□ LiSi
On December 17, 2019, the Shandong warship was delivered to the Navy in Sanya, Hainan. Based on the research of the former Soviet Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier and the Chinese Liaoning aircraft carrier, the Shandong ship was improved and developed by China itself, and tens of millions of parts and components were all domestically produced, realizing completely independent design, independent construction and independent support, and was the first domestic aircraft carrier in the true sense.
Shandong ship
China is not only a maritime power bordering the Pacific Ocean, but also a landlocked country with many rivers, and the Chinese nation has created a splendid civilization in rivers and oceans. From ancient times to the present, people's exploration of waters has never stopped, from the canoe excavated from the site of Xiaoshan Cross-lake Bridge in Zhejiang Province, which is 8200-7800 years old, to the Wu King Va yin recorded in the "History of Zhou Benji" to force mengjin by boat, and then to the development of the Maritime Silk Road in the Han Dynasty... The physical and written materials that have survived not only prove the diligence and wisdom of the ancient ancestors, but also record the many uses of ships in transportation, warfare, trade, etc., as well as the important role played by them in social stability, economic development and cultural exchanges.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the first peak of China's ancient shipbuilding and navigation practice appeared; the Song Dynasty with the development of the silk weaving industry and the porcelain industry, shipping has made great progress, "Nanhai No. 1" ancient shipwreck is empirical evidence; the Yuan Dynasty is the heyday of the Maritime Silk Road, maritime shipping and canal shipping broke through any previous dynasty, ship capacity greatly increased, Xin'an shipwrecks and related cultural relics Salvage once shocked the world; the development of the shipbuilding industry in the Ming Dynasty reached a new peak, the distribution of workshops, the scale, the supporting of the whole is unprecedented, Not only zheng he's feats of going to the West, but also many works on ships or shipyards, such as "Tiangong Kaiwu", "Nan ship chronicle", "Cao Ship Chronicle" and so on, have survived. It can be said that in ancient times, China's traditional shipbuilding and navigation industry has long been ahead of the world.
In the exhibition hall of the Shandong History and Culture Exhibition (Qin, Han and Ming) on the second floor of the Shandong Museum, a large Ming Dynasty ship excavated in 1956 in the Linjie River of the Song Dynasty, Eighteen Miles Northwest of Liangshan County, Shandong Province, is the most accurately used and the most complete preserved Ming Dynasty boat excavated from the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal so far, with a history of more than 600 years. The ship is 21.8 meters long and has a southern pine (fir type) texture. The hull is willow-leaf-shaped, 3.44 meters wide in the middle, 1.9 meters in the head, 1.56 meters in the tail, and has a displacement of 32 tons. The whole ship has a total of 13 horizontal bulkheads, and every two cabins have a hatch to make the two cabins communicate, of which the 10th and 11th cabins are living cabins, and the upper part has a cabin, which is about 1 meter above the deck, and the 3rd and 7th cabins each have a residual mast, the former is 1.7 meters high and has a diameter of 0.3 meters; the latter is 1.3 meters high and has a diameter of 0.36 meters, all of which are square, and the left and right are sandwiched with 0.45 meters of wooden boards. The other compartments were all warehouses, mainly loaded with grain and grass cargo, etc., which could carry 12 to 15 tons of materials at a time, which was medium-sized at that time. According to experts, the ship's main mast is about 14 meters high.
Ming Dynasty boats in the exhibition hall of Shandong Museum's "Shandong History and Culture Exhibition" (Qin, Han- Ming and Qing).
The excavation and preservation of this Ming Dynasty vessel was not easy. In April 1956, villagers of the Third Production Team of the Hongguang Agricultural Cooperative in Guanli Township, Heihumiao District, Liangshan County, were working in the tributaries of the Songjin River in the west of the village, and a villager accidentally dug out a large wooden plank from the thick silt while digging lotus roots. They guessed that there was a "treasure" under the plank, so they mobilized 20 people to dig it together. After 28 days, an ancient shipwreck buried in silt finally came to light. The Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics Administration Immediately sent people to investigate and recovered many ship plates and parts scattered among the people. They found experienced craftsmen from the county wood industry union to go to the scene to fight, according to the existing nail holes of the original ship and the oral account of the digger, using wooden stakes and ropes to tie up the ship board, it took 5 days to understand the general shape of the ship, and finally transported it to Jinan, where the Shandong Museum was responsible for restoration, protection and display.
Before the opening of the new Shandong Museum in 2010, the Ming Dynasty ship underwent a large-scale dismantling and relocation. The staff of the Cultural protection department of the Shandong Museum spent more than two months mapping, decomposing, relocating, assembling the ancient ship, and reinforcing, drying, insect repellent, and anti-corrosion of the ship's plates. In line with the principle of respecting history, all ship plates and nails are disassembled and assembled in accordance with the original direction and position, without any damage or modification, and the cultural relics restoration workers of the Shandong Museum have also designed special tools such as nail lifters. This is the country's first successful relocation of ancient ships, after dismantling and assembly, on the one hand, the use of new technologies to protect this ancient ship in an all-round way, on the other hand, it also clarified the structure and shape of ancient ships, providing many new discoveries for ship research.
In the first cabin of the Ming Dynasty ship was placed an iron anchor with an inscription on it.
Most of the ancient Chinese boats were wooden structures, so it was very difficult to preserve. The preciousness of this Ming Dynasty ship is that it is the most complete example of an ancient ship in China, and its bottom plate, portboard, bulkhead panel, partition, deck, and even mast are all remnants, which is really rare. The first cabin also placed an iron anchor, the height of the anchor is 160.36 cm, there are iron rings, four claws, the anchor is engraved with the inscription "A character 560 no. 85 jin" and "Hongwu five years of creation of the word 139 no. 85 pounds" and other inscriptions. It is known from the inscription that the ship was built in the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty; the anchor number to "One Thousand and Thirty-Nine" indicates that the number of ships was quite considerable at that time. In the process of excavation, archaeologists found a total of 174 cultural relics, including weapons, harnesses, daily necessities, etc., of which the largest number is weapons, including 4 knives, 1 sword, 2 spears, 20 arrows, 2 helmets, multiple pieces of armor, 5 pieces of stirrups, etc. The most special is a piece of copper fire hammer, 44 cm long, caliber 3.9 cm, which is the first time to find firearms on ancient ships in the Ming Dynasty, so that the nature of ancient ships was once designated as a warship. However, after subsequent expert research, the 13 cabins of the ancient ship are except for two living cabins, two occupied by masts, and the rest are cargo compartments; and this fire bolt is very powerful, and may only be used to protect the safety of ships and goods. Therefore, this ancient ship was identified as a boat used in the Ming Dynasty to transport grain and grass.
Ming Dynasty cao boat out of the water cultural relics iron anchor.
Although the ancient ship is simple in structure, but the process is delicate, some of the tenoning and reinforcement processes used to increase the structural strength of the hull can still be seen today. It is worth mentioning that this ancient ship uses watertight bulkhead technology, even if one or two cabins are damaged and water is entered, it will not flow into other cabins; it can also improve the efficiency of cargo loading and unloading, which is easy to manage and classify. There are also two horizontal tillers in the stern of ancient ships that are clearly visible, which confirms another important invention in the field of ancient shipbuilding in China - stern rudder technology. It is a device located in the middle of the stern to change and stabilize the course of the ship, usually consisting of a rudder blade, a vertical tiller rod and a horizontal tiller. However, the rudder blade and rudder rod of this ancient ship have not been preserved. The stern rudder, wheel boat, watertight bulkhead and compass floating pin are four important inventions of China in the field of shipbuilding and a major contribution of China to the world's shipbuilding technology.
Ming Dynasty boats out of the water cultural relics fire hammer.
The development of shipbuilding technology made shipping flourish in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, and the Grand Canal became the artery of north-south traffic, and the official ships, merchant ships, and boats traveling in the river day and night in the canal constituted a bustling canal water traffic map. This vessel embodies the advanced shipbuilding technology and the ingenuity of craftsmen in the Ming Dynasty, and witnesses the prosperous history of ancient Chinese river and sea transportation. In addition, the ancient caoyun system it reflects originated in the Qin and Han dynasties, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, extended to the Ming and Qing dynasties, and after the Xinhai Revolution, the currency was requisitioned and the grain was abolished. Water transport is a unique phenomenon of ancient Chinese culture, which is not only an important measure for the whole country to implement the transportation of grain from the south to the north, the transportation of coal from the north to the south, and to solve the problem of grain supply and state storage for officers and soldiers, but also the need to consolidate political power and maintain rule. It is such a boat that travels south and north through the waterway, which delivers grain and various production and living materials to the country, and also provides impetus for the social and economic development of Shandong during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
However, in order to prevent the collusion between the maritime merchant groups and the imperial court, most of the rulers of the Ming and Qing dynasties held a very conservative attitude towards the sea, and repeatedly issued bans restricting the construction of sails and going to sea, and shipbuilding technology declined. After experiencing the difficulties of the modern shipbuilding industry, it was not until the founding of New China and the reform and opening up that China's science and technology and military ushered in the spring of rapid development.
The success of the Shandong warship's sea trials shows that China has achieved leapfrog development in the field of navigation. The name and image of "Shandong" will also spread around the world with the track of the Shandong ship.