In 1961, Zhou Enlai admired calligraphy and painting at the Bada Shanren Memorial Hall in Nanchang
History cannot be repeated,
Cultural relics and monuments as a carrier of history,
Once destroyed, it cannot be regenerated.
Respect and protection of cultural relics and monuments,
It tests everyone's conscience.
In 1973, Zhou Enlai read the scriptures at the Huayan Temple in Datong.
When Premier Zhou Enlai was alive,
Special care and love for historical heritage and cultural relics;
Special support and attention to the work of cultural relics and archaeology.
Even in the most turbulent and difficult years,
He did not change his original intention and protected a large number of cultural relics and monuments.
The Red Guards rushed into the Forbidden City, and he sent an army to guard them!
The Forbidden City in Beijing, where 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties lived, has 9999 and a half houses, and is the largest and most complete ancient palace complex in the world. This ancient Chinese architectural masterpiece can be preserved relatively completely to this day, which is inseparable from Zhou Enlai.
As early as 1948, when the People's Liberation Army surrounded Beiping, Zhou Enlai suggested to Mao Zedong that when attacking the city, it was necessary to preserve the ancient buildings of the Forbidden City. He also invited Liang Sicheng, a well-known architectural expert, to mark the location of the Forbidden City and other ancient buildings, and printed them on the army's warrior manual.
After the founding of New China, Beijing, as the capital, naturally focused on construction. When drawing up construction plans, many people proposed to demolish the Forbidden City. Some old cadres from poor backgrounds also proposed to demolish the Forbidden City, because as soon as they saw the Forbidden City, they thought of the suffering of the poor under the rule of old China. Soviet experts also proposed to demolish the Forbidden City and place the central administrative region in the position of the Forbidden City.
In this situation, Zhou Enlai stepped forward and advocated the preservation of the Forbidden City. He believes that the fundamental reason for getting rid of feudal ideas is the progress of the people's thinking, not the demolition of a palace. The Forbidden City is a model of ancient architecture, preserved and allowed for people to visit! In this way, the idea of demolishing the Forbidden City at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China was denied.
Later, during the "Great Leap Forward" and the "Cultural Revolution", Zhou Enlai also came forward many times to protect the Forbidden City from the fate of arbitrary transformation and demolition.
On August 18, 1966, just after Mao Zedong and Lin Biao received the Red Guards for the first time in Tiananmen Square, Zhou Enlai learned that a group of Red Guards were preparing to rush into the Forbidden City the next day to rebel. He immediately made the decision to close the Forbidden City and informed the Beijing Garrison District to send a battalion of troops to guard it. In accordance with Zhou Enlai's instructions, the staff of the Forbidden City refused to open the door on the one hand, and on the other hand, they persuaded them. The "young general" outside the door finally saw that there was no possibility of rushing in, so he had to shout a slogan and leave.
Since then, the gate of the Forbidden City has been closed for 5 years, and the Forbidden City has been spared when many local places of interest and monuments have been destroyed. In July 1971, when the Palace Museum was about to reopen, Zhou Enlai also asked Guo Moruo to organize a team to compile the "Introduction to the Forbidden City", and reviewed the revision and final draft word by word.
"The archway of the Summer Palace is not allowed to be demolished"
After the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, the Red Guards and rebels, under the slogan of "Breaking the Four Olds," ran to the Summer Palace many times and threatened to "dig up Wanshou Mountain and fill in Kunming Lake." However, Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake are very large, and it is not easy to really do it. So, they set their eyes on the street archway outside the east palace gate of the Summer Palace and wanted to smash it.
Just as the Red Guards had set up a ladder, ascended the archway, and prepared to pull it down, Premier Zhou Enlai received the news. He immediately called the Summer Palace Administration, asked them to stop the Red Guards, and sent his secretary to the scene to explain the reasoning to the Leaders of the Red Guards, solemnly conveying his opinion to them: "The archway of the Summer Palace must be protected and not demolished." This archway was thus protected and is still erected outside the gate of the East Palace of the Summer Palace.
The GongWang Mansion was rebuilt and named "the first blessing under the heavens"
Prince Gong's Mansion, the largest palace in the Qing Dynasty, was once used as the residence of Hezhen and Yongxuan. In 1851, Prince Gong became the owner of the house, and the name of Prince Gong's mansion was derived. Gongwangfu has experienced the historical process of the Qing Dynasty from its peak to its decline, carrying extremely rich historical and cultural information, so there is a saying that "a Gongwangfu, half of the history of the Qing Dynasty".
In 1962, Zhou Enlai issued a special directive asking the relevant departments of Beijing Municipality to allocate funds to rebuild the Gongwang Mansion. During that restoration, archaeologists accidentally found the missing Fuzi tablet in the Secret Cloud Cave in the back garden of the palace. The word "fu" has a lot to offer:
It is said that the Kangxi Emperor was worried about the health of his grandmother, Empress Xiaozhuang, and "asked fu to continue his life": after three days of fasting, he turned filial piety into a pen and became a combination of "Fushou" that shocked ancient and modern times. Since receiving this "fu" word, Empress Xiaozhuang's body has miraculously recovered. Feeling the emperor's painstaking and filial piety, and in order to permanently preserve the unique "Fu" character in the world, Empress Xiaozhuang ordered people to carve it on a stone tablet, touch it day and night, and pray for more blessings. Folk folk say that this is the blessing brought about by Kangxi's "please continue to live".
Beijingers often say: "When you go to the Forbidden City, you must be touched by the royal spirit, when you go to the Great Wall, you must be domineering, and when you go to the Gong King's Mansion, you must be blessed!" The blessing of the GongWangFu comes from the Kangxi Imperial Pen inscription, stamped with the seal of "The Treasure of the Kangxi Imperial Pen". Therefore, when Zhou Enlai learned that this monument had been found, he gladly named it "The First Blessing of China", also known as the "First Blessing of the World".
"Qufu's 'three-hole' building will never be destroyed by anyone"
In November 1966, during the Cultural Revolution, Tan Houlan, the leader of the rebel faction at the Beijing Normal University, and his gang came to Qufu to launch the so-called "Seeking Hole Movement." They destroyed the Confucius Temple, destroyed the former sites of the Confucius Palace, Kong Lin, and Lu Guo, smashed ancient monuments, and leveled the Kong Tomb...
"Three Holes"
When Zhou Enlai learned of the situation, he immediately gave instructions: "The 'three holes' building in Qufu must not be damaged by anyone, and Tan Houlan must return to Beijing within three days." He stopped the atrocities of this group of thugs in time, so that the "three holes" could not be further damaged.
Qufu Confucius Temple Dacheng Hall
In 1969, Zhou Enlai, under tremendous pressure from all sides, resolutely issued an instruction to overhaul the Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple, and the state allocated 130,000 yuan to focus on the maintenance of the Dacheng Hall. The relevant departments of Shandong Province and Qufu County followed the instructions of Premier Zhou and completed the overhaul of the Dacheng Hall in 1970.
Secretly acquire cultural relics lost overseas
The "Five Bull Diagrams" created by Han Di in the Tang Dynasty is the oldest surviving Chinese painting on paper, and it is also one of the few authentic works of Tang Dynasty paintings, ranking among the top ten famous paintings in China. In 1900, the Eight-Power Alliance sacked the Forbidden City, and the "Five Bulls" was robbed abroad, and there has been no news since.
Han Di's "Five Bulls"
In early 1950, "Five Bulls" was discovered by a patriot living in Hong Kong. Premier Zhou Enlai received a letter from the patriot saying that he had wanted to buy it from a dealer for the state, but was suffering from insufficient financial resources and was eager for the central government to buy back this treasure of Chinese painting that had been lost overseas. Zhou Enlai immediately gave three instructions to the Ministry of Culture, which was in charge of cultural relics work at that time:
First, send experts to Hong Kong to identify and determine the authenticity, if it is genuine, immediately purchase; second, send reliable personnel to escort to ensure safety; third, after the cultural relics are returned, they will be handed over to the unit with good storage conditions for proper storage.
After receiving Zhou Enlai's instructions, the Ministry of Culture immediately organized experts to go to Hong Kong to verify that the "Five Bull Map" was indeed authentic, and after many negotiations, it was finally bought for 60,000 Hong Kong dollars.
After the founding of New China, Zheng Zhenduo, director of the Administration of Cultural Relics of the Ministry of Culture, learned that a large number of precious cultural relics that had been lost had been brought to Hong Kong. After much thought, Zheng Zhenduo made an urgent report to Guo Moruo, then director of the Cultural and Education Committee of the State Council, and Shen Yanbing, minister of culture. After repeated discussions, the three decided to report the situation to Zhou Enlai in the name of the Ministry of Culture.
Wang Xianzhi's "Mid-Autumn Festival"
Wang Xun's "Boyuan Thesis"
In March 1951, after Zhou Enlai received the report, under the circumstances of the state's financial difficulties, he immediately agreed that the state would allocate special funds to rescue cultural relics, and set up a cultural relics acquisition team to secretly purchase cultural relics and rescue a number of precious cultural relics in a timely manner. The most famous of these are Wang Xianzhi's Mid-Autumn Festival Thesis, which was purchased from Hong Kong in 1951, and Wang Xun's Boyuan Thesis.
Ma Yuan's "Treading Song Diagram"
Since then, the cultural relics acquisition team has successively acquired many precious cultural relics in Hong Kong, such as Dong Yuan's "Xiaoxiang Tu", Song Huizong's "Xianglong Stone Map", Ma Yuan's "Ta Ge Tu", Li Tang's "Cai Wei Tu", Wu Zhen's "Fisherman's Father Map", Gu Hongzhong's "Han Xizai Night Feast Map" and other more than 40 calligraphy and painting works, all of which are treasures of ancient painting art.
Gu Hongzhong's "Han Xizai's Night Feast" (partial)
The oldest observatory in the world is preserved
Beijing Ancient Observatory, the National Astronomical Observatory of the Ming and Qing dynasties, built in 1442, is one of the oldest observatories in the world. It is known for its complete architecture, exquisite instrumentation, long history and unique position in the cultural exchange between East and West. From the early years of the Ming Dynasty to 1929, the Ancient Observatory has been engaged in astronomical observation for nearly 500 years, and has preserved a number of precious ancient astronomical and meteorological observation records and data data, which is the earliest surviving meteorological observation record in the world.
In the initial planning of the construction of the subway in Beijing, it was necessary to pass through the ancient observatory of Jianguomen. The construction headquarters proposed a plan to demolish the Jianguomen Ancient Observatory. Once this important relic is demolished, it will never be restored. If relocated, it will also cause significant losses to data.
In this regard, Zhou Enlai instructed: "This observatory should not be demolished, and it is difficult to see whether it can be bypassed or not, and write a report." "The oldest observatory in the world today that has preserved astronomical instruments has been preserved.
Coincidentally, on the northwest side of the road at the intersection of Yuquan Road in Beijing's Shijingshan District, there are two 700-year-old "old" ancient trees, which are the remains of the ruins of Lingfu Temple in the Yuan Dynasty. In the original construction plan of the subway, these two ancient trees are exactly at the position of Yuquan Road Station. In order to protect the ancient trees, Zhou Enlai instructed to revise the subway construction plan and extend the distance between Yuquan Road Station and Babaoshan Station, and two precious ancient trees have survived to this day.
Ten years of turmoil, personally signed documents to protect the Mogao Caves
Zhou Enlai was very concerned about the maintenance and restoration of cultural relics, and the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes became one of the representatives.
In 1951, under the extreme financial difficulties of the time, Premier Zhou instructed that 200 million yuan be allocated first to repair five precarious wooden caves of the Tang and Song dynasties. Funds were also allocated to improve the working and living conditions of the Dunhuang Institute of Cultural Relics, equipped with jeeps, purchased generators, and installed electric lighting for the first time in the Mogao Caves.
In 1962, under the care and attention of Zhou Enlai, the first major repair of the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in New China began. At that time, Our country had just passed through a difficult period of 3 years of natural and man-made disasters, and its internal and external troubles were very tight. But Zhou En:
"The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are the precious cultural and artistic heritage of the working people in ancient china, which has a history of more than a thousand and hundred years, and before liberation it was brutally plundered and destroyed by the imperialists, we must protect it now, otherwise, those of us who cannot give an account to future generations."
In October 1966, when Jiang Qing met with the Red Guards in the capital, he publicly shouted: "Dunhuang art has nothing to inherit." Dunhuang art is spiritual opium! "This undoubtedly gave Dunhuang art a death sentence." As a result, the incited Red Guards slaughtered from all over the country to the Mogao Grottoes: experts and scholars were beaten one by one, and more seriously, they planned to destroy the murals and painted sculptures of the Mogao Grottoes.
When Zhou Enlai learned of this, he immediately personally issued a document from the State Council on the suspension of the opening of the first batch of state-level cultural relics protection units in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes during the Cultural Revolution, that no one should impact and destroy them, and that real problems should be cleaned up at a later stage."
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes finally had no danger, saved from a disaster, and with this State Council document personally issued by Zhou Enlai, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes miraculously survived ten years of turmoil.
Two private library buildings were designated for protection
At the beginning of the liberation of Jiangnan, Zhou Enlai specifically asked the troops going south to protect two private library buildings, one is the famous Jiaye Library in modern China, and the other is the Ningbo Tianyi Pavilion.
Jiayetang Library, located in the southwest suburb of Nanxun Town, Huzhou City, was built in 1920 by Liu Yong's grandson Liu Chenggan, named after the "Qinruo Jiaye" Nine Dragon Gold Plaque given by Emperor Puyi of the Qing Dynasty. The building is large in scale and rich in books, and the original library is integrated with the garden, and is famous for collecting ancient books. After liberation, the owner of the original library donated to the Zhejiang Library, which is now a public library and a tourist attraction.
Located in the downtown area of Ningbo, Zhejiang, Tianyi Pavilion was built in the middle of the Ming Dynasty under the auspices of Fan Qin, the right attendant of the military department who retired at that time. Tianyi Pavilion is the earliest surviving private library in China, the oldest existing library in Asia and one of the world's first three family libraries.
Remove the stone lion in front of Xinhua Gate
At the beginning of June 1966, the "Breaking the Four Olds" movement was in full swing. The stone lion in front of the Xinhua Gate in Zhongnanhai, the office of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, actually attracted the attention of the Red Guards and was put on the blacklist of "breaking the four olds." This pair of stone lions is the largest pair of stone lions in Beijing.
On August 26, the Red Guards patiently persuaded the Red Guards to order the removal of the stone lion in front of the Xinhua Gate, effectively protecting this cultural relic. Later, the pair of stone lions returned to the front of Xinhua Gate.
Complete preservation of the Lingyin Temple
On August 23, 1966, after the Red Guards, a middle school student in Hangzhou, destroyed the YueWang Temple, they set their next target on the Lingyin Temple. After some students with a sense of justice at Zhejiang University learned the news, they stepped forward to protect the Lingyin Temple. The Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee quickly reported the matter to the State Council.
On August 27, Zhou Enlai issued a directive asking the leading comrades of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee to do a good job of persuading the Red Guards and taking effective measures to protect the Lingyin Temple. In the "Breaking the Four Olds" movement, countless ancient temples and temples across the country were smashed and destroyed, and it was a fluke that they could be partially preserved. It is even rarer that the Lingyin Temple has been unscathed and completely protected.
Install lightning rods on important ancient buildings
The Temple of Grace
Most of China's ancient buildings are wooden or brick and wood structures, and the most feared thing is fire. One night in June 1956, the Temple of Grace (the only giant Nanmu Hall in the country) located in the Changling Tombs of the Ming Tombs in Beijing was struck by lightning and caught fire.
The news quickly reached Zhou Enlai, who immediately instructed the personnel of the relevant departments to go and inspect and deal with it, and he was relieved to learn that there was no serious damage. Subsequently, Zhou Enlai quickly issued a notice in the name of the State Council, requiring the installation of lightning rods on important ancient buildings across the country. The installation of lightning rods effectively prevents fires caused by lightning strikes and protects a large number of ancient buildings.
"I'm not interested in dead people."
Dingling Underground Xuangong
In the 1950s, the excavation of the Ming Ding Mausoleum was a tragic archaeological tragedy. The scientific and technological conditions at that time could not preserve a large number of cultural relics, especially silk fabrics. In the anti-rightist movement, most archaeologists were sent down. The imperial tomb that had been opened was left like that for half a year, and the cultural relics inside quickly dried up and decayed, and they were all badly abused. Even during the Cultural Revolution, young revolutionary generals swept through Dingling, took out the bones of Wanli and his two empresses, and burned them clean.
Archaeological team leader Zhao Qichang (right) and colleagues clean up artifacts in the Xuan Palace
After the excavation of Dingling Tombs, various provinces have to excavate imperial tombs such as HanLing, Tangling, and Qingling. Under these circumstances, the State Council quickly issued a document to "stop the excavation of all imperial tombs", resolutely stopping this extremely abnormal excavation trend.
Ming Changling
The famous historian Wu Han, who had been thinking about excavating Changling, asked Zhou Enlai, "Do we excavate Changling again?" Zhou Enlai refused, "I'm not interested in dead people." It is precisely because of this sentence that Ming Chengzu Zhu Di has slept peacefully in the mausoleum to this day. Since then, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage has not approved the excavation of the imperial tomb.
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