Introduction: This Russian-French war of 1812, all thanks to the Russian divine operation, the original nearly 600,000 French troops, from the launch of the attack to the end of the war, and finally only 30,000 people, all this in addition to the merits of the winter, there is also the strategic policy of the Russian army, they always adhere to avoid fighting, with the more positions occupied by Napoleon, the more dispersed their troops, the Russian army can avoid frontal conflict.
Secondly, they also insisted on erecting walls and clearing the wilderness, and the French army led by Napoleon was greatly reduced in combat effectiveness in the case of constant hunger and cold, and this battle was won by less and more, Russia's divine operation was completely won, French hegemony was frustrated, and 600,000 troops finally "ice defeated" Russia.
The French army collapsed
600,000 French troops marched into Russia
Napoleon's idea that "to take England must first take Europe, that is, Russia, starting from one end of Europe, assuming that Moscow is taken, the Tsar compromises, or the Tsar is killed, so that a new court dependent on France will emerge, and then India will be taken from the British." ”
The idea is good, but the Tsar will not compromise? Did Russia's defeat do it good for itself? Napoleon thought about these questions countless times, in fact, the best idea was that the Tsar could ally with France, Napoleon has been paying attention to the Tsar, and finally found that this great war is inevitable.
No matter what the Tsar's will is, no matter what my will is, let alone the interests of the two countries, this war will eventually break out!
This is Napoleon's letter to a monarch of the Rhine League, in which Napoleon's will is very firm, but any war is crucial, he is restless, wavering, he wants to fight a decisive battle, but also afraid of the occurrence of this war, so he, like the Chinese ancients, salute first and then soldier.
Napoleon wrote a letter to the Tsar, which presumably meant, "There is no need for us to fight each other because of girls, there is no need to argue over the color of the ribbons, and I would like to have breakfast with you if I can." ”
But the Tsar apparently did not respond, and by the summer, Napoleon began to deploy the plan, nearly 600,000 troops were already stationed between Nisborg and Lemburg, Napoleon wanted to take Poland from the Tsar, to seize the territory as much as possible, until Smolensk, where the advance ended, and then spent the cold winter in Werner, if there is no peace at that time, then I will directly attack the heart of the enemy!
Napoleon's plan was complete, but he did not think that in Russia, who would feed his army? What can he get from Russia? Does he really understand Russia's resources?
Eventually, Napoleon's three large armies slowly entered the Polish hinterland, with the main army of course led by himself, and the other two armies led by Eugène and Jérôme, respectively. It should be noted that Russia also had two armies, led by Barclays and Bagrion, but Napoleon saw nothing along the way.
He had expected at least 170,000 troops in lithuania's rear, and he had deliberately sent more soldiers, after all, they were superior in numbers, and the two Russian commanders knew that they were weak, how dare they confront the French army head-on, and even retreated without consultation.
Attack Moscow
Napoleon thought it was their plan, but he had also planned to take Smolensk, and with this foothold he could spend the winter in Werner and end the war by May of the following year.
Napoleon was bent on fighting
After arriving at Kovno, Napoleon once again discovered where the enemy army was. Not even a russian's shadow was seen, and he began to be a little anxious, the great army was not resisted, the speed of advance was relatively fast, but there was a problem, the support troops could not keep up with the road conditions, you must know that all the supplies are supplied by the support troops, but now the contact is broken.
The vehicles carrying the grain fell into the mud, the ships ran aground in the river, and even ten thousand horses died because they ate poisonous weeds, and Napoleon could not control this series of bad news, which led many soldiers to plunder the city, and finally the soldiers found that there was nothing in the city.
Napoleon said to this officer, "What did the Tsar really want, I occupied the Russian provinces without a single soldier, why don't you hold Werner?" Don't you feel ashamed? The Russian officers evidently knew that Napoleon was in a hurry and had proved his country's strategy right.
The Russians have been avoiding fighting, even when retreating, they have implemented vertical wall clearance, burned all the warehouses, no food, no vegetables, no beef, even the grass eaten by horses has been burned, and later some people have calculated that the French army will lose at least 900 people a day under such circumstances.
Napoleon faced the burned village, billowing smoke rose everywhere, the smell of decomposing corpses was simply disgusting, because the weather was too hot, Napoleon's old problem (stomach disease) was committed again, he could not ride a horse, he could only walk, the car could not go far, he thought as he walked, how can he fight a battle?
The messenger from Paris was pitiful, and the only news he could get was the condition of his own child, when suddenly a voice said, "Barclays is ahead!" He was intercepted by Murat! According to sources, he was going to retreat to Smolensk tomorrow, "but at this time Napoleon fell ill, and he could only be cautious, and at the same time did not want the soldiers who had traveled long distances to immediately enter the war."
In fact, Napoleon just wanted to gather more troops and do another "Battle of Austerlitz" until dawn, but unfortunately the Russians had already run away without a trace, and napoleon was a little frustrated at this moment, and then got the news that Britain and the Tsar and Spain had formed a new anti-French alliance.
Seeing that Smolensk was in front of him, Napoleon did not want to wait for a moment, he thought to himself, here, the Russian army should no longer be like Poland and Lithuania, transfer supplies, at the expense of burning the old city of our mother, indeed, the French army finally captured Smolensk, but Napoleon got a ruin, he could not imagine that the Tsar could abandon such a big city.
The Tsar did not leave anything deliberately used for Napoleon's army, Napoleon fell into a desperate situation, at this time he only wanted one problem, that is, to negotiate peace with the Tsar, he found a Russian officer, asked him to write to the Tsar, the Russian officer refused to write, Napoleon rarely asked for anyone in his life, but the result was to ask this officer, although the letter was sent out, but there was no response.
Announced an invasion of Moscow
It was already September, and Napoleon had a glass of wine and announced his march into Moscow! Barclays kept retreating, but the successor Kutuzov stopped retreating at Borodino, at this time the two sides were evenly matched, the next day the war was about to start, Napoleon began to study the map, the secretary sent a report, the content is that Britain won the victory, but Napoleon has no way, can only deal with the matter in front of him.
The two armies went to war, the important strongholds were captured and then lost, but in the end the Russians retreated, but Napoleon opened the way to Moscow at the cost of 70,000 deaths, and when nearly 600,000 troops attacked Russia, now only a hundred thousand people remained, and he was full of sorrow.
Fortunately, he was about to march into Moscow in the guise of a victor, and when the army arrived in Moscow, he once again found that this was different from the past, and that in Vienna, Milan, and Madrid, many people had greeted him, but the municipal official in charge of the handover was missing, and only heard a noise in the distance, which should be the voice of Kutuzov's retreat.
Facing this empty city, the Kremlin, the golden hall, is both lonely and desolate, Napoleon has nothing but victory, but he is not too sad, he ordered someone to take out the roster, suddenly smacked his lips and smiled, "In half a month, I can gather 250,000 people here", followed by a sudden thought interrupted him.
What about soldiers' food? Napoleon knew the truth that "soldiers and horses do not move grain and grass first", he had already set up nine military stations on the Russian border to store grain, but apart from one-third of the grain and grass used by the convoy, it is now far away from the army, and these convoys are moving on muddy roads, which are indeed difficult to reach.
Of course, Napoleon took these problems into account, for which he prepared a lot of grain to be transported to Kovno, hundreds of vehicles responsible for transporting flour and wheat, but after arriving in Kovno, he was surprised to find that there was not even a mill, who could think that a country did not even have a mill, all this is also blamed on Kutuzov, he implemented a scorched earth policy, every time he retreated, he set fire to the surrounding area.
"Ice defeat" Russia
Just then, a soldier shouted, "There's a fire outside the window!" But Napoleon did not care, the soldiers went to look for the pump, and it turned out that there was no pump, Napoleon said, "These madmen, even the holy Moscow will be destroyed with their own hands!" ”
Napoleon was forced to leave, and on the way he met a Russian gendarme, who claimed that he had stayed behind to set the fire, Napoleon was furious and executed the gendarme, but he could not find a way out, the fire sealed the palace gates, fortunately there was a ditch leading to the Moskva River, through which Napoleon walked out of the Kremlin.
After Napoleon took more than a month in a city destroyed by fire, the reserves were exhausted, winter was approaching, some people suggested spending the winter on the spot, but Napoleon did not dare to take risks, he did not know what would happen to Paris, he said that the French were not used to him staying abroad all the time, so the whole army retreated, which was the opposite of the attitude of wanting to fight in the process of retreating, he thought of winter in Smolensk, and was almost captured in the process of escaping.
Ground
Napoleon was afraid of the heat and the cold winter, the heat of Egypt took him thousands of soldiers, and the russian winter was even more afraid, taking away tens of thousands of his soldiers, the ice and snow caused the horses to fall, the weapons were frozen, the ammunition trucks were bombed, the cavalry could only walk, and the soldiers froze to death everywhere on the way.
The last soldiers who arrived in Smolensk were only fifty thousand, only one-tenth of what they came, lost their supplies and food, and the team had to continue to move forward, they were forced to throw away their weapons, some soldiers fell because of the water and soil, and there were Russian pursuits behind them, and only thirty thousand people finally left the Russian border.