(This article is about 8900 words, and it takes about 20 minutes to read the whole text)
Now when we think of the Qin Dynasty or the First Emperor Yingzheng, what is the first thing that comes to mind?
I am afraid that most people probably think of the Great Wall, the Terracotta Warriors, or the Tomb of the Qin Emperor first, and then they can probably remember the great feats of the Ping Six Kingdoms and the Unification of the Six Kingdoms taught in middle school history textbooks. Those who are emotionally rich can probably also chant a passage of "Six Kings Bi, Four Seas and One; Shu Shan Wu, A Fang Out." Covered for more than 300 miles, isolated day and day. Lishan mountain is structured in the north and folded in the west, and goes straight to Xianyang" and other magnificent songs, in order to level the surging atmosphere in the chest.
But when it comes to the "treasure of the Qin Emperor", the biggest legacy left by the First Emperor to future generations is actually another passage of text that we have learned in our history textbooks: "The book is the same text, the car is on the same track, and the weights and measures are unified" - in fact, such a description is too general, and the relatively comprehensive description should be "the same text of the book, the same track of the car, the same coin, the same shape of the coin, the same ruler, the same weight, and the same law."
Yang Yang Great Qin, Hehe Wanshi
Therefore, in the long course of history of more than two thousand years, although it has experienced disasters, it can still "divide for a long time and must be united"; therefore, although today's China spans the north and south, runs through the east and west, and has different geography, climate, customs, etc., it still respects the same moral concepts, identifies with the same value scale, and recites the same language and writing and is intimate.
This proposition is too big, forgive me for only a moment and a half to say that I can't understand, so today we want to talk about another thing - Qin carved stone.
The Qin carved stone is the stone carved by the courtiers when the First Emperor traveled to various places to praise his merits and show the ten thousand generations. If the Qin carved stone excludes the value of history and literature, in fact, there is no essential difference from the graffiti such as "visiting here" of posterity. However, compared with the high-speed rail and plane we can travel everywhere today, the First Emperor (and his son Hu Hai) was able to tour the world and leave a "visit here" mark behind the major famous scenic spots, but behind the Qin State, especially the First Emperor Yingzheng in the decades since the reign of the First Emperor, almost all of the Wenzhi martial arts can be realized.
For example, if the Six Kingdoms of Qin had not been destroyed to achieve unification, how could the scope of the First Emperor's tour have reached the northwest of Longbei in the west, the Xiangjiang River in Hengshan in the south, the sea in the east, the Huiji in Zhejiang in the southeast, and jieshi in the northeast? For example, if Qin had not realized the "same track of the car" and overhauled the Chi Dao, how could the First Emperor have made five tours in just 10 years and almost stepped into the fourth realm of the country? For example, if Qin had not attacked the Xiongnu in the north, conquered Baiyue in the south, and built the Great Wall to stabilize the country and be invincible in the world, how could the First Emperor dare to stay away from the center of power for a long time and run around the world? For another example, if Qin did not realize the "book with the text", we can see the beautiful Qin seal formed by the Qin inscription and carved stone script in the Qin carved stone fragments and the Tuoben in today's Qin carved stone fragments and expanded texts, and the following Qin seals formed by the style of the Books of the Kanto Kingdoms.
Almost all of the Qin carved stones have been annihilated in the long river of history, and now only a few fragments and rubbings are left
Therefore, compared with the Great Wall, the Qin Emperor's Mausoleum and the Afang Palace and other "Qin Emperor Treasures", the Qin Carved Stones, which seem to be inconspicuous, can actually be regarded as the greatest collection of qin civilization and achievements.
Qin carved stone is like a pearl at the top of the pyramid, so what is it that "kisses and hugs and lifts it high"?
(Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms, the world is peaceful and other things that everyone is familiar with, I will not talk nonsense.) ）
1. Create an imperial system, abolish divisions, and set up counties.
What does the creation of the imperial system, the abolition of the division of feudalism, and the establishment of counties have to do with the Qin carved stones? In fact, the relationship is big.
Under the sub-feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou royal family could actually only control the land near the eastern and western capitals, and the rest of the land, along with the inhabitants, was divided among the various princely states. The vassal states had all the resources and proceeds of the fiefdoms, although theoretically they had the responsibility of obeying the orders of the Son of Heaven, paying regular tributes, providing military and forced labor, and maintaining the security of the Zhou Dynasty—that is, equivalent to the relationship between the medieval European kingdoms and the Holy See. But in fact, since the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the royal family has declined, and the "Lile Conquest" has changed from "from the Son of Heaven" to "from the princes", the status of the co-lord of the Zhou Kings has been lost, and the princely states have become de facto independent.
Under the system of sub-feudalism, not only the King of Zhou had to divide the princes, but the princes had to divide the titles of Qing Dafu, and the Qing Dafu also had to be divided into subordinate subjects (scholars). Under the layers of sealing, each level has the danger of being elevated or even "lower and upper", such as "three branches of jin" and "Tian Shi Daiqi" are more famous examples. For example, although the Chu state did not "change the banner of the great king of the city" like jin and Qi, but the dou, pu, Su, Zhao, Qu, Zhuang, Jing and other major dukes were like a country within a country, the king of Chu wanted to fight a war, and spending both money had to look at the faces of these dukes, if he did not coax these people to be happy, he would not be able to do anything.
The feudal system is a very unstable system of rule
And this situation did not exist at all in Qin under the first emperor.
After qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms, Yin Zheng created the emperor's title and called himself the first emperor in the name of the king's title, which was not enough to show his merits. Moreover, he continued to monopolize the Dharma, strengthened the absolute monarchy, weakened the power of the old nobility, and promoted new nobles who had been knighted by military merit. At the same time, the Land "Wang You" of the Zhou Dynasty was changed to "State-owned", the sub-fiefs were abolished, and the central government directly collected taxes, so that peasants and officials throughout the country could own and freely buy and sell land. On this basis, the First Emperor established a set of county systems and bureaucracies from the central to the local level, initially dividing the country into 36 counties, and increasing to 46 counties with the expansion of territory. The abolition of feudalism and the county system initially broke the patriarchal system of blood relations, and the bureaucracy replaced the hereditary system of the nobility.
Therefore, in Qin under the first emperor, the emperor was supreme and had boundless power, and the dragon had to be coiled, and the tiger had to lie down. Therefore, the First Emperor was able to go out on a tour without anyone daring to advise, so the only thing that the First Emperor wanted to do was to rack his brains and clap his horses, which led to the Qin carved stone.
China's imperial system was highly centralized from the beginning, then weakened, and then became strong again after the Two Song Dynasties and reached its peak
In fact, in China from the beginning of the birth of the imperial system, there was a high degree of centralization, even if Dong Zhongshu and the like came up with a set of rumors that preached "heavenly induction" and wanted to limit the imperial power, the result could only be the same (Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty moved his wrist slightly, because of the "heavenly induction" unlucky became the prime minister who was the head of the hundred officials). Only the continuing turmoil after the end of the Han Dynasty led to the strict sweeping of the imperial authority. However, since the emperor discovered the magic weapon of the imperial examination system, the emperor's authority and centralized power were once again strengthened, and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
2. "Car on the same track" and Qin Chi Road.
When it comes to "cars on the same track", when I was a student, I never understood the importance of this thing. It was not until later that it was understood that the roads of ancient times were dirt roads, and after repeated crushing of the wheels, two ruts of the same width and depth as the wheels would be formed. Therefore, the ancients adapted to local conditions, driving a carriage on the road when the wheels were pressed into the ruts, which was both smooth and labor-saving, and could also reduce axle wear, which was called the ancient version of rail transit.
Some ruts are also paved with wooden planks to enhance the stability and comfort of the vehicle, which is the same as the sleepers of modern rail transit
Modern railways have always wanted to engage in "car on the same track", so as early as 1937, the International Railway Association set 1435mm as the standard rule, and the result was still the same. Why? Who can stand it when a war breaks out and your train comes straight to my house? So now the railway gauge in various countries has standard track, wide gauge, narrow gauge, wide gauge, wide gauge and narrow gauge also have different sizes, train transit trouble is going to die, but also did not see countries intend to "car on the same track".
The situation during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was similar to this, when various princely states beat each other up all day long, so how could they engage in "car on the same track"? Not only did not engage, but also deliberately made the wheelbase and ruts different widths and narrowness, it is best to let other people's cars into my home will have no way to go, can overturn the car that is more ideal.
This kind of destruction did not happen less in the Qin Kingdom at that time, but after "six kings are bi, four seas and one", this became a big trouble. Therefore, "car on the same track" is not the invention of the first emperor, but the objective need to rule this huge empire - imagine if today a province has a gauge standard, as long as the transit of people and goods have to be unloaded and replaced by cars. The people of the whole country are half-mad, and the "iron general" is estimated to be drowned in saliva.
The First Emperor was faced with this kind of maddening problem, so he quickly ordered that the wheelbase of all vehicles in the country should be set at 6 feet. Since the wheelbase has been changed to 6 feet, even if the ruts are not dug again, sooner or later they can be rolled over, which is "the same track of the car", which is to solve the standard problem of ancient rail transit.
But even if the "car is on the same track", it does not mean that Qin's traffic problems have been solved.
Because the Seven Heroes of the Warring States at that time were all masters of neighbor-taking, it was simply racking their brains in order to let other countries enter their own homes and not be able to walk well. For example, Han and Wei were always bullied by their old neighbor Qin in the west, and they could not beat and beat them, so they simply destroyed the road from Qin to their own capital. But Han and Wei also need a road to live their own lives? Then the main road was built far away from the Qin Realm, and it was also built in a north-south direction, and even when planting the land, even the ridges were dug into a north-south direction. When the Qin invaded, if they wanted to take the big road, they had to go around the long way (but also faced with the problem of "track gauge"), if they wanted to take shortcuts, they would have to turn it upside down one by one - the vehicles at that time were made in a rudimentary way, and it was estimated that there were not more than a few ridges, whether it was people, goods or vehicles.
The remains of Qinchi Road still exist today, which shows how high the quality standards of the Qin Dynasty's projects were
Therefore, another large-scale construction carried out by the First Emperor was to overhaul the Chi Dao with Xianyang as the center. Now we know that there are 9 Qinchi Roads, namely the Shangjun Road leading to Shangjun, the Linjin Road leading across the Yellow River to Shanxi, the Oriental Road leading out of Hangu Pass to Henan, Hebei and Shandong, the Wuguan Road to the southeast, the Boardwalk from Qinling to Sichuan, the Western Road to Present-day Wangxian Tongning and Gansu, and the Straight Road out of present-day Yunyang tongjiuyuan. Qinchi Dao was northeast to Yanqi, southeast to Wuchu, north to Jiuyuan, west to Di Dao, and south to Lingling, covering almost all of Qin's territory, and also dug a chasm (diverting water from the Yellow River into The River) to dredge the tributaries of the Huai River to facilitate water transportation.
The opening of the Chi Dao not only symbolized the great unification of the First Emperor, but also facilitated transportation, and it was more convenient to control this huge empire militarily.
Of course, for the First Emperor, a greater benefit was that he went out more smoothly - there were special "tracks" in the center of the Chi Dao for the emperor to go out on tour, so he could travel thousands of miles in the country in just a few months.
3. The qin dynasty's expansion of territory.
Qin did not stop expanding after the Six Kingdoms and the Great Unification.
However, although Qin Zheng was violent, yingzheng was too fierce. Before His Majesty the First Emperor could breathe, those dissatisfied remnants of the Six Kingdoms did not dare to make the slightest move except to carry out assassinations like Zhang Liang and Gao Wanli, who did not expect success at all. Therefore, the lonely and invincible First Emperor could only point his soldiers out of the realm.
From the beginning of the Great Feudal Period in the early Zhou Dynasty, the territory of China began to expand wildly, but under the economic and technological conditions at that time, this expansion was ultimately limited. The northern end of this limit is the desert grassland outside The Seychelles, and the southern end is the Wuling Mountains.
At the eastern end of the Wuling Mountains (present-day Zhejiang and Fujian), it was then called Dongyue, and Qin destroyed Chu and established Minzhong Commandery. In the south of the Five Ridges, which is today's Liangguang and northern Vietnam, it was called Baiyue (Yue and "Yue" tong, Baiyue is also known as Baiyue). This place was too remote in the eyes of the Central Plains people at that time, the natural environment was too harsh, and the indigenous people living here were barbaric and backward, so Wu Chu and other countries that had been neighbors of Baiyue for hundreds of years and thousands of years felt that the cost of ruling was too high, so they refused to cross the Five Ridges.
Qin Zheng Baiyue suffered heavy losses, but it was not that the Baiyue people could fight, but the geography, climate, and disease were too terrible
However, for His Majesty the First Emperor, whose heart is higher than the sky, the cost of such a thing has never existed, and all he cares about is all the land and population under this world, is it under his control?
From 219 BC to 214, Qin made three southern expeditions to Baiyue. Among them, the first time was the most tragic, Qin Shi Huang sent Tu Sui to lead 500,000 troops to the south in five ways, four of which were blocked, and then they were defeated by the Ouluo people's counterattack, and even Tu Sui was killed in battle, and the Qin army lost more than 300,000 people. However, the Baiyue people also suffered heavy losses, and the two sides fell into a confrontation.
No matter which dynasty or generation lost 300,000 people in the First World War, it was a big event, but only His Majesty the First Emperor was an exception. He first repaired the Lingqu to solve the logistical problems, and then in 214 BC, he gathered another 300,000 troops to Give Ren Hu and Zhao Tuo and attack Lingnan again. The sparsely populated Baiyue simply could not recover its strength in such a short period of time, so it could not make effective resistance at all, so the Qin army fully occupied Baiyue and set up three counties: Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang County.
In 210 BC, Zhao Tuo launched another offensive against the Ouluo region, crushing the remnants of Baiyue.
In the north, the Xiongnu have been the great enemy of the Central Plains since the Warring States, often attacking the border areas of the three kingdoms of Qin, Zhao and Yan. From 215 to 213 BC, Qin Shi Huang sent the general Meng Tian to lead an army of 300,000 north to attack the Xiongnu once and for all.
The north is not Lingnan, the qin army's strong combat effectiveness is fully exerted, the Xiongnu are not opponents at all, and after successive defeats, they can only retreat one after another. In the end, the Huns could not even stand in the Yin Mountains and helan Mountains, and had to retreat into the desert north of the Yin Mountains to graze their cattle.
Once back in that familiar land, the invincibility of the Qin army is not a myth, but a reality
After the war, Qin set up Jiuyuan County in Henan (present-day Hetao), with 44 counties, and defensive facilities such as pavilion barrier fortresses were set up on the edges. The great wall in the north of the former Qin and Yan was also repaired and expanded, and connected to it. The Great Wall of Qin stretches from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, stretching for more than 5,000 miles, known as the Great Wall.
Invincible inside and out, the First Emperor was able to walk around the world with confidence and boldness. In fact, from 220 to 210 BC, the first emperor made a total of 5 tours in the 10 years, during which no one inside or outside dared to make any moths. However, after he died of illness on the way out on the 5th tour, the following year, the Chen Sheng Wuguang Uprising broke out, and since then the world has been boiling over - if Lao Wei can survive for a few more years, it is estimated that these goods will continue to hold back, who dares to sigh?
4. The Qin seal from the "book with the text".
Nowadays, when people from different parts of China meet, the dialogue may be chicken and duck, but there will never be a situation where we cannot communicate, because we have Chinese characters.
This credit must definitely be attributed to the Qin Dynasty and the First Emperor.
Since the fall of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the basic prototype of a unified country has emerged in The Chinese civilization, and one of the important symbols is the official standard script - Jinwen. However, under the large-scale feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty, especially the intensification of competition between the princely states during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it led to political, economic and cultural estrangement and differentiation between them. For example, the same text originating from the Great Seal (referring to the Jin script and the Jin script, that is, the complicated Jin script) has undergone different changes in the shape and structure of various countries, and the situation of not recognizing each other is very common, for example, a native of the Qi people saw the documents of the Qin State, and the accuracy degenerated into "blindness".
Hundreds of years of division have led to such a big change in the same source of writing, which shows the merits of "book and text"
In a way, that's how Europe is divided. It is not unusual for Europeans to be proficient in 4 or 5 foreign languages now, if it were not for the Qin Dynasty's great "book and text" to correct the chaos, we would not be able to learn "Lu language", "Cantonese", "Chu language" and so on to be able to navigate the Chinese continent without any trouble.
Measures such as the same book and the car, the same coin, the same coin, the same degree of the ruler, the same balance of power, and the same degree of law are indeed the indelible and huge contributions made by the Qin Dynasty to the Chinese civilization, and it is also the objective need for this empire that has achieved great unification for the first time to achieve effective rule and governance.
Therefore, after the unification of the Six Kingdoms, Qin Shi Huang took the unification of the script as a top priority, and ordered the chancellor Li Si, the Zhongshufu Ling Zhao Gao, and the Taiju Ling Hu Wujing to sort out the writing. Based on the Qin script and with reference to the Six Kingdoms script, Li Si created a new script with a uniform and neat shape and simple strokes, called "Qin Seal", also known as "Xiao Seal", as the official standard script, abolished the other Six Kingdoms script. At the same time, in order to meet the needs of convenient writing, Qin also adopted the hasty and urgent "grass seal" popular in folk middle and lower-level writing on the basis of the seal book - because the collation plan of this set of characters was donated by cheng Mi, the prison, so it was called Lishu.
Both forms of writing were promoted throughout the country, with Xiaozhu as the standard script of the Qin State, Lishu as a daily script, and emperor edicts and official government documents generally written in Xiaozhu, rather than official documents copied with Lishu.
The evolution of Chinese characters shows the crucial role played by the Qin Dynasty in it
The evolution of Chinese characters is the process of gradual standardization and stabilization of chinese characters and fonts, and the Qin Dynasty played a crucial role in it - the small seal fixed the number of strokes of each word, and the lishu formed a new pen shape system, and the glyph gradually became flat. Since then, on the basis of Lishu, the calligraphy has evolved, and the glyphs and fonts of Chinese characters have been completely stabilized, and the basic strokes and configurations of "horizontal, vertical, skimming, dotting, pinching, picking, and folding" have been determined.
Even if we don't make a big deal of sense, all the slackers today, including me, have to be grateful to His Majesty the First Emperor. It is precisely because of the same book that as long as we can write square characters, we can go all over China, and we do not have to learn several "foreign languages" like the hard-pressed Europeans.
The First Emperor toured the world, just to seek eternal life.
After pacifying baiyue and ridding the Xiongnu, the territory of the Qin Dynasty stretched north to present-day Liaodong and Inner Mongolia, and south to the South China Sea. As far west as western Sichuan and Gansu as far east as the East China Sea—almost all the land known and visible at the time—was included in the map. For this merit, His Majesty the First Emperor was very satisfied and self-satisfied. However, crouching in the imperial palace of Xianyang was dark, which was more dazzling than patrolling the vast territory he had laid down? Especially after the completion of the repair of the Chi Dao that can be used for hunting, he could not control the desire to "show the territory and serve the sea", and made a total of 5 patrols in the world in the 10 years from 220 bc to 210 BC.
After the Qin Dynasty, Huaxia wanted to expand its territory and could only develop in two directions, the northwest
In addition to this more official reason, the very superstitious First Emperor also hoped to go to places where the immortals appeared more frequently, such as Taishan, Liang Father, Langya, Jiuling and other places, to talk to the immortals - after all, he had long believed that no one in the mortal world was qualified to communicate with him on an equal footing (or listen to his appearance), and only the immortals with this qualification were left.
Of course, his greater obsession was to find immortals in order to live forever, and if there was nothing Chinese did not know about this, it would not be said more.
The first tour of the First Emperor was in 220 BC, that is, the year after he realized the great unification, "the First Emperor toured longxi, the northern land, the jitou mountain, and returned to the middle" (Shi Ji, vol. 6, Qin Shi Huang Benji 6). This tour is a journey to find roots, to the homeland of the Qin State, and also to repeat the eastward journey of the ancestors of the Qin people more than 600 years ago.
Because it was the first time to go out on a tour, both the monarchs were relatively inexperienced, so it may be that they did not remember the matter of Le Shi Ji Gong, which was a pity.
The following year, the First Emperor began a second tour, with the aim of touring the East, the "new annexed land" of the original Six Kingdoms. The scale and scope of this expedition were very large, and the First Emperor first arrived at Zou Yi Mountain (present-day Zoucheng, Shandong), and then climbed Mount Tai to hold a ceremony to seal Taishan and Zen Liang Father. After that, the coast traveled eastward, shangcheng mountain (present-day Rongcheng, Shandong), Dengzhifu (present-day Yantai, Shandong), and then turned south to Denglangya (present-day Chuzhou, Anhui) to build Langyatai, and moved the first 30,000 households to the stage, and then sent Xushi (that is, Xufu) into the sea to seek immortality. He then crossed the Huai River via Pengcheng (present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu) to Hengshan, and then returned to Xianyang from Wuguan via nanjun (南郡, in present-day Hubei) via the Xiang River.
The First Emperor's tour was grand and mighty, which made Xiang Yu envious and wanted to replace it
At this time, the Chi Dao had not yet been completed, so the conditions for the First Emperor to go out on tour were still relatively difficult. In the history books, there are often records such as "every strong wind", "the water is evil", and "the wind and rain are stormy, rest under the tree". The more famous and fully reflective of The First Emperor's "little temper" is about the encounter during the crossing of the Xiang River:
"To the Xiangshan Ancestral Hall." When there is a strong wind, it is almost impossible to cross. The doctor asked: 'Xiangjun God?' The Doctor said to him, "Smell it, Yao's daughter, Shun's wife, and bury here." So the First Emperor was furious, and made the three thousand prisoners cut down the Xiangshan tree and ochre the mountain. Shangzinan County was returned by Wuguan. (History, Volume 6, Qin Shi Huang Benji 6)
Among the existing Qin carved stone relics, the "Yishan Carved Stone", "Taishan Carved Stone" and "Langya Carved Stone" were all left on this tour.
The following year, the First Emperor went on tour for the third consecutive year. The most famous event on his journey was the "Zhang Liang Hedgehog Qin":
"Twenty-nine years, the First Emperor traveled east. In the wolf sands of Yang Wubo, he was shocked by the thieves. Pray for the lordship, but let the world be great for ten days. (History, Volume 6, Qin Shi Huang Benji 6)
Of course, the emperor is not easy to kill, and Zhang Liang unfortunately "mistakenly hit the vice car". However, His Majesty the First Emperor was obviously in a bad mood by this assassination, so he only turned around once in Shandong and Henan, and then climbed the fu, leaving behind the "Zhifu Carved Stone" and "Dongguan Carved Stone", and then returned to Guanzhong through hebei Shangdang.
If the First Emperor had been so good at killing, he would not have known how many times he would have died. Therefore, Zhang Liang's failure to stab Qin was inevitable
After resting for two years, in 215 B.C., the First Emperor made his fourth and first northern tour—for the purposes of which, in addition to seeking immortality and immortality, also cast doubt on the sorcerer's sayings:
"Because Han Zhong, Hou Gong, and Shi Sheng asked for the immortal elixir." The First Emperor patrolled the north and entered from Shanggun. The Yan people Lu Sheng made a return to the sea, with ghosts and gods, because of the recording of books, known as 'Hu Ye of the Dead Qin'. The First Emperor sent the general Meng Tian to send 300,000 troops north to attack Hu and take Henan province slightly. (History, Volume 6, Qin Shi Huang Benji 6)
On this trip, he crossed the Yellow River from Tongguan into Shanxi, and then came to Handan, the old capital of Zhao, which made him feel complicated. After that, the first emperor arrived at Jieshi (碣石, in modern Changli, Hebei) in the east, and could not seek immortality, leaving only the "Jieshi Carved Stone". After that, he left Shanhaiguan and returned to Xianyang through the northern part of today's Hebei, Shanxi, and Shaanxi.
In 210 BC, His Majesty the First Emperor was nearly 50 years old, which was considered to be an advanced age at that time. At this time, he was plagued by illness and repeatedly sought immortality, so he made a desperate decision to go out on the tour again, and the target was pointed to the southeast, and he had to find the method of immortality.
On this tour, he accompanied the chancellor Li Si, Feng Zhiyi, and his young son Hu Hai, first to Yunmengze (around present-day Dongting Lake), dengjiuling Mountain, then down the river to Danyang (present-day County-level city of Nanjing, Jiangsu), to Qiantang (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang), and denghui Jishan (in present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) to worship Dayu, leaving the "Huiji Carved Stone" to praise merit. After that, he went to Langya again, so that Xu Shi once again entered the sea to visit the immortals, and then climbed into the mountain, but the so-called immortals had no trace, and they had to sigh and embark on the way home. When he walked to Pingyuanjin (present-day Shandong Plain), the first emperor fell seriously ill and died in the sand dunes (present-day Xingtai, Hebei).
Finally, let's take a look at what the Qin carved stone, that is, the First Emperor's version of "Visit Here", is carved.
The First Emperor toured the world, and every time he went to a place of high mountain and scenic spots, he would erect a stone to praise his merits, in order to let the gods and immortals in the heavens know, at least it would be passed down through the ages. There are a total of 7 Qin carved stones in the history books, also known as "Qin Seven Carved Stones", and later Qin II Hu Hai also made a tour once, and ordered an edict engraved on his father's merit monument.
The characters on the Qin carved stones are all Qin seals, except for a few words and sentences, they are all four-word rhymes, with more than three sentences and one rhyme ("Lang Evil Carved Stone" is two sentences and one rhyme, and Hu Hai's edict is a text without rhyme). However, most of the Qin carved stones have been destroyed and have not survived, and the only original engravers of the Qin Dynasty who have survived to this day are fragments of "Taishan Carved Stone" and "Lang Evil Carved Stone". Among them, only 10 characters of the Huhai Edict, also known as the "Taishan Cross", remain in the Dai Temple at the foot of Mount Tai; the "Lang Evil Carved Stone" has also been mostly peeled off, and only twelve and a half lines and eighty-four characters remain, which are now in the Chinese History Museum.
Fragments of Tarzan carved stones and Langya carved stones
However, the inscription of the Qin Seven Carved Stones is contained in the "Records of History", but there are only six - the "Carved Stones of Xuanshan Mountain" has records but no inscriptions, and only the facsimile of Xu Xuan of the Southern Tang Dynasty has survived to this day.
1. "Carved Stone of The Mountain".
Yishan carved stone Takumoto
"The emperor founded the country, the beginning of the past, and the heirs were called kings."
Crusades are chaotic, threatening the four poles, and wuyi is straight.
Rong Chen was instructed, and soon after, he destroyed the six tyrannical forces.
Twenty-six years, high number, filial piety is evident.
If he offers Taicheng, he will descend to the exclusive benefit and personally tour the far away.
Climb the mountain, the group of subjects, xian si long.
Remembering the chaotic world, dividing up the land and building the country, in order to open up the dispute.
The battle is done day by day, and the blood is shed in the wild. Since taigu.
There are no tens of thousands of people in the world, and the Five Emperors cannot be forbidden.
It is the emperor of the present, the whole family. The soldiers are no longer rising.
Disasters are extinguished, Qianshou Kangding, Lize long-term.
The courtiers chanted and carved this stone to broker. ”
2. "Tarzan Carved Stone".
"The emperor is on the throne, making the law clear, and his subordinates are repairing."
Twenty-six years, the beginning of the world, not obedient.
Pro tour of Far Dawn, Denz Taishan, around the East Pole.
From the subjects to the traces, the original cause, only the recitation of merit.
The way of governance is running, and all production is appropriate, and there is a French style.
Great righteousness is revealed, hanging on to future generations, and obedience is not revolutionary.
The emperor bowed to the saints, and he was peaceful in the world and did not hesitate to govern.
Sleep at night, build long profits, and specialize in teaching.
The sutra is preached, far and near Bi Li, and the holy will is inherited.
Nobles and lowly people are clearly distinguished, men and women are courteous, and they are prudent in their duties.
The inside and outside are not pure, and are applied to the heirs.
To be infinite, to obey the will, and to bear the precepts forever. ”
3. "Langya Carved Stone".
"Twenty-six years after The Emperor began. Duanping Dharma, the Age of All Things,
To ming personnel, contract father and son. Divine wisdom and benevolence, revealing the truth.
East fu dong tu, to the province of pawns. It is a great matter, but it is at sea.
The merits of the emperor, the ability to work hard. In addition to the end of the peasants, qianshou is rich.
The whole world, the heart is full of ambition. A measure of instruments, the same text.
The sun and the moon shine, and the boat carries. All are dead, and they are not happy.
At the right time, it was emperor Wei. Kuang Rao is unusual, and the Lingshui passes through the land.
Sorrow and relentlessness day and night. Eliminate the law of doubt, and know what is clear.
Fang Bo divided his duties, and the rule of the parties was easy. Mistakes must be made, and it is better to paint.
The Emperor's Ming, Lincha Sifang. Respect and inferiority, do not exceed the line.
Adultery and evil are intolerable, and all are virtuous. Do your best, don't dare to slacken off.
Far away from the hidden, specializing in solemnity. Straight and loyal, the cause is constant.
The virtue of the emperor is the four poles of stability. Eliminate chaos and eliminate harm, and prosper and prosper.
When the festival is over time, the births multiply. The head of the qianshou is peaceful, and there is no need for military revolution.
Six relatives protect each other, and there is no coward in the end. Rejoice and learn the French.
Within Liuhe, the Emperor's Land. Wading through quicksand in the west, and ending in the north in the south.
There is the East China Sea in the east and the Bactria in the north. Wherever people go, there are no subjects.
Gong Gai Five Emperors, Ze and Niu Ma. Mo is not subject to virtue, each is safe. ”
4. "The Carved Stone".
"Wei Twenty-nine years, when in the middle of spring, Yang and Fangqi.
The emperor travels east, patrols the sky, and shines on the sea.
From the Chenjiaguan, the original recitation of Hu Lie, the recitation of the beginning.
The Great Sage ruled, established the Dharma, and manifested the Discipline of the Sect.
Foreign princes, Guang Shi Wenhui, Ming Yi Yi.
The Six Kingdoms returned, greedy and insatiable, and tortured and killed endlessly.
The emperor mourned the crowd, so he sent a teacher to raise the martial virtue.
Righteousness is done, and the threat is not obeyed.
Cooking rape, zhen saving Qianshou, Zhou Ding four poles.
Pu Shi Ming Fa, longitude and latitude of the world, eternal as a rule of etiquette.
Ōiguchi, in the middle of U-gun, inherits the holy will.
The group of ministers recites the gong, please carve in stone, the table is hanging in the usual style. ”
5. "Dongguan Carved Stone".
"In the twenty-ninth year of Wei, the emperor traveled in the spring and looked at the far side of the province.
Caught in the corner of the sea, Sui Deng's Fu, Zhao Lin Chaoyang.
Look at Guangli, from the minister Xiannian, the original way to the Ming.
The Holy Law has begun to rise, cleaning up the territory inside the territory, and cursing the tyranny outside.
Wu Wei was beside Chang, vibrating the four poles, and the birds destroyed the six kings.
Illuminate and merge the world, the scabs will be extinguished, and the soldiers will always be killed.
Emperor Mahide, manager Uchi, audiovisual not sluggish.
Establish a great righteousness, show equipment, and salty with a banner.
The servant obeys the duties, knows what he does, and is not suspicious of anything.
Qianshou is transformed, far from the same degree, and the ancients are unique.
The permanent office is established, and the heirs follow the inheritance and inherit the holy rule for a long time.
Qunchen Jiade, just chant the holy martyrs, please carve it. ”
6. "Stone Carving".
Stone carvings
"The emperor founded the country, the de and the princes, the chuping Taiyi."
Thirty-two years, patrolling the stones, illuminating the four poles.
From the courtiers to the group, on the trumpet. Remember Hugh Lie,
RongChen fenwei, Suixing division brigade, great rebellion and annihilation.
Wu Was violent and violent, Wen Fu was innocent, and his heart was salty.
Benefiting on merit, en-fattening the land, rewarding cattle and horses.
Fall into the city, decide to pass through the river defense, and destroy the dangers.
The terrain is established, the head is untouched, and the world is salty.
Men enjoy their domain, women cultivate their professions, and things are in order.
Hui was produced by all kinds of people, and for a long time came to the field, mo uneasy.
The courtiers chanted, please carve this stone, hanging rituals. ”
7. "Will Audit the Stone".
"Emperor Hu Lie, Ping Yi Yunei, and Dehui Youchang."
Thirty-seven years, pro-touring the world, looking around the distance.
Suideng Huijian, Xuan Province Customs, Qianshou Qizhuang.
The group of ministers recites the merits, the original deeds, and the pursuit of the road is wise.
Qin Sheng linguo, the first name of the punishment, showing the old chapter.
Initially leveling the French style, judging the appointment, in order to establish a permanent.
The six kings are dedicated, greedy and fierce, and lead the people to strengthen themselves.
Tyrannical and arrogant, negative and arrogant, counting armored soldiers.
The messenger of the underworld, the obedience of the matter, the action of the square.
Interior deception, foreign invasion of the border, and disasters arose.
Righteousness is commanded, rebellion is struck, and the thief perishes.
The saints are vast and dense, and among the six, they are boundless.
The emperor and yu, listen to everything at the same time, and bi Qing near and far.
Organize the crowd, test the facts, and carry its own name.
Noble and lowly, good or not, there are hidden feelings.
As a provincial Xuanyi, married with a son, double death is not virgin.
Prevent the separation of inside and outside, prohibition of obscenity, men and women are sincere.
Husband for the pig, killed innocently, male Bingyi Cheng.
The wife is a fugitive marriage, the son cannot be a mother, and he is salty and clean.
The great rule of mao, the world bears the wind, and is suspended.
All obey the rules, and An dun mian, do not obey the order.
Qianshou repairs, people enjoy the same rule, Jiabao Taiping.
After respecting the Fa, he always ruled wujie, and the public opinion boat did not fall.
From the courtiers chanting lie, please carve this stone, Guang chen Xiu Ming. ”