The term "comrade", which was popular in the country in the late 1950s, was widely used in all classes, groups, ethnic groups, and interpersonal relationships in China. No matter what the occasion, it seems normal for any personnel to call each other comrades.
Comrade, refers to like-minded people. In ancient mainland china, comrades and the words "gentleman", "elder", "jun", etc., had the same meaning, and they were all titles between friends. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Qiuming explained the word comrade in the "Chinese Jin Yu IV": "Tongde is the same heart, and the same heart is comrade." The "Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Liu Tao's Biography" says: "The friends you make with must also be comrades." "The term comrade in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China originated from the Soviet Union and meant people with common aspirations. Domestically, comrades are also widely used as greeting strangers, similar to "master".
In 1921, the program of the First Congress of the Communist Party of China stipulated: "Anyone who recognizes the party program and policies of the party and is willing to become a loyal party member may be accepted as a party member and become our comrades after being introduced by a party member, regardless of gender or nationality." This was the first time the Chinese Communist Party used the word "comrade" in official documents and gave it a new meaning.
In modern times, "comrade" has become a term among members of a political party. In the period of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, revolutionaries already referred to each other as "comrades" within themselves. In 1918, Dr. Sun Yat-sen published the "Letter to Comrades at Home and Abroad" and the "Letter to Comrades in Nanyang". The members of the League, who were bent on overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, also called each other "comrades", which sounded not only decent but also tragic. Sun Yat-sen also called for it in his famous "Testament of the Prime Minister": "The revolution has not yet succeeded, and comrades still have to work hard." ”
Comrades were also widely used in the former Soviet Union. During the reign of the Soviet government, the people and officials at the bottom referred to each other as "comrades", which was written in Russian as товарищ.
In 1949, after the founding of New China, the title of "comrade" became a cordial and respectful mutual address of the people of all ethnic groups in the country.
In 1959, Comrade Mao Zedong specifically instructed everyone to call each other "comrades."
Flag of the Communist Party of China
In December 1965, the Central Committee issued the "Circular on the Question of The Title of Comrades within the Party", which demanded: "In the future, all personnel holding posts within the Party shall be called comrades to each other." At this point, the title of "comrade" is no longer just a title, but a way to carry forward the party's fine traditions and overcome and resist the decadent habits and bureaucratic style of the old society.
In December 1978, the communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China once again pointed out: "The plenum reaffirmed Comrade Mao Zedong's consistent proposition that all parties should call each other comrades, not official titles. ”
In June 2016, the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee conducted the 33rd collective study on serious political life within the party and purification of the political ecology within the party, and Xi Jinping pointed out when presiding over the study, advocating a clean and refreshing comradely relationship and a well-regulated relationship between superiors and subordinates.
The word "Chairman Mao" that appears in the manuscript is completely circled and changed to "Comrade Mao Zedong"
Mao Zedong once said that he liked to be called "Comrade Mao Zedong" the most. In 1951, when Mao Zedong was reviewing Li Da's book "Commentary on the Theory of Practice", he changed the word "Chairman Mao" that appeared in the manuscript to "Comrade Mao Zedong". In November 1958, in a draft correspondence with Liu Jianxun and Wei Guoqing, he changed the title of "Chairman" to "Comrade Mao Zedong". On August 3, 1959, Mao Zedong sent a letter to Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Peng Zhen, Yang Shangkun, and others, suggesting that the party should always use the title of "comrade" and not be commensurate with his position.
Zhou Enlai: "In the revolutionary ranks, everyone must always be called 'comrade'. ”
Zhou Enlai's favorite title was also "comrade.". One day, Zhou Enlai had just walked out of the office, and the staff around him stepped forward and said, "Premier, there are a few things I want to report to you." Zhou Enlai immediately interrupted him and said very solemnly: "Don't call him premier, we still call him 'comrade' in the party." ”
In the 1960s, when Zhou Enlai was at a meeting in Guangzhou, an ordinary worker who had worked in the Chongqing office of the Eighth Route Army came to visit him and affectionately called him "Comrade Enlai." Zhou Enlai was particularly pleased and said to everyone: "This comrade has maintained the good traditions of that year, very good, and in the revolutionary contingent, everyone must always be called 'comrade'." ”
Deng Xiaoping: "The first time I saw the title of 'Comrade Xiaoping', I liked it very much and handled it according to my discretion."
In 1984, "Comrade" made another unusual appearance. At that time, the "Wuhan Evening News" published such a message: "Comrade Xiaoping: It seems that I am not very polite in this title, if there is something wrong, please give blame." This is a letter of grievance written to Deng Xiaoping by a wuhan employee in April 1984. Deng Xiaoping read the letter and said, "The first time I saw such a title, I liked it very much, and I handled it according to my discretion."
The title of comrade reflects the equality and harmony among people. This is the title of "comrade worker" in the city, "comrade of the society" in the countryside, "comrade of the People's Liberation Army" in the army, and so on, as well as in various trades. Greeting strangers, you don't have to think about what to call, a "comrade" title, everything is solved.
However, since the 1980s, the title of comrade has been decreasing day by day, and it has gradually appeared relative to some titles with a certain identity, such as mr., lady, miss, boss, etc., there was once a most popular "master" title, which spread throughout the streets and alleys, and open mouths must be called master.
Master, is a noun. The seventh edition of the Modern Chinese Dictionary means: (1) People who teach skills in industry, commerce, theater and other industries. (2) Honorific title for skilled people: old ~ | cook ~ | carpenter ~.
extend:
1. The general name of the teacher.
2. Taishi, Taifu, Taibao, Shaoshi, Shaofu, Shaobao, or shaobao, or as an official who assists the monarch, or is an official who teaches the prince, or is a fictitious title. Collectively known as master, master, and protector.
3. Honorific titles for the monastic path.
4. An honorific title for the servants in the Yamen.
5. An honorific title for a craftsman with specialized skills.
6. Folk honorific title for the authority of a certain industry or a skilled person - master.
7. It is mostly used for honorific titles, regardless of age, gender (usually used for men), and occupation.
8. An honorific title for an older artist.
Sir, a Chinese word, pronounced xiān sheng. The literal meaning is to mean that the person was born earlier than himself and is older than himself; the other meaning is to first contact strange things, and by extension, the person who first comes into contact with strange things. Therefore, in ancient times, it was said that other people had the meaning of learning from others, which is the so-called "the first to reach the master, the meaning of the teacher".
paraphrase
1. Teacher, such as: Mr. Zhou (the meaning is the same as Teacher Zhou).
2. Honorific titles for intellectuals and adults of a certain status.
3. Old refers to the person who manages the accounts in the accounting office or engages in paperwork. Such as: He was Mr. Pawnshop.
4. The old refers to people who are engaged in telling books, meeting faces, counting gua gua, and watching feng shui. [1]
5. Another name for a doctor: such as "go to see Mr. when you are sick".
6. Refer to someone else's husband or call someone your own husband (specific use: preceded by personal pronouns or definites; such as your husband, my husband).
After the 70s, all men can be called Mr. Wang, Mr. Li.
Lady; is a female title used when the marital status of the other person is uncertain. In modern times, the title of a woman usually depends on whether the other person is married or not, and the unmarried person is called "Miss" (English: Miss) and the married person is called "Mrs" (British English: Mrs/ American English and old British English Mrs.). Sometimes, however, it may not be known the marital status of the other party, or the married person does not want to follow the husband's surname, or does not want others to know his marital status at all, and can be used. For example, young people are called "misses" and older people are called "ladies"; or they are called "ladies" regardless of age.
Miss is a Chinese word, pronounced xiǎo jiě, 1, honorific title, used after the name of an unmarried woman or girl. 2. Girls.
Basic definition
1. In the old days, it referred to concubines, concubines, prostitutes, and singers.
2. Daughter of a rich man.
3. Title. Call wife, wife.
4. Generically referred to as a young woman.
5. The winner of the beauty pageant is often named after the region. Such as Miss China, Miss World.
In the early eighties, the title of miss is still very orthodox, young girls called miss still feel very polite, but after the development of society, many girls in the unclean service industry tarnished the title of miss, people talk about miss immediately discolored, so the title of miss was beaten into a derogatory term, replaced by the popular "little sister".
In the past, if a man said to a woman, "You are beautiful" and "beautiful", then it is worth it, you are playing a rogue! If someone still says this to you today, you may still have to say it; thank you! Now face to face; beauty, handsome man, has become the most popular title, this is not only young people love to listen, is the elderly uncle and aunt love to listen, people have thrown away the past so-called reserved, like more straightforward praise.
Monitor
The title of squad leader may be the most called in the army, this is only the title among the soldiers, the officer is not listed, the squad leader is the most grass-roots leader in the army, not an officer, not everyone is a squad leader, but there is a consensus among the soldiers, the recruits generally call the veterans the squad leader, this is a kind of honorific title, the new recruits are called, the veterans are also willing to listen, the veterans also have a sense of existence, if one day they also become veterans, then there are also people who call themselves squad leaders.
After the "reform" of the first part of the people who got rich, the waist bag bulged up, the stomach was also shy, so all kinds of "general" came out, what general manager, deputy general manager is everywhere, business cards are scattered everywhere, lest people do not know.
In the past, the master was outdated, and now for anyone who has some technology, the most common title is "so-and-so worker", "worker" engineer also.
There are also "families" everywhere, experts, artists, singers, calligraphers, etc., how bad the performance is, but the touters spare no effort, and these so-called home nets are making a lot of money, except for our scientists.
The most popular title now is "teacher"
teacher
An honorific title for those who impart their teachings, knowledge, or skills. The student's honorific title for Mr. The title given to the lord of the throne by the protégés of the Imperial Examination Era.
Teachers, a profession that makes a living from education. This profession is one of the oldest professions in human society.
In addition to the title of teacher, which includes professional teachers, in the traditional culture of the mainland, it also refers to the elder who has a skill, "Zi Yue: "Three people, there will be my teacher; choose the good and follow it, and the bad one will change it." Meaning: Confucius said: "The words and deeds of others must have something worth learning from me." Choose a good place for others to study, see the shortcomings of others, reflect on whether you have the same shortcomings, and if so, correct them. ”
From this point of view, the title of teacher is quite extensive, and even if we use it today, it is impeccable. But why didn't we use it so universally in the past? It is in the past that this "teacher" is stored in the heart, not in the scene. At present, the title of teacher is in full swing, of course, who does not like to be respected?!
In the scene, there will always be a person's official title or title called out, it seems to respect people, this seems to be very normal, in the local area some titles in the main and vice often not very real, such as county chief, bureau chief, factory director, etc., there are several, but people generally call "so-and-so chief" and do not say the main and vice, this is of course the deputy is happy, but in the army is not OK, the main post is the main post, the deputy post is the deputy post, must be called out, this is not ambiguous.
At present, comrades are still called comrades within the party and government, but few people in the whole society have been called this way, and people's titles are generally with utilitarian colors such as flattery, beautification, flattery, and courtesy, and there are many names, and the relationship between people is often respectful and distant, and I am afraid that it is difficult to find such a broad and appropriate title as "comrade" again.
Thank you friends for your attention!