I am Wolf Jun, an engineering boy who loves to read history
The Anshi Rebellion was a rebellion jointly launched by the Three Towns Jiedu to Make An Lushan and the Soldiers and Horses of the Pinglu Army and Shi Siming. The eight-year-long Anshi Rebellion, to put it bluntly, directly discounted the "backbone" of the Tang Dynasty, but it was such a "cripple" that broke the "backbone" but lasted for more than 140 years after the Anshi Rebellion, and the fanzhen system played a huge role in it.
The fanzhen system did lead to state unrest in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, but only a small part of the feudal towns that divided the rebel parties were divided. After the Anshi Rebellion, there were a total of 89 towns in Tang Dynasty, and only 11 towns participated in the rebellion, accounting for only a small part of them, and most of them were still able to obey the orders of the central government and govern the localities with peace of mind.
The formation of the Tang Dynasty feudal system
The political system and the feudal system
When the Tang Dynasty was founded, in order to avoid the shortcomings of the previous dynasty due to the excessive size of the grass-roots administrative area and the excessive power of the local governors, the Tang Dynasty tried its best to reduce the local administrative area. There were less than 100 counties in the Qin and Han dynasties, and during the tang dynasty, the number of counties reached 328, even considering the expansion of the Tang Dynasty's territory, this number far exceeded that of the Han Dynasty.
However, the local administrative organs were too small and too many, resulting in many problems in the central government's control over the localities, and the Tang Dynasty had to add a level of "Dao" on the basis of the county system, dividing the world into ten provinces, which was originally only for supervision purposes.
In the actual process of implementation, it was also found that the power of the local government was too small, and the local government's ability to develop the economy and defend against foreign enemies on its own was limited, so during the Wude years, before the establishment of the "Dao", the governor's office was changed to the governor's office, and later the governor's envoys were held, called the jiedushi envoys, who were in charge of local military power, and the system was formed.
At the beginning of Gaozu's appointment, the county was changed to a prefecture, and Taishou was called The History of Thorns. Its edge town guarded and the land of the belt, and set up a general administration to unify the army. - Old Book of Tang
With the subsequent development, Jiedushi was no longer just an important person in charge of the military, but the Tang Dynasty gathered the political, military, financial, and supervisory powers into one person, making Jiedushi become the "princes" of the Tang Dynasty. After the Anshi Rebellion, in order to stabilize the situation, the Tang Dynasty also set up feudal towns in the interior, and the Tang Dynasty feudal town system was basically formed.
The military system and the feudal system
The Tang Dynasty made the Fu Bing the main body of the military system, and the foundation for the establishment of the Fu Bing system was the Juntian system established in the early Tang Dynasty. At this time, the prefectural soldiers could get enough land, and they had enough motivation to support them to fight for the country, and the Janissaries established on the basis of the prefectural soldiers undertook the heavy responsibility of "lifting up the crowd in the guanzhong and approaching the four sides".
If there is a problem in the four sides, the fate will be out, the matter will be dissolved, and the soldiers will be scattered in the palace, and they will be returned to the dynasty. Therefore, the soldiers are not unemployed, and the generals do not have the weight of the soldiers, so the prevention of micro-gradually, the birth of the chaos. - New Book of Tang
However, with the development of the country, land annexation under the feudal system made a comeback, and there were fewer and fewer fields that could be allocated to the prefectural soldiers, and the quality and combat effectiveness of the prefectural soldiers also declined. The collapse of the prefectural military system made the heavy responsibility of Shubian all dependent on the various clan towns, and the clan towns gradually gained independent military power and began to recruit soldiers.
Recruit ding zhuang and long charge border army among the recruits and customers of zhu color. —— "Zizhi Tongjian"
The collapse of the prefectural military system directly led to the rapid decline of the Janissaries of the Shuwei Jing Division; and the self-recruitment of soldiers by the clan town made the clan town hold the male soldiers, forming a situation in which "the elite soldiers of the male generals are gathered in the west and the north", the central government is weak and the fan town is strong, and the central government is no longer able to control the four sides with the fu soldiers.
In the beginning, the envoy was only a temporary official position, and by the time of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the power was decentralized, and one person could make a festival envoy for more than ten years, after which the feudal town system in the middle and late Tang Dynasty was basically established.
The important role of Fanzhen in the middle and late Tang Dynasty
After the end of the Anshi Rebellion, the shortcomings of the local feudal towns have been revealed, but the Tang Dynasty still did not abolish the feudal town system, here are the reasons for the limited power of the Tang Dynasty itself, but more because of the important position of the fanzhen system in the Tang Dynasty, the fanzhen system has become the foundation of the Tang Dynasty's rule, showing its important role in many aspects.
Fanzhen's role in overseeing the Tang Dynasty in supervising the region
The initial formation of the fanzhen was to supervise the localities, even in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, this function of the fanzhen remained unchanged, in short, the fanzhen was to play the role of the "eyes and ears" of the Tang Dynasty, and after the Anshi rebellion, the imperial court was trapped, in order to reduce the burden on the imperial court, after the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the supervision power was handed over to the fanzhen.
The imperial history of the Lang official, who is ordered to patrol separately, will travel by stagecoach, which is difficult to know, and it is not helpful to clarify, but it will increase the disturbance of labor. The county orders of the world are examined and scrutinized by the governor of the prefecture. - "Quan Tang Wen"
In terms of supervising hundreds of officials, the feudal towns played a role as a link between the central and local governments, and while reducing pressure, they also strengthened the central government's control over local officials and the central government's control over the localities. This makes the fanzhen closely related to maintaining the rule of the Tang Dynasty.
The role of fanzhen in the military consolidation of the Tang Dynasty
Although the Fanzhen system was the root cause of the Anshi Rebellion and the division of the Fanzhen at the end of the Tang Dynasty, in most of the Tang Dynasty, the Fanzhen system was still the most fundamental means for the Tang Dynasty to ensure military strength, and even during the Anshi Rebellion, the Fanzhen was also the main force on which the Tang Dynasty relied to suppress the rebellion.
Guo Ziyi and Li Guangxu, who are known as "rebuilding the royal family and the Xungao generation", were the feudal forces that defended the Tang Dynasty during the Anshi Rebellion, and the military forces relied on in the Anshi Rebellion, as well as the later "Jianzhong Rebellion" and "Yuanhe Cutting Domain", were the strength of each clan town.
Throughout the middle and late Tang Dynasty, although there were some rebellions in the fanzhen, only a small part of the hundred and ten clan towns in the country, and for the judgment of the rebellious fan town, it was still based on the military strength of other clan towns, and in terms of military affairs, the Tang Dynasty was the "nerve center", ruling over each clan town to perform its duties.
The role of fanzhen in stabilizing the frontiers of the Tang Dynasty
The original purpose of the establishment of the Tang Dynasty fan towns was to coordinate the border states and counties, and to develop and gather military forces to defend the frontier, but in the Anshi Rebellion, in order to quell the rebellion, the establishment of additional fan towns in the interior began. These clan towns also played a considerable role in peacetime and in supporting the frontier in wartime.
Long in strain, the four towns have been through, all control the border. It belongs to the miscellaneous Koubian, the transfer of the kingdom, the care of the emperor, and the contempt of the side. - Old Book of Tang
The Tang Dynasty had fan towns in various border areas such as the southwest and northwest, and for the appointment of jiedu envoys, "non-admirals, sages, and special honors, there were few townsmen", which showed that during the Tang Dynasty, the fanzhen had an important impact on the stability of the frontier, and in the jurisdiction of the fanzhen, the central dynasty still had the right to appoint and dismiss, and the fanzhen only played its due role.
The role of fanzhen in the state order of the Tang Dynasty
After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty's economy collapsed, the population plummeted, and the kaiyuan prosperous era became an eternal memory in people's hearts, restoring national order, developing production, and stabilizing the social economy were the top priorities facing the Tang Dynasty, and Fanzhen became the executor of restoring national order and developing production.
The devastation of Huazhou has not yet been restored, the city is a ruin, (Huazhou Jiedushi makes Ling Huzhang) Zhang, under the encouragement of his body, a zhinong war, an internal inspection army, an external pastor Li Shu, the laws are harsh, and people dare not violate it. In the past few years, the fields have been greatly expanded, the treasury has been filled, and the years have been taxed by the king and the contributions have not been temporarily exhausted. - Old Book of Tang
Under the authorization of the Central Dynasty, the feudal towns throughout the Tang Dynasty made every effort to restore social production, reclaim wasteland, resettle displaced people, and rapidly restore social order, and the fanzhen played an important role in this, and the operation of the fanzhen was also carried out under the premise of maintaining the centralization of power in the Tang Dynasty.
Fanzhen's role in appeasing the An Shiyu Party to the Tang Dynasty
After eight years of quelling the rebellion, the Anshi Rebellion was basically suppressed, and in the process of countering the Anshi Rebellion, a large number of rebels were settled by solicitation, rather than by military strangulation. At this time, the An Shi Yu Party still had a very strong strength.
For the Tang Dynasty, which had just ended the war, there was nothing to be done, and for these rebel generals, they could be appeased, and it was easy not to use force. By delegating power, making the various knots counterbalance between the various knots, and achieving a delicate balance, thus maintaining the existence of the Tang Empire, in this way, the safety of these rebels was guaranteed, and the balance of other clans and towns also reduced the possibility of rebellion.
epilogue
After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty, the Fanzhen still played an important role in the localities, was an important system for the Tang Dynasty to rule the localities and strengthen the centralization of power, although in the late Tang Dynasty of the Feudal Towns, as well as in the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the Fanzhen system showed great drawbacks, but it played a huge positive role in maintaining the rule of the Tang Dynasty for more than 140 years after the Anshi Rebellion.
The above is the personal opinion of Wolf Jun, if you have different ideas, welcome to leave a message in the comment area to discuss with me.
I am Wolf Jun, like the view of Wolf Jun, welcome to comment, like, retweet and follow