In the past, old Beijingers had such a smooth phrase "Tong Guan Ma Suo Qi Fu Nan Lang". These short eight characters represent the eight surnames of the Manchu people. Namely, Tong Jia, Guar Jia, Ma Jia, Sokyo Luo, Qi Jia, Fu Cha, Namuduru, and Niu Hulu. Behind these eight surnames is the so-called Manchu Eight Great Xun Old Family. However, among them, the Fucha clan, because of the descendants of the horse frontier, repeatedly made military achievements, added officials and knighthoods, and later, a family actually enjoyed eight hereditary positions, thus forming the so-called fucha eight families. These eight great families are the Cheng'en Gong family, jia yong zhongrui gong family, Cheng Jia Yi yong gong family, Zhongyong gong family, Xiang yong hou family, first class son Fu Qing family, first class male Kuilin family, and Yunqi Lieutenant Fu Ling'an family that we are familiar with. This also made the Fucha clan a leader in the qiren family in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and was able to marry the royal family repeatedly. The son of the Fucha family, Brother Nengwen, and the princess who married the Fucha family was more special than the other.
Cixi dynasty costume statue
Jiaofang Xun Qi FuCha family, the sons of the battlefield made a military achievement
Speaking of the Fucha clan, many people first think of the Empress Fucha Xiaoxianchun who is called the model couple of Tianzi No. 1 with Qianlong. Indeed, the Fucha clan gradually prospered because of the emergence of such an empress who was favored by the emperor in the family. But the rise of the Fucha clan is even earlier. Empress Fucha belonged to the Shaji Fucha clan, and her ancestor was the lord of Jurchen Shaji City. During the Tandu grandchildren, they were divided into several large rooms, of which the ancestor of the first room was called Guochen Kahashan. The status of this house was the highest among the Fucha clan before the Qing Dynasty entered the Customs, among which Nurhaci's step-concubine Gongdai and his younger brother Shulhaqi's side Fujin were both descendants of the first house. Therefore, this branch was the first to marry the supreme ruler. Empress Fucha was not a descendant of this room, her ancestors belonged to the third house, named Deyun Zhu.
Statue of Empress Fucha in imperial dress
Later, Deyunzhu's son Wangji surrendered to Nurhaci and was therefore granted the title of Shiguan Zuo. His grandson Hasitun was made a Baron of the First Rank for his military exploits and served as Minister of the Interior and Governor of the Interior Ministry. At this time, the Fucha clan gradually emerged. Hashitun's first son, Mishan, not only inherited his father's title, but also obtained the status of minister of parliament, and served as the head of the Ministry of Household Affairs and the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, becoming a major minister during the Kangxi Dynasty. This Mithhan was none other than Empress Fucha's grandfather.
Mithhan had four sons, the eldest son Ma Siha served as the Minister of the Interior and the Governor; the second son, Ma Qi, was the most contentious member of the family, not only a university scholar, but also a second-class earl for his merits; the third son, Ma Wu, was made a third-class light car lieutenant for his merits, and served as the minister of the interior of the guard. The youngest son, named Li Rongbao, inherited the title of his father Mithhan and served as the governor of Chahar, but Li Rongbao could be said to be inferior in all aspects compared to his three older brothers. Fortunately, Li Rongbao had a good daughter, that is, Empress Fucha. Her daughter became empress, and according to the custom, Li Rongbao not only became the state staff, but also was also given the title of Duke of Cheng'en of the First Rank. Unfortunately, he did not see his daughter become empress, because when her daughter became empress, Li Rongbao had been dead for 13 years. Therefore, Li Rongbao was posthumously awarded the title of Duke of Cheng'en of the First Rank, but among the descendants of the family, he also enjoyed the title of Duke of Cheng'en of the First Rank.
The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., holds a portrait of Lee Rong-po in imperial dress
Therefore, Empress Fucha was able to be married by Yongzheng in the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727) to be married to the then fourth son of the emperor, Hongli, and had little to do with Empress Fucha's father, Li Rongbao, because at this time Li Rongbao had been dead for five years, and there were no outstanding achievements during his lifetime. The reason why Empress Fucha was able to marry the fourth son of the emperor in the first place. First, the Fucha family began to rise at that time; second, Empress Fucha's uncle Ma Qi was an important courtier during the Kangxi and Yongzheng periods. Later, the Fucha family began to prosper, and it was the fourth son of the emperor, Hongli, who succeeded to the throne, and the Fucha clan, who was the concubine of Fujin, was made empress. Qianlong and Empress Fucha had a strong affection, so they naturally had extra favor and trust for the children of the Fucha family.
Qianlong Dynasty costume statue
Empress Fucha had nine brothers (adults), of whom we are best known for her ninth brother Fu Heng and nephew Fu Kang'an. Qianlong placed great trust in his brother-in-law Fu Heng and reused him. In the fifth year of Qianlong (1740), Fu Heng was still only a blue-winged bodyguard of the court, and only three years later, in the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), Fu Heng was promoted to the governor of Shaanxi and became a generation of feudal officials. In fact, this was Qianlong deliberately letting this brother-in-law go out to go through the experience, so that he could enter the core institutions of power, so that other princes and ministers could approve. Sure enough, two years later, in the Qianlong Decade (1745), the 23-year-old Fu Heng entered the military aircraft department and became a member of the core of power. Most of the Keju scholars are still struggling on the road to the Imperial Examination at the age of 23, and the 23-year-old Fu Heng has reached a height that they will never be able to reach in their lifetime. At this time, Fu Heng could be reused by his brother-in-law Qianlong, which can be said to be mainly because his sister was an empress. Because, at this time, Fu Heng had no proud achievements in both the political arena and the military.
Fu Hengchao dressed in portraits
After that, it was proved that Qianlong did not misread this brother-in-law, and Fu Heng did not live up to the high hopes of his brother-in-law Qianlong. In the eleventh year of Qianlong (1746), the Jinchuan Rebellion occurred in the Sichuan-Shaanxi region. The imperial court sent a large army to suppress the rebellion, but it was repeatedly frustrated, so Qianlong successively beheaded Zhang Guangsi, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi at the time, and Ne Qin, a university scholar who went to the front to supervise the battle. At this moment, Fu Heng, who was in his twenties, took the initiative to ask Miao to go to the front line. In only two years, under the personal supervision of Fu Heng, the Jinchuan Rebellion was put down.
In the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749), after Fu Heng's class returned to the dynasty, Qianlong made him a first-class loyal and courageous duke, gave the four regiments of dragons to supplement the service, and built a mansion for Fu Heng inside the Dong'an Gate. According to the "Miscellaneous Records of the Dynasty and the Wilderness Since Daoxian", the first class of the Zhongyong Gongfu was given "the vast area and the magnificence of the building, which was the crown of the first house in Beijing." It can be seen that the first residence given by Qianlong to his brother-in-law Fu Heng was the most luxurious in Beijing at that time. Later, in the nineteenth year of Qianlong ((1754), Fu Heng led a large army to quell the rebellion of Dzungar in only one year. Since Fu Heng's title was already a first-class loyal and courageous duke, neither Jue Luo nor Fu Heng of the clan, the title at this time could not be repeated. Unexpectedly, Qianlong once again made him a first-class loyal and courageous duke. Because it is a special grace to be crowned a prince again. For this reason, Fu Hengli resigned, believing that the last time he was crowned duke was already a great grace. Subsequently, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the portraits of hundreds of heroes to be displayed in the Purple Light Pavilion, and Put Fu Heng first.
Purple Light Pavilion Fu Heng imperial dress standing statue
However, in the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769), when Fu Heng led his army to fight against Burma, he unfortunately contracted a disease in a harsh environment. A year later, in the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), After Fu Hengbanshi returned to the dynasty, he died of illness at the age of 48. When the Qianlong Emperor heard this, he was extremely sad and personally went to the palace to offer wine, which was a great honor for the Fucha family. Qianlong made an exception and handled the funeral for Fu Heng in the specifications of the Duke of Zongfu Zhenguo, and was given the title of "Wen Zhong". After the death of his brother-in-law Fu Heng, Qianlong turned his attention to his nephew. Fu Heng had four sons: Fu Ling'an, Fu Long'an, Fu Kang'an, and Fu Chang'an. Qianlong was most familiar with these four nephews and four names, because they were all given by him.
Soldier training
The nephew became the son-in-law and the official entered the knighthood to break the convention
Among Fu Heng's four sons, there is no doubt that the third son, Fu Kang'an, is the most capable. The second son, Fulong Anque, brought the Fucha family closer to the Aisin Kyora family. Because his wife was Qianlong's fourth daughter, Princess Heshuo and Jia. Fulong An was originally Qianlong's nephew, and now he has further become Qianlong's son-in-law, so he is close to him. In the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong (1760), the fifteen-year-old Princess Hejia married her cousin Fulong'an, who was a year older than her. However, Princess Hejia was very special among the ten princesses of Qianlong. As soon as she was born, there was a webbing membrane between her fingers, and her hand could not be straightened, in the shape of a bergamot, so the folk also called her "Bergamot Princess". It can be seen that the hands of this bergamot princess are very different from normal human hands.
Some people say that when Princess Bergamot was born, she was almost killed by her father Qianlong because of the connection of her fingers, and was later saved by Qianlong's mother, Empress Xiaoshengxian. In fact, this is nonsense. Because during the Kangxi Dynasty, there was also a princess like Princess Hejia, who was born with a webbed membrane between her fingers, so she was called a goose paw princess. Later, the goose-paw princess married bele a treasure in the Mongolian Alxa Banner. Therefore, Qianlong would not be surprised by princess Bergamot, because his aunt Princess Goose Paw was the same, and he would not kill this little princess because of this. Not only that, Qianlong also loved the Bergamot princess very much, and asked her to marry his nephew Fu Long'an.
FuLong'an draws a diagram of a warrior
Princess Hejia's mansion is located in the Horse Temple on the east side of Jingshan in Beijing. Because she was the fourth daughter of Qianlong, this mansion was also called the Four Princesses' Mansion. There are passages on both the east and west sides of the Four Princess Houses, and the height of the walls of the palace reaches one and two feet, the thickness is five feet, the width of the east and west is forty zhang, and the length of the north and south is sixty zhang. The number of houses in the Princess Mansion has reached more than three hundred. If Qianlong didn't like it, would he be able to get Princess Hejia to marry her nephew and give such a large princess mansion? Princess Bergamot died at the age of 22 after spending seven spring and autumn seasons with her husband Fulongan at the Princess Mansion. In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), after the death of Princess Hejia, Qianlong built a princess tomb for her by the Tonghui River, which later became the princess's family cemetery. There are seven princess tombs in the east of the old Beijing city, of which the "Princess Tomb outside the Dongbianmen Gate" is the largest in scale and popularity. The two princess tombs outside the Dongbian Gate are the burial place of Princess Gulun Wenxian, the ninth daughter of Kangxi, and the other is the "Bergamot Princess Tomb" on the banks of the Tonghui River. The Bergamot Princess Tomb is also the highest regulated princess garden bed found today, and even some regulations exceed the concubine garden bed and the prince garden bed. If Qianlong didn't like this Bergamot Princess, he wouldn't have built such a high-regulated garden for her.
Bergamot Princess
Princess Bergamot gave birth to two sons for her husband Fulong'an, who were given the names of Fengshen Jilun and Fengsheng Guoermin by their father Qianlong. Seventeen years after the death of Princess Bergamot, her husband Fu Long'an died in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), and the couple finally met in another world. Their son Fengshen Jilun inherited the title of Duke of Zhongyong of the First Class, so the Four Princesses' Mansion was taken back, and the descendants moved into the First Class Zhongyong Mansion. Although Princess Shanghe jia became Qianlong's son-in-law, appointed the first-class loyal and courageous duke, and hung up the Purple Light Pavilion, he was not the strongest among the four brothers by virtue of his ability. And his third brother Fu Kang'an used his own ability to bring the Fucha family to the peak. Fukang An's life was more brilliant than that of his father Fu Heng. In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), the 13-year-old Fu Kang'an was only a third-class bodyguard. Only four years later, in the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (1771), FuKang'an was appointed as the Right Attendant of the Household Department and the Deputy Governor of Mongolia with a Blue Banner.
Fukang An Dynasty costume statue
Twenty-five years later, in the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (1771), Jinchuan rebelled again. Twenty-five years ago, Fu Heng led an army to suppress the Jinchuan Rebellion, and twenty-five years later, this time it was the turn of his son Fukang An to fight. Although Fu Kang'an, who was only seventeen or eighteen years old, could not serve as the commander,000,000,000," he was able to strategize in battle, bravely kill the enemy, and repeatedly performed miraculous feats, and received several praises from Qianlong. It took five years for the big and small Jinchuan to be calmed down. When Fukang Anbanshi returned to the Dynasty, Qianlong named him a third-class Jia Yongnan, painted a statue in the Purple Light Pavilion, and gave the Forbidden City the honor of riding a horse.
From the forty-second year of Qianlong (1777) to the forty-eighth year of Qianlong (1783), Fu Kang'an successively served as the general of Jilin, the general of Shengjing, the governor of Yungui, the governor of Sichuan and the general of Chengdu, and other important border defense positions. In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), Fu Kang'an led an army to quell the Gansu rebel army and captured its leader. Fukang An was promoted to marquis of Jiayong for his merits. Three years later, in the fifty-second year of Qianlong, Fu Kang'an was again appointed as a general, leading troops to suppress the Lin Shuangwen rebellion in Taiwan and capturing the leader Lin Shuangwen. This time, Fukang An was promoted to the first class jia yong gong for his military merits. For Fu Kang'an, the title of First Class Jia Yong Duke was already supreme, after all, his father was only a First Class Zhongyong Duke at the beginning. To his surprise, however, his knighthood was much more than that.
The Qingyin Pavilion Kaiyan soldiers of the Pacifying Taiwan War Atlas
Five years later, in the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong (1791), Fukang'an led an army against the Gurkha army that attacked Tibet. After the great victory, Fu Kang'an was ranked first and awarded the title of Wuyingdian University Scholar and was awarded the title of Duke of Zhongrui Jiayong. In the sixty years of Qianlong (1795), Fu Kang'an once again took command of the southern rebel army. Because of his military exploits, Emperor Long broke the rules and made Fu Kang'an a shell, making him the first person outside the clan to be made such a prominent knight alive. It was also during this war that Fu Kang'an and He Yan's younger brother He Lin fell ill and died on the march. When Qianlong heard the bad news, he was extremely saddened, and actually made an exception again to posthumously posthumously honor Fu Kang'an as the king of Jiayong County, and deserved to enjoy the Taimiao Temple. Although Fu Kang'an was very meritorious, in the eyes of outsiders, he could not be promoted to the title of shell and county prince that only the clan could enjoy. However, Qianlong's favor for Fu Kang'an had reached an incomparable point, and he thought that it was not too much to posthumously appoint Fu Kang'an as the title of county king. This also made posterity suspicious of the delicate relationship between the Qianlong Emperor and Fukang'an, and some people even said that the two were father and son, of course, this is pure nonsense.
The humble gentleman Wen Ruyu, the two grandfathers have successively made frontal donkeys
Fu Heng was made the Duke of Zhongyong for his military exploits, and his son Fu Kang'an was also awarded the title of Beizi and County King that only the clan could obtain because of his military merits. Because the son was posthumously awarded the title of king of the county, through Tui En, his father Fu Heng was also posthumously awarded the title of king of the county, which was naturally the father and son. Later, the sons of the Fucha family were knighted for their bloody battles and repeated battle merits. Fu Heng's fourth brother Fu Wen's son Mingrui was awarded the title of Duke of Chengjia Yiyong of the First Rank in the Thirty-second Year of Qianlong (1767) for his meritorious service in the conquest of Burma. Fu Heng's eldest brother Guangcheng's son, Liang Ming, was made a third-class marquis for his military exploits. Fu Heng's second brother, Fu Qing, was also posthumously awarded the title of First Class Earl for his military exploits.
Fucha bright armor statue
Because many of the sons of the Fucha family used to fight on the battlefield of horses, fight bloody battlefields, and make meritorious achievements, so as to increase their ranks and become knights, in the eyes of many people, they and even their descendants are a kind of image of military generals. In fact, among the descendants of the Fucha family, there were also humble gentlemen who were polite, gentle as jade, and upright. This brother of the Fucha family was Fu Heng's fourth brother Fu Wen. Fu Wen had two sons, one was Kuilin, who inherited the first-class Cheng'en Gong, and the other was Mingrui, who was awarded the title of First Rank Chengjia Yi Yonggong because of his meritorious service in Zhengmian. Mingrui was besieged by burmese troops during the conquest of Burma and hanged himself after the battle, but had no heirs after his death, so he inherited one of his brother Quirin's sons, Whalen. Therefore, Huilun also inherited the title of Duke of Chengjia Yiyong of the First Class, and later, Huilun's son Bo Qitu also inherited the title of Duke of Chengjia Yiyong of the First Class of his father. Bo Qitu had four sons: Jingqing, Jingfeng, Jingshan, and Jingshou.
Among the four brothers, Jingshou is the most famous. Because in the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang (1844), the Daoguang Emperor married his sixth daughter, Princess Shou Engulun, to Jingshou, who was only fifteen years old at the time. The following year, Princess Shou'en Gulun married Jing Shouxi. JingShou also became a Gulun donkey, and was treated the same as Beizi, although he also inherited the title of Duke of Chengjia Yiyong of the first rank in his ancestors. After Princess Shou'en was married, her father, Daoguang, visited her daughter and son-in-law at the princess's mansion several times. When Daoguangzhi married his children to Jingshou, he did not expect his son-in-law Jingshou to make any great achievements in politics or military in the future, but valued the son-in-law's cultivation and character.
Emperor Daoguang's imperial dress
JingShou's later performance also confirmed the expectations of the Daoguang Emperor. After Xianfeng inherited the unification, he had great trust and respect for his brother-in-law Jingshou. But he also knew that although this old lady had good character, she was not capable of it. Therefore, although Jing Shou served as a high-ranking official in the Xianfeng Dynasty, due to his lack of political ability, he did not have any great achievements. However, before Xian Feng's death, this brother-in-law became one of the eight ministers of Gu Ming, and the actual power was in the hands of Su Shun, and Jing Shou could not speak at all. Therefore, after the eight ministers of Gu Ming were defeated by Cixi and Prince Gong, Jing Shou not only recovered his life because of his character, but also entered the political arena again.
Cheng Jia Yi Yong Gong Fu Cha Jing Shou
Jingshou's character and cultivation have always been admired by outsiders. Throughout his life, he walked right, sat upright, and constantly cultivated himself. It is not an exaggeration to say that he was an upright gentleman. Because, when he served as the superintendent of Chongwenmen, the largest tax official in the country, he never filled his own pockets, and he did not take a piece of silver to his home. This is unique among the other Chongwenmen overseers. Weng Tonggong once said that Jingshou, four or five times as the superintendent of Chongwenmen, the family is still quite simple. As for his own cultivation, although he was a Gulun Frontal Donkey and a First Class Chengjia Yi Yonggong, Jing Shou had never scolded the next person. A servant served him for more than ten years, and during these ten years, Jing Shou only spoke to this servant once. In addition to going to work, Jing Shou sat upright all day, motionless, often thinking deeply about himself. At that time, people called him a strange man, with a different appearance, but he never said a word about it. An ekoshi like Jingshou was rare in the Qing Dynasty. The Daoguang Emperor married his sixth princess to Jingshou that year, and it can be said that he greatly appreciated the son-in-law's character cultivation.
Princess Shou'an Gulun and Princess Shou'en Gulun
In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), Princess Shou'en Gulun died at the age of twenty-nine after living with her husband Jingshou for fourteen years. Jingshou lived until guangxu died in the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889) at the age of 70. I have to say that this has a certain relationship with Jing Shou's liking for tranquility, his continuous cultivation, and his meticulous life. Jingshou had four sons, among whom the eldest was Princess Zhiduan Shangrong Shou Gulun.
It is difficult for high-ranking officials to continue, and glory and wealth are like clouds
In September of the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), Empress Dowager Cixi married Princess Rongshou to Zhiduan, the son of Jingshou. Four years later, in the ninth year of Tongzhi (1867), the 13-year-old Princess Rongshou married the 17-year-old Shiduan. Unfortunately, the two families spent only one year together, and Edo Zhiduan died of coughing up blood, only eighteen years old. Since then, the fourteen-year-old Princess Rongshou has lived a widowed life.
Empress Dowager Cixi and the wife of a foreign minister
Princess Rongshou was supposed to be the lord of the county, because she was the daughter of Prince Gong. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, because Prince Gong helped overthrow Xianfeng's eight ministers, Empress Dowager Cixi, in order to win prince Gong over, made his daughter Princess Gulun. Five years later, in the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), Prince Gong insisted that he resign from his daughter Gu Lun's title. The Qing Dynasty once stipulated that only the daughter of an empress could be crowned a princess of Gulun, and the daughters of concubines were generally given the title of Princess Heshuo. The daughter of the prince is generally given the title of county lord, but the specific situation is still according to the wishes of the ruler himself. Therefore, the daughter of the prince who was originally the lord of the county also was promoted two levels in a row in a few cases and was crowned as the Princess of Gulun. However, Cixi still agreed to Prince Gong's request and removed the title of Gulun and changed her title to Princess Rongshou. When Princess Rongshou's Etoji Zhiduan died, the fourteen-year-old princess often went to the palace to accompany Cixi, who was also widowed. In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), after accompanying Cixi in the palace for more than ten years, princess Rongshou, who was already 27 years old, was once again named Princess Rongshou Gulun and given a yellow palanquin. In the twentieth year of Guangxu (1894), Princess Rongshou Gulun was rewarded with princess doubles.
Prince Gong
Although Princess Rongshou Gulun was the daughter-in-law of the Fucha family, she had her own princess residence. Originally, it was on The South Terracotta Street and was close to gong Jingshou's mansion. In the early years of Guangxu, Princess Rongshou Gulun moved to the south side of Wide Street. In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (1900), Princess Rongshou Gulun wanted to open a back door on the north wall. So, she asked a person known as Xue Banxian for advice. Xue Banxian said to him: "As soon as this wall is opened, the family is broken and people die, this wall is not open, and no one can run away, or you can make up your own mind." In the end, Princess Rongshou Gulun still let someone open a back door on this wall. Sure enough, in the same year, the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded the capital, and the people of the Princess House escaped from this gate, and the Princess House did face the situation of family destruction.
Rongshou Gulun Princess House
Since Princess Rongshou was only 13 years old when she was married, and a year later, Edo Shibata died, so the couple had no heirs. As a result, Princess Rongshou Gulun passed on to the children of her husband's brother's family, Linguang. However, the stepson Lin Guang only knew how to squander money, and even took the princess's imperial dress and hat to pawn. In 1924, Puyi was expelled from the palace, and the princesses moved to the princess mansion, but because they could not stand the noisy playing of cards and car horns in the princess mansion, they eventually moved out. In the same year, Princess Rongshou Gulun, who was seventy-one years old and had never asked for money, found that the family's silver vault was empty. Although Princess Rongshou Gulun was indignant, she could not do anything with her stepson Linguang, and a month later, the princess completed her seventy-one years of life in regret. A few years later, the profligate stepson Lin Guang also died of illness at the age of thirty-three in the pursuit of his creditors. Lin Guang's sons were faced with creditors who came to collect debts and had to flee the Princess Mansion. Sure enough, as Xue Banxian had predicted at that time, Kai ze's family was broken, and he couldn't run away without opening one.
Princess Rongshou Gulun (old man)
Among the sons of the Fucha family were warriors who fought bloody battles and bravely killed the enemy, and there were also humble gentlemen who were upright and gentle as jade. The children of the Fucha family married the imperial family, making them closely related to the imperial family and inseparable, so their glory and wealth accompanied the fate of the Qing Dynasty. The Eight Great Families of Fucha, which lasted for more than two centuries in the Qing Dynasty, also began to fall apart with the end of the Qing Dynasty.