Daitong City Nanko gold fee mural tomb
Journal of Archaeology, No. 04, 1992, Datong City Museum
In January 1988 and June of the same year, the Datong City Museum successively cleaned up two Jin Dynasty mural tombs during the foundation construction of the canteen of Nanyunzhong University in Datong City, numbered Yunda Ml and Yunda M2. The two tombs are 5 meters apart. The two tombs are reported separately as follows.
Tomb No. 1
(1) Tomb shape system and burial utensils
The tomb was excavated in mid-to-late January 1988. The tomb is located on the south side of the foundation of the canteen of Yunzhong University, 2547 meters north of the ancient city of Datong in the Ming and Qing dynasties, 915 meters from Gongnong Road in the west, and 185 meters from the Third Ring Road in the east. The tomb sits north facing south, 190 degrees. Single chamber tomb for brick coupons. It is composed of three parts: the tomb passage, the Yongdao and the burial chamber. The tomb is located in the south of the burial chamber and was excavated in the natural soil layer (including the sand layer). The upper mouth of the cemetery is located in a hard soil layer, 0.7 meters from the present surface. The southern end of the tomb is narrower, the upper mouth is 1.23 meters wide, gradually widening and deepening to the north, and the north end connecting the Yongdao mouth is 2.5 meters wide and 4.8 meters deep. There are brick steps at the bottom of the tomb, but due to the sandy soil layer where the tomb is located, the two walls have collapsed seriously and have been disturbed. The horizontal length of the tomb is about 5.5 meters. The closed door is made of strip bricks and square bricks, all of which have been demolished by migrant workers. The tomb wall is 2.4 meters high, 0.35-0.4 meters thick, 2.5 meters wide at the bottom and 3 meters wide at the top, and slightly inclined to the north. The lower part is all made of flat bricks, the upper part is 0.8 meters with adobe vertical four layers, and the upper and lower floors are paved with bricks. The Yongdao is 0.7 long, 0.9 wide and 1.22 meters high, and is made of flat bricks and smooth interspersed with each other, which is a good seam. There is a small amount of white ash near the north entrance of yongdao, and the vaulted roof is shaped.
The burial chamber is 2 meters long from north to south and 1.92 meters wide from east to west. The north side is equipped with a coffin bed, which is as wide as the burial chamber, and is .86 and 0.2 meters high. The front is wrapped in bricks, and the coffin bed surface is paved with a good seam of north-south flat bricks, and the soil is filled in the middle. A wooden coffin is placed in the middle of the coffin bed. The coffin is placed horizontally from east to west, rectangular box, 0.8 meters long and 0.6 meters wide, and the thickness of the coffin plate is 1 cm. The bottom plate of the coffin is made of three wooden planks, which are nailed and birchless to each other, and only the two ends are connected with mortise and mortise to the side plates. The baffles and side panels are connected by a mallet, and the residual height is 0.2 meters. The coffin originally contained ashes and some silk fabrics. Due to the damage that was destroyed before the excavation, the details are unknown. The floor of the burial chamber is tiled with strips of bricks running north and south. The four walls are straight, from 1.5-1.6 meters, dome, and the inner height is 2.38 meters. The four walls of the tomb are mostly made of smooth brick single-layer flat brick, only at a height of 0.74 meters with a layer of Standing Ding brick, which is still made of smooth brick on top, and the top is made of flat brick. The outer side of the top is 2.07 meters from the current surface, and the surface has no sealing soil.
The top and walls of the tomb are coated with a layer of white ash, and underneath it is a grass and mud fight, with a total thickness of 1 to 2 centimeters. Colored murals painted on the white ash layer (Photo-)
The tomb uses a total of three kinds of bricks, namely grooved square bricks, grooved striped bricks, and plain noodle bricks. Square bricks are 3 3.5 cm long, 3.5 cm wide and 6.5 cm thick, with eight to eleven grooves, which are used to seal doors together with grooved bricks. Groove strip bricks and plain noodle bricks have the same specifications, 35 long, 17 wide and 6 cm thick, the former has five to six grooves, and two kinds of stripes are used to masonry burial chambers.
(2) Excavated items
A total of fourteen artifacts were unearthed, including eleven pieces of porcelain and glazed pottery and three pieces of iron. Before the tomb was cleaned, it was removed from the tomb by migrant workers, so the placement situation is unknown.
Two pieces of white porcelain plates. Ml:l, mangkou, flat bottom. Caliber 11.4 cm. A blooming lotus flower is drawn on the inner insole, and the petals are accompanied by plant stems and leaves. The ornamentation is outlined in double lines and cut with a knife. White tire, firm and thin °M1:2, shaped like Ml:l, caliber 10.6 cm (Fig. 2, 8; Plate pickup three, 1).
One piece of white porcelain cup (Ml:6). The mouth is open and small circle feet. The tire is white, firm and thin. The white glaze is slightly yellowish. calibre
7.7, bottom diameter 2.4, height 3.8 cm (Fig. 2, 6; Plate Pickup III, 2).
One piece of celadon cup (M1:7) o extravagant mouth round lip, oblique abdomen, small circle foot. The inner abdomen is printed with tangled branches. The outer edge of the mouth is decorated with a concave string pattern. The tire color is blue and gray, very hard. The whole body is glazed with green glaze, the glaze layer is thicker, but the thickness is uniform, the glaze color is moist, the glaze layer contains uniform tiny bubbles, and the glaze layer on the sole of the circle foot is extremely thin. Caliber 9, bottom diameter 2.6, height 3.9 cm. Mouth fragments (Fig. II, 5; Plate Pickup III, 3).
White porcelain water injection set (Ml: 8). Consists of a note and a note bowl. Bowl extravagant mouth round lips, straight abdomen, circle foot. There are two concave string patterns along the outer decoration, and there are six nail marks on the inner sole. The tire is white, the texture is firm, the wall is thicker, the glaze layer is thinner, and the glaze color is not pure. Caliber 14.8, height 9.8 cm. The circle foot diameter is 7 cm, unglazed. The note is a mother-daughter mouth, with a larger lid, a lotus leaf shape, and adorned with lotus buds. The neck is thinner, the shoulders and abdomen are distinct, the abdomen is rounded, the flow is absent, the stalk is banded, and the feet are circled. The shoulders are decorated with two concave string patterns, and the handle is decorated with two vertical concave string patterns. There are seven nail marks on the sole of the circle foot. The tire is white, hard, the glaze layer is thin, and there is no glaze on the inside of the note and the inside of the lid. Height 18.5, abdominal diameter 12 cm (Fig. 2, 2, 3; Plate Pickup III, 6).
One piece of white porcelain (Ml:9). Thick tire device. Round lips, folded abdomen, circled feet. The outer wall of the abdomen is decorated with three concave string lines, and there are seven nail marks on the inner sole. The ventral base is not glazed near the circumferential foot and the hoop foot. The watch is not very smooth. The tire is white and hard. Caliber 12, rim diameter 7.3, height 5 cm (Fig. 2, 1; Plate Pickup Lane, 4).
One piece of porcelain folded belly plate (Ml:10). Folded edges, folded by, round lips, six-petaled flower mouth, circle feet. There are convex edges along the inner fold, and there are sixteen nail marks on the inner sole. White tire, hard quality. White glaze, circle foot concave surface without glaze, the bottom surface has seventeen nail marks. Caliber 26.1, base diameter 19, height 6 cm (Fig. 2, 4; Plate pick-up, 5).
Three pieces of porcelain chicken leg altar. All cylinder tires, heavy tires. Ml: 3, black glaze inside and outside, glaze color is not pure. Pointed lip, neck in a groove, round foot. The shoulders are decorated with five broad strings, and the lower part of the abdomen is decorated with narrower strings. Caliber 4.5, maximum abdominal diameter 13.5, height 35, circle " foot diameter 8.8 cm (Fig. 2, 1. Plate pickup, 5 left). Ml: 4, square lip, corset neck, small flat bottom. The whole body is decorated with a wide spiral pattern. The inside and outside of the vessel are glazed with yellow glaze, and the bottom and outer sides are exposed for a week. Caliber 6.7, base diameter 6, height 40 cm. Contains a slurry of black oil [grease [Fig. II, 9; Plate Pickup III, 6). Ml: 5, rounded lip, shorter corset neck, circle foot. Spiral pattern throughout. A black glaze is applied inside and out of the vessel. Caliber 5, bottom diameter 7.6, height 37 cm (Fig. 2, 11; plate picker, 5 right).
A set of yellow-green glazed pottery candlesticks (Ml:ll) consists of two parts, the bracket and the candlestick, with a height of 14.7 cm. The bracket is a four-lobed foot, the upper table top is disc-shaped, with a round hole in the center, the outer glaze is applied, and the inner side is exposed. The tire is white and the texture is fine. The bracket bears the candlestick, the candlestick cylinder tire, the bottom and abdomen are piled with flowers as lotus, and the yellow glaze is applied. Apply a green glaze inside and outside the abdomen. The outer wall of the vessel is inline along the lower trim. There is a tubular bracket in the center, hollow, unglazed inside, 1.8 cm above the wall of the vessel, 3.4 cm in diameter, and candles can be inserted on it. Candlestick diameter of −9.5 cm (Fig. 2, 7; Plate pickers, 3).
Iron iron one piece (M1:12) o disc mouth open, oblique abdomen, small flat bottom. There is a stream on one side. The handle is 13 cm long, the section is flat and flat, and it is inserted in the ram of the bucket body. The diameter of the bucket is 12 and the height is 4.8 cm (Plate Picker, 4).
One piece of Iron Xin (Ml:13). The surface is convex, and the outer edge has a concave ornament. There are three legs underneath and half of the ring-shaped ears between the feet. Diameter 18, height 6 cm (plate picker, 2). 、
One piece of iron kettle (Ml:14). The body is disc-shaped, open, along the outer luxury, and the ears are upright on both sides. The bottom is slightly concave, with three cylindrical feet underneath. Caliber 16.7, height 7.5 cm (Plate Picker, 1)
(3) Mural painting
From top to bottom, it can be roughly divided into three layers, that is, the top is lotus and flowers; The middle floor (upper part of the tomb wall) is architectural imitation wood; The lower level (the tomb wall) is the character.
Top: The center is painted with a lotus pattern, composed of three layers of yanglian, outlined in a single line in earth red, and painted yellow in the center (plate of land),
When the tomb was first discovered, because migrant workers dug a hole to enter the burial chamber, half of the lotus flowers remained. The lotus flower is surrounded by six clusters of flowers, evenly around the lotus flower. The middle of the north wall and the south side of the west wall are peonies, and the others are composed of various grasses and flowers, painted by blending (plate land, 2-5).
Middle floor: In the four corners of the square burial chamber, four columns are painted with ink (half of the two adjacent walls are painted), on which are painted buckets, on which are painted with substitute wood. The south wall has no other pattern under the column head, and the other three walls are painted with a tween paving, consisting of a wooden heart and a dark arch, followed by a Pubai pillow. The wing-shaped arches are orange yellow, and the buckets, arches and substitute wood are outlined with ink lines and applied to the color inside. The stove bucket is orange yellow, the upper bearing is blue for the wood, the tween is used for the bucket, and the wood is orange. The color and structure of the above building components are the same as those on the east, west and north walls.
The frescoes on both sides of the tomb door have fallen off and the content is unknown.
North Wall: Painted yellow drapery with four hooks. There are four painted windows under the drapery, and their erect cheeks and horizontal wood are very regularly painted. from
East Wall: Six maids are painted on the right and two male attendants on the left, for a total of eight. The picture is predominantly female, with a fragment in the middle. On the right side of the picture, a table is painted with a yellow curtain, and the near table is inlaid with a blue stripe, and the activities of the ffio characters such as bowls and basins are mostly carried out around the square table, and the two are opposite and echo each other. The first person from the right stands on his side, wearing a skirt, short blue, reddish-brown skirt, with a ribbon hanging behind him and a knot on it. Long skirts cover your feet. Hammerhead, Drooper. Hold a plate in both hands and a small cup in the dish. The second person from right, holding a pot in his right hand, is intently pouring water (or wine) into the cup. The jug bearer stood behind the table, dressed in a skirt, short reddish-brown, blue skirt, hammerhead, hanging hair, and his lower body was blocked by the table. From the right, the third person wears a skirt, short skirt blue, yellow skirt, shawl earth red, hanging in front of the body, ribbon in the middle of a knot. Hands crossed in the sleeves, revealing only one right thumb. Headdress with a hammerhead, hanging hair, and a scarf hanging from the back of the head. The body is slightly to the right, the eyes are looking forward, and the expression is peaceful, as if listening to the conversation of a person in front of him. The interlocutor, the fourth person from right, was dressed in a skirt and had a crippled lower body. The shorts are light brown, the skirt is blue, the ribbon is earthy red, and the drapery is yellow. The high bun is biased to one side and the hair is hanging. There is a round bun behind the skull, bandaged with a yellow scarf. The woman's left arm is raised in front of her chest, her thumb and little finger are cocked, her right hand lifts the skirt, and her side face faces the third person from the right to make a conversation. The fifth person from right is a girl, wearing a green round neck top, wearing a blue shawl, with a crippled breast below. The top of the head is made into a round bun, bandaged with a red scarf, and half of the side is facing forward to a maid. The latter wears a skirt, a long skirt to cover the feet, a short skirt blue, a yellow skirt, a red shawl, a white middle, a round bun on the top of the head, bandaged with a red scarf, and a hanging hair. Holding a black tray in both hands, placing a lamp on it, the side of the face facing the girl behind her. The two men on the left are both male, and the two are facing each other sideways, both wearing puff heads, a round neck narrow sleeve robe, the left side of the robe, a soft belt around the waist, and white pointed boots on the feet. One of them, the one on the left is blue, with an earthy red collared robe, the right hand is placed at the waist, the left hand is raised in front of the chest, and the side face is facing the right side of the person. The latter wears a round red collar robe with a blue turtleneck shirt and a white belt, and holds a spit bowl in his hands on his chest, with his body slightly to the right. The robes worn by both men were slightly shorter than those of the two male attendants on the north wall. Judging from the mutilated picture, there is a girl in front of the square table, with a body slightly higher than the table, wearing a skirt, a shawl, and a silk; There is also a person painted below the fifth person (girl) from the right, and judging from the remaining skirt of the picture, it should also be a woman. Therefore, there are at least ten people painted on this wall (Figure 5; Plate Picker).
West Wall: The picture is very well preserved, with seven figures painted, except for one person at the southern end who is female, and all of whom are male. The men all wore a bouquet head and a round neck and narrow sleeves, with a belt at the waist. The three men on the right are all wearing white pointed boots, and the robes are on the right side, facing north, neatly arranged. The first person in the guests wore a reddish-brown robe with a green high-necked robe and a green belt. Hold a plate in both hands and place it in the middle. The second man was wearing a green robe, his underwear and belt were reddish brown, and he was playing with his hands in his hands. The third person was wearing a reddish-brown robe with blue underwear and belt, and was playing with a clap in both hands. A table is painted on the left side of the mural, which is located exactly opposite the square table of the east wall mural. The table is covered with a yellow curtain, with blue stripes near the table top and two blue hanging bands in front. Place bowls, poppies, yarn covers, pots and other utensils on the table. Food is fastened under the yarn, and the pot is not flowing. The first person on the left is a woman, wearing a skirt, a long skirt to cover her feet, a short red skirt, a white skirt, a blue ribbon hanging behind her, and a knot in the middle. Hammerheads, hanging, with round ornaments buckled above the double buns, holding a shallow plate (or case) in both hands, standing facing inward. All three people on the right side of the table are standing behind the table. The middle man wears a reddish-brown robe, with a high collar and a blue belt, and a musical instrument in each of his left and right hands, both held up in front of his chest, and his lower body is covered by a table. Both of them are dressed in blue robes with high necks and belts of reddish-brown, the former wearing robes and feet, holding flutes with both hands, and the latter with his lower body covered by a table, holding a shallow plate in both hands, holding a cup in the middle, and facing the bearded woman behind him on the side of his face (Fig. 6; plate two picks). The length of the figures in the picture is between 0.6-0.7 meters.
2. Tomb No. 2
(1) Tomb shape system and burial utensils
The tomb was excavated in late June 1988. It is located 5 meters northeast of Ml. The tomb sits north facing south, 185 degrees. It is a brick single-chamber tomb, which is composed of three parts: the tomb passage, the Yongdao and the burial chamber, and is shaped like Ml. The stepped tomb has seven steps, the two walls are natural sand layers, the surface of the sand layer was sprinkled with a layer of white ash water, used to fix sand (this method is still used by local people), and it has collapsed before excavation. Like Ml, the tomb passage is also wide in the north and narrow in the south, narrow in the upper and lower widths, and the upper entrance of the tomb near the tomb door at the north end is 3.28 meters wide and the south end is 1.15 meters wide. The steps are made of grooved striped bricks and grooved square bricks, each step is 20-46 cm high, the bricks are flat, and the tomb is 4.7 meters long, which was disturbed before excavation. The tomb door wall is 2 meters high above the Yongdao, the top width is 3, the thickness is 0.35-0.4 meters, and the masonry method is the same as Ml. The yongdao is 0.72 long, 0.7 wide and 1.2 meters high, with a vault and a flat brick with staggered seams.
The burial chamber is nearly square, 2.07 meters north and south, and 1.97 meters east and west. Dome with an inner height of 2.2 meters. The northern part of the base chamber is a coffin bed, with a length of 0.9 and a height of 0.25 meters, which is a transverse sarcophagus in the middle of the Ml0 coffin bed, with a length of 0.9, a width of 0.56 and a height of 0.53 meters. The upper cover, the mouth of the mother and child, the top of the cover on all four sides of the oblique wipe, plain surface, polished smooth on the outside, the inside is covered with chisel marks, fine sand and rocky, the stone thickness is 6 cm. Inside the sarcophagus is a wooden coffin, the size of which is placed in the sarcophagus, which is the same as the Ml wooden coffin, without a lid. The ashes inside the coffin are wrapped in yellow silk fabrics into two human figures, placed side by side from north to south. This kind of "clothing" wrapped in silk fabrics is a narrow collared robe and soap boots. One on the north side wears a black scarf, and the shape is no longer clear, and the south side wears a monk's hat. The head is also formed by wrapping ashes in yellow silk fabrics, and the facial features are outlined with ink threads. From the "costume", the left one represents about women, and the right one represents men. The silk fabric has decayed into a powder form.
The closed door has been demolished by migrant workers. The masonry method of paving the floor tiles and the shape and specifications of the bricks used in the tomb are the same as those of Ml (Figure 7
A total of 20 artifacts were unearthed, including 12 pieces of porcelain, 5 pieces of iron, 1 piece of bronze and pottery, and one piece of epitaph.
Four pieces of white porcelain plates. The shape and specifications are the same. Twelve-petaled flower mouth, mango mouth, circle foot. There is a concave chord pattern at the junction of the inner wall and the bottom, and each mouth has a convex ridge along the opening down to the near string, and the inner sole is marked with a lotus flower, and the pattern of plant branches and leaves is foiled. Double lines are drawn on one or both sides of the petals, or contoured with a knife, or cut with a knife on the side of the pattern, and the pattern is the same as that of ml porcelain plates. The lotus pattern drawn on the insole of the utensils is not all the same, indicating that it is a random work of craftsmen. M2: 3, caliber 13.6, bottom diameter 5.3, height 3 cm (Fig. 8, 8, 9; Plate pickup, 5).
A piece of white porcelain cup (M2:10), the same as ml's, has wheel marks on the outside of the body.
A piece of Yaozhou kiln celadon cup (M2:16), the same as ml's.
A set of white porcelain water injections (M2:9), consisting of a note and a bowl. Note slender neck, six-petal melon-shaped abdomen, slender flow. There is a cover, national football. The outside of the stalk has a curved stripe, and two concave chord stripes are applied to the neck and shoulders. White tires, hard texture. The inside and outside of the body are coated with white glaze C belly diameter 10, height 17.4 cm. Note bowl six petals flower mouth, extravagant edge, circle foot. The inner wall has six vertical convex edges. Mangkou, white glaze applied throughout. The tire is white and the body is hard. Caliber 12.2, base diameter 4.7, height 6 cm (Fig. 8, 6, 7; Plate pick-up, 4)
One piece of white porcelain bowl. Same note bowl.
One piece of white porcelain (M2:17) o same as ml porcelain poppy, but the insole branch nail marks are six.
Fold one piece of abdominal disc (M2:l). With ml folding ventral disc, only the plantar surface of the circle is fifteen nail marks.
Wash one piece with a single handle (M2:4). Mangkou, the mouth edge is open, the body is like a poppy. The mouth edge is slightly thicker than the abdomen, the concave foot, the ring-shaped handle, the handle has a stalk, it is generally triangular, the edge is flower-like, and there are two circles of concave lines. The inner insole is decorated with a lotus pattern, which is a scratch flower. The side of the flower is drawn with double lines, the contours have been cut with a knife, and the circumference is concave. White glaze, white tire, uneven glaze layer, ice cracks. Caliber 12, base diameter 4.6, height 4.5 cm (Fig. 8, 1; Plate pickup, 2, 3).
One piece of yellow-green glazed pottery candlestick (M2:5). The shape is the same as ml's candlestick, which is 12 cm high (Fig. 8, 4).
One iron iron (M2:18). Shaped like ml iron, the diameter of the bucket body is 12.5, the height is 6 cm, and the handle is broken.
One piece of iron triped (M2:ll) o three dwarf feet are skimmed outwards, and the upper part of the foot is disc-shaped, but the bottom is hollowed out, and there are two ears on the edge. Rust " erosion is severe. Caliber 15, height 6 cm.
One piece of the Iron Ii Series (M2:12). Straight mouth pointed lips, bulging abdomen, flat bottom. There are two series on the shoulders and four concave chords on the upper end of the abdomen. Caliber 9, bottom diameter 7.5, height 12 cm (Fig. 8, 5).
One iron spoon (M2:19). Spoon tip plate mouth, small flat bottom, stalk residue. Severe rust. Caliber 7.5, beard 2.5 cm. One piece of iron kettle (M2:13). Mouth, deep abdomen, round bottom. There are four gilts on the shoulders. Caliber 19, height 12 cm. The original round wooden cover with beams on it has decayed (Fig. VIII, 3).
A sub-glyph-shaped copper mirror (M2:21) has a thin mirror body, a flat mirror surface, and a bridge-shaped button. The surrounding mirror button has six clusters of flowers and grass patterns, and the outer decoration is a circle of beads. Diameter 10.4 cm (plate pick-up, 6).
One piece of pottery seat (M2:14). Flared mouth, along the outer roll. There are two concave chord lines on the lips. The lower part is thinner and hollow. Caliber 14, height 8.8 cm. When excavated, it was placed together with an iron kettle, most likely a seat used to place the iron kettle (Fig. 8, 2).
Epitaph on one side, fine sandstone. Facing north is on the west side of the north entrance of the Yongdao in the tomb. Height 49, width 40, thickness 1 L5 cm. The upper end is cornered, and the surface is inked and engraved. The main book, miscellaneous lines, affiliations. Nineteen lines are engraved on the front, nineteen characters on the full line, sixteen lines on the back, and nineteen characters on the full line, for a total of five or sixty-nine characters.
The meaning is as follows:
[Front.]
Jinyi Colonel Lieutenant Former Xijing Datong Fu Dingba Army Left One Deputy Soldier and Horse Envoy Chen Cemetery Transcript J Former Chen Clan Xing also began after king Wu of Zhou sealed emperor's mouth Hu Gong J Yu Chen's descendants because they thought that the clan calendar from Qin and Han to the present "branches and leaves are endless and endlessly also Gong Qing Jiu lived in Datong Province people J also Gong's ancestor Yue Xiu Xiu Sheng Yu Yu Nai Gong's father also Yu Shao married from the J Army to the same county Li Clan male and female also public his eldest son Also Gong" Sister Shi Ding Ba in one mouth liu Gong's mother flea pawn Gong Zhi " Father died more than seventy years old and the pawn duke from childhood and strong did not learn Wen Mo good J Qiao Qiao Has a big festival Chang Mu Di Wu Xiang Gong is also a man who died of his own liao" before he also supplemented the hegemonic book Zhongzhi to "This dynasty recruits to capture tired labor service in the 30 years old" Taste of public and private crimes and the whiplash back of the pawn is different " Tai Shou Jia Qi xing shu□ shu There is also a wife and a woman, a man, and a man, and his Li clan later to Zhenglong "died on april 23, 4th year, male Dehui to xi pen official as a professional woman" Wife to the same county Jinshi Xu Shengfu Mao's words and deeds□ matter mouth □ accumulated in" (Figure 9).
[Back]
The prostrate person also line the great propaganda fee Yuanhua to make merit add to the life of the people", there are also his people who have no life, although the saints are sages, they can be wei gong nei huai J great instruments are not in the prominent position in the end, the good and sad husband, although he began from the humble and J tall and his door light as the ancestor is also a beautiful servant and the gong At the same time J people are also known for their name and the male selection of the male selection of the cloud in the southern suburbs of Bu Tu Jian J Ying will be buried in time to see the matter without the deceased Yi Yi Chen Gong Calendar Involved in Poverty When He Was Angry Xu Body Throwing Rong Gong and J Ben Dynasty Ke Cheng Gong Began from the Humble Glory Glory Ancestor Nai Nai His Throne Did Not "Manifest His Fate Flea Final Sorrow Sorrow And Sorrow Ancient and Modern Same" Wei Zhenglong Four Years Old Second Leap June Dec Ugly Shuo Nine Days Xin You Ding Shi Shi Zhang Daheng Writing J Qidi East to Dao "South to Wang Jingsi" West to Cui Er Weng J North to Wu Er (Picture 10)
(3) Mural painting
The ground battle is the same as ml, and the colored frescoes are also painted on the white ash layer. Severe damage. The west wall is relatively well preserved, the north and south walls are only partially preserved, and the east wall and the top wall are all peeled off. Judging from the remaining cases, the floral pattern on the top of the tomb is the same as ml.
North Wall: The composition of the picture is exactly the same as Ml's, with draperies, windows, and floral embellishments. There is a male attendant standing on the left and right of the picture, and only one person on the east side is more complete when excavated, wearing a blue round neck narrow sleeve robe, the robe long covers the feet, the forked hand chest, exposing the thumb of the right hand. Brown medium single with belt, hair, hairstyle with the same as the male attendant on the west side of the north wall of Ml. Facing north and standing on its side (Fig. 11; Plate Picker, 2)
South Wall: On the west side of the north entrance of Yongdao Road, a male attendant is painted. He wears a blue cross-collared wide-sleeved robe with an earthy red robe, slightly longer than a cross-collared robe. Haircut, hairstyle with ml north wall east side of the male waiter. Fold your hands and stand sideways facing the tomb door. The tattoo on the foot is suspected to be a lotus seat (Fig. 12; Plate Picker, 1).
West Wall: A total of eight male attendants are drawn. They all wear a bow head, a round neck and narrow sleeve robes, and the robes cover their feet. The two figures in the picture are facing each other, and the left side of the mural draws a square table, which is shaped like the square table on the west wall of Ml, except that the strips set near the tabletop are earth red. There are utensils such as cases, bowls, notes, and yarn covers on the table, and there is food in the yarn cover, and there is no flow of notes. On the left, a man in a blue robe, earth red indignation and a belt, holding a spit bowl, stood sideways at the table. Three people stood behind the table, their lower bodies blocked by the table. One of them, the one on the right, dressed with the first person on the left, has a beard, holds a vessel covered with a gauze in both hands (which should be a case), built-in food, and faces one in the middle; The latter wore a yellow robe, a soldier with a red medium, with his hands raised on his chest, as if talking to the former; behind the table, on the left side of the table, a man in an earthy red robe, a white medium single, with a plate in his hand, containing six peach-shaped foods, and the side of his face was facing the first person from the left. The two people on the right side of the picture are facing each other, the first person is wearing a black robe, the middle single and belt are earthy red, bearded, holding a plate, built-in bowl; the second person is dressed with the third person from the left, holding a case, built-in peach-shaped food. From the right, the third and fourth people face each other, and also look like they talk. The two men crossed their hands on the chest, both exposing the fingers of their right hands, one of whom was dressed with the first person from the left, and the one on the left wore a red robe, a yellow single and a belt (Fig. 13; plate picking).
Third, a few points of understanding
Since the Later Jin Dynasty Jingma and the first year (938 AD) to cut off the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun to the Khitans, Datong was initially assigned to the Liaodi, "Jinyun Prefecture Datong Army Festival, Liao Chongxi thirteen years (1044 AD) was promoted to Xijing, the name of the province is Datong, Jin is the "seven for the Liaojin two generations of Xijing." Ming Zhengde's "Chronicle of Datong Province" wrote when describing the military geography of Datong: "Forced in the clouds to the border, the place where ancient and modern uses are used, and the shape is especially urgent. Three sides, the most important. Connecting Shanggu in the east, Dahe and Heng in the south, the Yellow River in the west, the desert in the north, the Fanping of the Shijing Division (now Beijing), and the guarantee of the Central Plains "for the Liao and Jin dynasties to build the Western Capital in Datong, it is precisely out of this military consideration, but objectively it has effectively promoted the economic and cultural development and prosperity of Datong." So far, the ground and the ground have left a wealth of cultural relics. However, as far as the cultural relics unearthed underground are concerned, the cultural relics of the Jin Dynasty are far less abundant than those of the Liao Dynasty. So far, only three batches of Jin Dynasty tombs have been reported, namely four vertical shaft cremation tombs in the area of Shilipu in the southwest suburbs. A brick tomb in the southwest of the city and the tomb of Yan Deyuan in the west of the city were found in the west and southwest of the city. Since 1988, our museum has excavated three Jin Dynasty mural tombs, in addition to the two in this report, there is still a zhenglong six-year (H61 AD) mural tomb (not yet published) in the north of the city, which provides new information for the study of the history of Datong in Xijing in the Jin Dynasty.
As can be seen from the M2 epitaph, the tomb is a couple's joint burial tomb. The tomb owner Chen Qing, the official to "Xijing Datong Province Ding box army left a deputy soldier and horse envoy", "imperial court edict jia jin yi lieutenant". The military name "DingbaJun" is not found in the "History of Jin". "Jinyi Lieutenant" is under the ninth grade, which belongs to the fortieth rank of military attaches, and it can be seen that the tomb owner Chen Qing is a subordinate military official. "Gong is young and strong, and does not learn to write and ink,...... Since the death of the Liao, he has also supplemented the hegemonic book. "Liao History geographical chronicles", there is a Dingba County Qi ancestral site in The Capital Linhuang Province of Liao shang is in the west of the Left Banner of Balin in present-day Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, and the Gold is abolished. The original hometown of the tomb owner should be in Liaodingba County. According to the Zhiwen, Chen Qing died in the second year of Zhenglong (1157 AD), and his wife Li Shi died in the fourth year of Zhenglong (1159 AD), and the couple was buried together in the same year. From the comparison of Ml and M2, it can be clearly seen that the two tombs have the same shape system and are of equal scale; the composition of artifacts is the same, and many artifacts are exactly the same; The layout of the frescoes in the tomb is consistent and the content is similar; from the perspective of the painting style, it is likely that they were from the same person;] The two tombs are only 5 meters apart. According to this, Ml should also be built around the fourth year of Zhenglong. M2 Zhiwen said that the Chen clan "has been living in Datong province for a long time", so this should be the family cemetery of the Chen family, and the owner of the M1 tomb should also be a member of this family.
The white porcelain produced by Ml and M2 has a fine white tire, moist glaze, exquisite production, and vivid patterns. Plates, bowls, cups, etc. are all mangkou and should be made by the "over-firing method". The engraving flower is often set off with a thin line on one or both sides of the contour line to enhance the three-dimensional sense of the ornament, which should be typical of fixed porcelain. There are often fixed porcelain excavations in Liaojin tombs around the world, and Datong Liaojin tombs are particularly common with burial porcelain, which should be related to the large number of kiln sites belonging to the Ding kiln system in Shanxi.
The Yunda Mural Tomb is the first Jin Dynasty mural tomb discovered in Datong City. The mural characters are vivid and have high value. The content and layout of the murals of the two tombs have a clear inheritance relationship with the Tomb Murals of Datong in the Liao Dynasty, and through the study of the Liaojin Mural Tombs in Datong, the development and evolution process can be clearly seen.
Datong Liao Dynasty mural tomb has seen a hair figure qi qi hair image and its hair image is the same as the hair figure of the Liao tomb mural no. 6 in front of the Kulun Banner, which is a typical Khitan hair style qiyun large mural tomb hair figure is different. There are four haired figures in these two tombs, and there are two types of hair styles. One is the male attendant on the west side of the Ml north wall and the male attendant on the east side of the M2 north wall, which has the same hairstyle as the Khitan except for the skull top with one more "chaotian bun"; the other hairstyle is speculated to be three pinches of hair at the top of the skull, and bandaged, and the rest of the hair is shaved, similar to the three-headed style of children in the Song and Jin dynasties (but not exactly the same). In terms of the information currently published, these two hairstyles are the first of its kind. Although there are many kinds of hair styles for Khitan men, their basic characteristics are shaving the top hair of the skull, leaving the hair around the skull or leaving the hair on both sides of the skull; the characteristics of the Jurchen man's hairstyle are "the man's braided hair is hanging back, the earlobe is gold and silver, the hair behind the head is left behind, the color is red, and the rich are decorated with pearls and jade" Qi is close to the hairstyle of the later Manchus. From this point of view, it is unlikely that the national species of The Jurchens reflected in the murals of the Golden Tomb of Yun Da is unlikely. We believe that although the first hairstyle has one more "bun to the sky", but the basic hairstyle is the same as that of the Qi's '] person, this male waiter should belong to the Stanese; the second hairstyle should belong to the three-headed style, and from the perspective of clothing, the male waiter should also be a Khitan boy.
P.S. Comrades Xie Tingqi, Wang Yintian, Bai Yanfang, Zhou Xuesong, Han Shengsheng, Wang Yanqing, and other comrades participated in the excavation work; comrades Zhao Qi and Zhang Yan took photos; and comrades Wang Wengang, Zhang Lihua, and Cao Chenmin were responsible for drawing.
Author Wang Yintian