Our land neighbor Kazakhstan has recently raised oil prices from 60 tenge to 120 tenge, up 60 tenge, about 0.88 yuan, causing political turmoil. Imagine that in 2019, the Chilean Metro Company raised the fare during the peak subway period from the original 800 pesos to 830 pesos, about 3 cents, triggering a large-scale protest by the Chilean people.
A few cents of reform has sparked great unrest, and I can't help but wonder, why would a reform with a good vision ultimately fail, or even cause national unrest? What kind of reform is a good and successful reform? The international situation is disturbed one after another, such as a layer of smoke, it is not real, at this time I always want to look back at history, from the experience of history to get a glimpse.
In the long history of China over the past five thousand years, there have been countless political reforms, and there have been countless successful people, such as the reforms of Guan Zhong, Shang Martin, and others in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States Period, and the records of failed reforms are even more vast, such as Wang Mang's reform, Wang Anshi's change of law, Andhu's change of law, and so on.
Today, let's talk about the failed reform led by an elected emperor in Chinese history, and see what we can learn from it. Hello friends, I am the history of the green shirt bomb, this article is exclusive and original, without permission, please do not reprint, like friends can click to support oh ~
01 Democratically elected Emperor
Ever heard of the democratically elected president, and heard of the democratically elected prime minister, can the emperor still be elected? If you think so, then you can underestimate the ancients, five thousand years of history, nothing has happened, many contemporary histories always have the same rhyme as ancient history, repeating the things that the ancients repeated, making the same mistakes as the ancients, but thinking that they are ahead of the ancients and complacent.
The democratically elected emperor I am talking about is named Wang Mang, the founding emperor of the new dynasty, who is also the king of the subjugated country, and Wang Mang is probably the first and perhaps the only democratically elected emperor in Chinese history.
When Wang Mang was born, it was the end of the reign of the Western Han Dynasty, there were many contradictions between various social strata, the rich were even unfamiliar with the fields, the poor had no place to stand, the problem of land annexation was becoming more and more acute, a major social turmoil was imminent, and people of insight within the Han Empire had already realized the need for reform.
Emperor Xuan of Han once said to his crown prince: The Han family has its own system, and it is originally a hegemonic taoist, so why should it be pure morality and use Zhou Zhenghu? However, Emperor Xuan of Han was ultimately unable to stop the turn of the Han Dynasty's national policy, during the reign of the Second Emperor Yuancheng, the national policy completely turned to the Confucian king's way of strategy, and by the time the Han Emperor came to the throne, there was already a strong call for changing the surname to Yi Dynasty, and the legitimacy of the Han Dynasty's Liu clan rule encountered an unprecedented crisis, to use a poem to describe it as the degree to which the black cloud suppressed the city, and the rumors in the whole society said: After Han Weiyao, its virtue has declined, the five virtues have begun, and Shun has followed.
The emperor of Han Ai, in the face of the rising tide of Zen concessions, directed himself to perform several farces, first saying that The Zen minister Dong Xian, after being dissuaded by the chancellor, staged a self-directed and self-acting Zen drama, the Han Emperor in order to attach the legend of Yao Zen to Shun, self-proclaimed Chen Sheng Liu Taiping Emperor, because the surname Liu originated from Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun's surname was Chen, and Emperor Lai's change of name was even if he completed the task of Zen concession, and Shi said that he was ordered again.
According to the records of the "Hanshu Gu Yong Du Yi Biography", the people at the top were exhausted, the people were sad and hated, disasters fell repeatedly, and hunger was still perfect. Scattered and redevened, commissioned to die in the Word, with millions. At this time, Wang Mang, who came from a foreign relative clan, was like a white lotus flower that came out of the mud and did not stain it, maverick and deeply won the hearts of the people.
On the day when the Duke of Zhou feared the rumors, when Wang Mang was humble and humble, Wang Mang before the emperor could be described as the people's desire, and in order to grant Wang Mang a fiefdom, countless Fans of Wang Mang could be said to have broken their hearts.
Wang Mang wanted to marry his daughter, and more than a thousand people above the shumin, Zhusheng, and Lang officials, and the Gongqing Doctor or Yi Tingzhong, or the Fu Province, asked The Daughter of Wang Mang of the Hanping Emperor to be the empress. In the first four years of the Hanping Emperor's reign, in order to give Wang Mang the title of Zaiheng, Wang Mang's status exceeded that of the Three Dukes, and more than 8,000 people wrote to him. A year later, in the first five years of the Yuan Dynasty, there were 902 people who wrote to Wang Mang to request that Wang Mang be given nine tins.
Wang Mang became a great vassal after Sima Da, but the ministers still vigorously encouraged the imperial court to violate the old system, granting Wang Mang the title of Duke of An Han and expanding his fiefdom. Wang Mang reluctantly accepted the title of Duke of An Han, and the number of officials and commoners who wrote because Wang Mang did not accept the fields of Xinye County amounted to 487,572.
There is no seal, only the throne rewards it. After the death of the Hanping Emperor, Wang Mang supported his widow and infant to take the throne, visions frequently occurred, the group of courtiers persuaded him to advance, the whole world abandoned Liu Han, the aristocratic group chose Wang Mang, who was also a nobleman, and Wang Mang's act of buying people's hearts made many people vote to choose Wang Mang, so Wang Mang naturally became the emperor, as the Book of Han said: Mang destroyed Zhai Yi, claimed to be the day of wei de, and was helped by heaven and man, so the plot was the real thing. On January 10, 9 AD, Wang Mang took the throne as emperor and established a new dynasty.
Without experiencing a bloody war, without experiencing serious social unrest, and directly changing the surname of a unified dynasty of Jiangda, Wang Mang created a miracle, and with the support of the broad public opinion, he ascended to the top of power and created a precedent in Chinese history in addition to the aristocratic revolution and the civilian revolution, which was a real democratically elected emperor.
02 Sons of Crossing
In addition to the title of the elected emperor, more people called Wang Mang the son of crossing.
During Wang Mang's reign, many reforms were introduced, and these reforms even made our modern people shout magic.
First of all, Wang Mang promoted the nationalization of land and advocated social unity. In the first year of Wang Mang's reign as emperor, he immediately issued an edict from Wang Tian and his private subordinates, stipulating that land was state-owned and that slaves and wives could not buy or sell it, so as to realize the ideal society of one husband and one wife dividing the land into one hundred acres.
Secondly, advocating equality for all, Wang Mang abolished the royal Huchi Garden, moved the poor to live here, and provided free food and clothing needed for housewarming and the tools and livestock needed to build fields, and free house sharing, which is the dream of countless people even in modern society! In addition, Wang Mang also ordered restrictions on officials to balance the gap between the rich and the poor in society.
Moreover, Wang Mang also stipulated that the whole country could not buy and sell slaves, curbing the extravagant trend of the rich and nobles who had slaves, in order not to raise idle people, those who did nothing all day would be punished, and people would be paid accordingly during their labor.
In addition, Wang Mang also implemented the planned economy, levy income tax, control prices by the imperial court, issue new coins, implement currency reform, in the Western Han Dynasty officially issued five baht money because it is too heavy to facilitate trading, Wang Mang launched 3 new coins, in the past needed 200 pounds of five baht money to complete the transaction, now only need to bring three or four new dynasty wrong knives to settle, simple and easy.
These things that Wang Mang did, even in modern society, there are many countries that have not been completed, but at the turn of the two Han Dynasties two thousand years ago, the ancient Chinese people proposed and put into practice, this fearless spirit of exploration is worthy of admiration, which is why Wang Mang was able to win the son of crossing.
03 Final Chapter
From Wang Mang's reforms, we can clearly appreciate Wang Mang's attempt to save the society that is about to collapse and eradicate the chronic diseases accumulated in society since the late Western Han Dynasty, and the original intention of many of Wang Mang's measures was to curb the unlimited expansion of the power of the nobility, to smooth the growing gap between the rich and the poor in society, and to strive for the welfare of the poor and the poor, so that Wang Mang was considered by the modern scholar Mr. Hu Shi to be the first socialist in China, but why did Wang Mang's reform end in failure, and the country was destroyed?
Reform is not a one-time process, nor is it a paper decree that changes overnight, it first requires broad public support, followed by gradual governance, and constant correction of fine-tuning. Broad public support lies in finding or cultivating an interest group that supports the continuous advancement of reform, Shang Martingale first entered the Qin State when it had no foundation, relying on the authority of Qin Xiaogong to suppress conservatives for a short time, the real promotion of the Shang Martingale Transformation Law is a growing military nobleman, for this reason Shang Martingale went deep into the grass-roots level of the Qin State for more than ten years of research, and it is precisely because of Shang Martingale's in-depth understanding of the national conditions of the Qin State that the success of the Shang Martingale Transformation Law has been created! Step-by-step governance lies in enhancing the people's recognition and adaptation, and the reform must ultimately be implemented to the people at the bottom, giving enough time for the people to accept and identify with the changes brought about by the reform, so as not to let the reform results be destroyed by those with ulterior motives. The fine-tuning of constant error correction and correction lies in cultivating the backbone of reform, the top-level design needs the middle bureaucracy as the skeleton, how to make the majority of the public opinion and the ideal of the minority into one, the key lies in the transmission of the middle forces, Wang Anshi changed the law, obviously it is the good government of the strong country and the rich people, but in the end it is reduced to the evil government of the people's resentment, the key lies in the lack of intermediate forces.
It is simple to say, but it is difficult to do, which is why reform has always been difficult, there are many losers, there are few successful people, not to mention the reform of many countries, even just the superior people pat their heads, a moment of inspiration, a big hand, a government order, the people's suffering who knows, how many people will care? Just as Wang Mang's reforms, the starting point is good, but Wang Mang does not have extensive public opinion surveys, second, he does not have the backbone of the reform, and he does not have a step-by-step administrative policy.
Most of the social problems, in the final analysis, are economic problems, Wang Mang's dynasty has declared the end of the dynasty from the moment the land reform and currency reform failed, any reform involving the vital interests of the people at the bottom should be cautious, the Qianshou people do not understand the national righteousness, can see only the immediate interests, which is why some countries oil prices rose by 8 cents, the subway rose by 3 cents, can trigger national turmoil. In today's world, with the impact of the epidemic, economic problems and the gap between the rich and the poor are becoming more and more prominent, and political turmoil caused by a few cents of reform may become more and more frequent.
A few cents of reform has triggered great turmoil, and it should be known that our democratically elected emperor single-mindedly serves the people, but in the end he ends up with a death and the destruction of the country. The world we live in is not peaceful, but we live in a country where the years are quiet, but I hope that this peace and security can last forever, and I hope that the country will be safe and the people will be safe, and the country will be strong and the people will be rich!
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