", it is not a question of special facts, but of the basic characteristics of the world in which we live, and of the way of life that makes us live in it.
Plato once said that philosophy begins with surprise.
Chapter Two: From Thales to Plato
One of the first Greek philosophers was called Thales, who said that all things originated from water.
Socrates
These include the dramatist Aristophanes' Clouds, Xenophon's Memories of Socrates, and Plato's Dialogues.
Socrates declared that justice, bravery, etc. are of a constant nature, and that the purpose of the definition is to express their constant nature.
Plato
Plato's rational forms are constant qualities that constitute the essential reality of the universe and are themselves objects of true knowledge. Rational forms cannot be captured by sensibility, but can only be grasped by intellectuals.
In Plato's view, the ruler of society should be a philosopher, except in societies where spiritual power cannot be developed. Plato's greatest work, the Republic, depicts how to train the most qualified rulers of the city-states.
Chapter Three: The School of Aristotle Epicurus and the School of Stoic
Aristotle
Aristotle also has a reputation as the father of the logical system. A very common method of deductive reasoning is discussed in detail.
The main interest of Epicurus and the Stoic school was not in knowing the ultimate truth of the universe, but in exploring what kind of life was truly worth living.
The Epicurean school has long been synonymous with carnalism. Principle: Happiness is the primary good. ... People try to avoid suffering as much as possible.
The Stoic school regarded "a life in accord with nature" (i.e., a moral life) as the most beautiful life.
Chapter Four: The Coming of Christianity
Philosophy and Religion
Now, people are in a sea of controversy, their ears are filled with all kinds of opposing noises, but none of them have absolute authority and give individuals confidence without doubt.
Christianity was conceived by the Jewish people. Under the guidance of the prophets, the Jews always believed that their God was the only true God. God's wisdom and justice created the whole world.
Chapter Five: Medieval Philosophy
Chapter Six: The Renaissance Era
The Reformation
The meaning of the word "Renaissance" is originally rebirth, that is, the rebirth of literature and art in the 14th and 16th centuries, inspired by the increasing knowledge of classical literature and art.
The spirit of freedom eventually combined with the impulse of national self-determination to give birth to the Reformation.
The German Martin Luther was the main leader of the Reformation.
Francis Bacon
Bacon's "induction"
Copernicus's heliocentric said
Chapter Seven Begins with Descartes
Chapter Eight: The Three Musketeers of England
Locke, Bakeley, Hume
Chapter Nine: Kant and His Contemporaries
Chapter 10 After Kant
Plato's description of the ideal philosopher:
The one who meditates on all times and all existence.