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Rational analysis: Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition failed, and Wei Yan and Zhao Yun should bear the main responsibility!
Zhuge Liang stills
"Ma Mo carelessly lost the street pavilion, and Zhuge Liang slashed Ma Mo with tears." As a bridge in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", it is often mentioned by people, and there are many opinions. Some people say that Ma Mo carried the pot for Zhuge Liang, and some people say that Ma Mo pit Zhuge Liang. In short, they all felt that the failure of the First Northern Expedition was Zhuge Liang's responsibility, and he did not know how to employ people, and put Ma Mo in such an important position, resulting in the complete loss of the First Northern Expedition, all blamed Zhuge Liang.
In fact, this is completely wrong. A rational analysis will reveal that wei Yan and Zhao Yun could not get rid of the failure of the first Northern Expedition, and even bore the main responsibility, but Ma Mo died unjustly.
The best time for the Northern Expedition
In fact, as early as 226 AD, Zhuge Liang was ready for preparations for the Northern Expedition. At that time, if Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, there was every opportunity to take away Cao Wei in one wave,
Why?
Two major events occurred in 226 AD:
The first was that Cao Pi died, Cao Rui ascended the throne, and the internal situation in Cao Wei was unstable. Sun Quan could see it, couldn't Zhuge Liang see it?
The second was that Eastern Wu sent heavy troops to fight against Cao Wei in the Xiangyang area, and the commander was Zhuge Liang and his brother Zhuge Jin, who was defeated by Sima Yi, but this battle attracted a large number of Cao Wei's troops.
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, and the Chronicle of Emperor Ming records that the Wu generals Zhuge Jin and Zhang Ba, and other Kou Xiangyang, the Fujun general Sima Xuanwang, broke it and beheaded him, and the general Cao Xiu of the Eastern Expedition broke his farewell to Xunyang.
If Zhuge Liang had launched the First Northern Expedition at the time of the Xiangyang War between Zhuge Jin and Sima Yi, he would not have known what Cao Wei would defend.
But the fact is that Zhuge Liangming knows that it is the best time, but he cannot send troops. There were both Li Yan's reasons and Wei Yan's reasons.
In fact, everyone understands in their hearts that this is the best time to send troops, but they refuse to cooperate, why is this?
Wei Yan's careful thoughts
Wei Yan stills
There is a kind of person who, before things are done, first put forward conditions and fight for their own interests. The most typical of this kind of person is Li Yan and Wei Yan.
Li Yan took advantage of Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition to propose such a condition: it was okay to come to Hanzhong to defend the town, but he wanted to divide Bazhou in the future, and Zhuge Liang refused. This is clearly recorded in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms:
Therefore, Liang Ming Ping said: "Since the collapse of the former emperor, Ping is still in charge of the family, still a little favor, settling down and seeking fame, and worrying about the affairs of the country." When the subject went north, he wanted to get the Pingbing army to the town of Hanzhong, and the peace was poor and difficult, and there was no intention of coming, but he sought to take the five counties as the history of Bazhou. ”
Wei Yan was not much better, and in 227, the year before the First Northern Expedition, Wei Yan was promoted to Sima Xiang (丞相司馬) and Liangzhou Assassin (梁州刺史). Liangzhou was still in Cao Wei's hands, so why did Wei Yan become the Assassin of Liangzhou? Obviously, this is the result of bargaining between the two sides.
The goal of Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition was actually very clear, that is, to take Liangzhou, then besiege Chang'an, and eventually unify the world, and after unifying the world, Wei Yan became a prince of the party.
Negotiating the conditions in advance and not agreeing to work was Wei Yan's thought. Wei Yan's bargaining made Zhuge Liang miss the best time for the first Northern Expedition.
The layout of Zhuge Liang's First Northern Expedition
Zhuge Liang's grand strategy for the First Northern Expedition was to first take the Long right, that is, the Liangzhou region, and then steadily advance.
"Wei Liu" records: Liang thought that this county was in danger, it was better to be safe from Tan Dao, he could take Long Right flatly, and he would be able to conquer it without worry, so there was no need to delay it.
Later, Wei Yan had a sudden idea and proposed the "Meridian Valley Conspiracy", which was vetoed by Zhuge Liang, and he resented it.
The "Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Wei Yan" records that whenever Yan appeared, he wanted to invite tens of thousands of soldiers, and he would meet with Liang at Tongguan, such as the story of Han Xin, and the bright system was not allowed. Yan often said that the light was timid, and the hatred of oneself was inexhaustible.
In order to achieve the goal of taking the "Long Right", how did Zhuge Liang lay it out?
Schematic diagram of Zhuge Liang's First Northern Expedition
Zhao Yun led about 10,000 elite troops to feint at Jigu Valley, responsible for attracting the main force of the Wei army;
Ma Mo led about 20,000 people to drag the Troops supported by the Wei Army at the street pavilion;
Wei Yan, as the main force of about 30,000 people, was responsible for attacking several counties such as Longxi Jicheng, Shangyi, and Xixian;
Zhuge Liang himself had about 30,000 men, sitting in the Chinese army, responsible for overall planning, grain and grass dispatch, and supporting dangerous directions.
Zhuge Liang's layout is very reasonable.
Zhao Yun had been fighting for many years and had rich combat experience, which was used as a suspicious soldier, which was easier to attract the attention of Cao Wei's main forces; Wei Yan, as a siege expert, was also very suitable for him to be responsible for the siege.
There is no substitute for these two layouts, you let Ma Mo go to siege the city, that is even more a sinkhole, let Ma Mo attract the main force, people Cao Zhen does not know what Ma Mo at all.
Street kiosks can only be horse mots, and they must also be makoto. Why?
Matthew stills
First of all, Ma Mo's name was not known at that time, which would arouse Cao Wei's suspicions.
Secondly, Zhuge Liang let Ma Mo take the road to the village, not expecting Ma Mo to defeat anyone, but to give the opposite side a deterrent, a completely unfamiliar person, so cautious in the use of soldiers, Zhang Gao is not afraid? Does he dare to fight easily? Judging from the fact that Wang Ping could scare Zhang Gao with a casual drum, he really did not dare.
However, in Zhuge Liang's layout, it seems perfect and seamless, but in fact, there are hidden dangers:
That is to say, these four-way soldiers and horses are very dependent on cooperation, interlocking, mutual influence, and one link is wrong, which will lead to a collapse and involve the whole body.
Ma Mo is more unlucky, he was the first to collapse there, in fact, it was just a crash, nothing, the key is that Ma Mo ran away. According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Xiang Lang Biography:
Lang Su and Ma Moshan fled, But Lang did not know about it, and He hated it, and he was relieved of his official duties and returned to Chengdu.
As for the reason, it may be to escape from the battlefield, or it may be to abscond in fear of crime, but both of these are enough to kill him, so he died without any injustice.
Wei Yan and Zhao Yun were mainly responsible
First of all, Speaking of Wei Yan, Wei Yan made three mistakes.
First, Wei Yan, like Li Yan, threatened interests, causing Zhuge Liang to miss the best time for the Northern Expedition.
Second, Wei Yan proposed the so-called "Meridian Valley Conspiracy", the essence of which was contrary to the strategy of Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition. Blatantly above the command confrontation, winning is their own credit, losing can throw the pot.
Third, Wei Yan, as the real main force, did not exert all his strength in the actual siege operation, resulting in the inability to attack all the time, but gave the opposite side time to breathe. If these cities had been attacked earlier and the wood had become a boat, Cao Wei would not have sent someone to rescue them, and there would have been no problem of losing the street kiosk.
Speaking of Zhao Yun, why does Zhao Yun also have to carry the pot?
Zhao Yun stills
In history, although Zhao Yun lost, when he retreated, the losses were very small. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms zhao yun also says it very clearly:
Next year, liang out of the army, the voice from the xiegu road, Cao Zhen sent the public to deserve it. Liang Lingyun and Deng Zhi refused, and attacked Qishan. Yun and Zhi were weak and strong, and they lost to Migu, but they held on to the crowd and did not suffer a major defeat.
Yes, on the surface, Zhao Yun did a good job, and in "The Biography of Yun Bei", he added a sentence: "Bright and good." In fact, Zhao Yun also failed in this link.
What is Zhao Yun's task? Zhuge Liang did not let him stick to The Valley, but let him pretend to attack, "raising the voice from the Diagonal Valley", in order to drag Cao Zhen's main force. In the whole link, Zhao Yun is the first link. Zhao Yun dragged Cao Allah to ensure that Ma Mo was not besieged by a large number of people and horses, and Ma Mo was not besieged, so he could support enough time, and Wei Yan had enough time to attack the city.
But obviously, Zhao Yun's feint attack is not in place, his conservative personality pits the other 2 people, he just blindly sticks to it, and does not take the initiative to attack.
That is to say, Zhao Yun's feint attack did not give Cao Wei Fang pressure, in fact, it failed, although it attracted Cao Zhen, but it did not attract Cao Wei's main force, where was Cao Wei's main force? There was Zhang Gao.
There is also a sentence in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Zhao Yun": "The army retreats and is demoted to the general of the zhen army." It also shows that Zhao Yun has an unshirkable responsibility.
summary
The First Northern Expedition ended in failure, and Zhuge Liang, as the commander of the three armies, took over the biggest pot and beheaded his cronies, showing his due temperament and selfless noble sentiments.
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Zhuge Liang records:
(Zhuge Liang) Shang Shu said: "The subject is weak in talent, the snag is not based, the pro-Bingxu is strong in the three armies, the law cannot be taught, the situation is afraid, to the point where there is a street pavilion that disobeys the order, and the mistake of The Valley is not refrained, and the blame is in the minister's appointment." The minister does not know the people, the compassion is more than min, the spring and autumn are responsible for the marshal, and the minister's position is dang. Please demote yourself to the third rank to blame. "
The two main responsible persons for the failure of the First Northern Expedition, Zhao Yun, were demoted to the rank of general of the Zhen Army, but Wei Yan was not convicted, on the one hand, Wei Yan still had great value, on the other hand, Wei Yan's crime was not so direct.
Here involves a paradox of attack and defense: let people defend the city, can not hold is a sin, so why can't the siege attack down, but there is nothing? Then if Ma Mo had known earlier and applied for a siege, he would not be able to attack it anyway, and who would not be the same?
When we look at history, we must look at it in its entirety, dialectically, rather than peeping at the leopard and taking it out of context.
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