Chenghua porcelain on the inheritance of Yong Xuanxiong Jian essence, the next Kai Jia Wan painting fashion, the influence is very far-reaching. The Chenghua porcelain (especially the Doucai porcelain) products in the Ming Dynasty are exquisite and elegant, unparalleled in the world.
Chenghua porcelain in the Ming and Qing dynasty porcelain with its tire texture soft glutinous, white, delicate, in the glare of the flesh red; enamel white, fat, smooth and lustrous; the combination of type inheritance and innovation, to achieve small and beautiful; the production process from the blank to the tire repair, a knife and a style are all exquisite;
Painting realism is not lacking in the blend into the abstract artistic conception, qinghua is generally in the deliberate imported green material and domestic green material ratio trial stage, to achieve light and not floating, elegant and unclear calm in the fetal bone (blue and white hair color in the overall light and elegant case to see the proportion of imported green material and domestic green material in the use of green material ratio); Doucai is bright and vulgar, bright and vulgar; the old skills of the children's body, soft and rigid... Because of these characteristics, Chenghua porcelain is known as the "first form" in ancient porcelain in the past.
Most of the kiln products are collected by museums, and there are not many scattered folk, so the porcelain is cherished by collectors of ancient histories, so at the end of the Ming Dynasty, there was already a "cup and a pair, worth 100,000". Before there was no pastel, Doucai could best deserve the word "elegant". Chenghua Doucai can be said to be a popular item in the collection. Chenghua Doucai, as the master of Ming Dynasty official kiln porcelain, has always occupied an important position in the collection industry, especially hong Kong collector Liu Yiqian has auctioned the Chenghua Doucai Chicken Bowl Cup with more than two hundred million yuan, which has made Chenghua Doucai popular. However, Chenghua Doucai porcelain seems to be all over the streets overnight. So how to identify Chenghua Doucai porcelain?
No matter which dynasty of porcelain is identified, it is necessary to determine the raw and auxiliary materials and production processes and style characteristics used in its era according to its detailed characteristics, and then make a comprehensive judgment to determine whether it is genuine or imitation (of course, some experts first look at the overall, and then look at the detailed characteristics to determine, but this is only a matter of experience and habit, and does not affect the identification of a piece of porcelain). This article only discusses the role of the detailed characteristics of Chenghua Doucai in identifying Chenghua Doucai.
Ming Chenghua Doucai porcelain from the Jingdezhen Longzhuge Royal Factory strata excavated artifacts, Chengyao Doucai divided into early, middle and late periods, with the highest achievement in the late period. From the accumulation excavated from the fault of the site, it can be seen that its high-quality and exquisite utensils, that is, the kiln utensils praised by successive dynasties, mainly refer to the doucai and blue and white porcelain fired between the seventeenth and twenty-third years of Chenghua. The kiln fighting color of this period has created extremely brilliant achievements. The obvious craft characteristic of Chenghua Doucai porcelain is to inherit and carry forward the process of five-color porcelain in the Xuande period, but Chenghua Doucai is more adept at using the proportion of blue and white and the outline of underglaze blue and white on the basis of Xuande five colors, and then applies more colorful pigments, with novel ornaments, light and elegant colors and famous in the world.
First, look at the tire glaze
Because of the "texture of the white porcelain of the Chenghua official kiln and the white hardness of the Crown of the Ming Dynasty", the mouth edge is large and the bottom foot is deep, and it is very zhouzheng and does not see deformation. Such tire quality can withstand repeated tire repairs, so even if it is a thin tire, a little care can also feel the thickness to thinness of the mouth of the bottom of the instrument. Percussion of such an artifact, the sound of metal is clearer, longer and more pleasant than the sweet white sound of Song Ding and Yongle, and the thin tire is the characteristic of Chenghua Doucai and its obvious characteristics. Such a high-quality tire, all because the soil used is still macang soil, and it is the porcelain raw material "Buzi" that is proportionally mixed in the mud. The tire made of "no son" is soft and sticky, white and delicate, slightly transparent flesh red, and it is difficult to imitate in later generations.
Enamel fat, moist as gelatinous porcelain tire quality white, fine, dry; carcass is beautiful and thin, facing the light perspective is tooth yellow or flesh red; glaze color is slightly glittering blue, enamel fat, moist like gelatin, stroked like baby's skin, for the Chenghua official kiln ware unique style, this glaze color is also one of the important features of the identification of Ming Chenghua porcelain.
Second, look at the ornamentation
Chenghua Doucai's paintings are absolutely first-class. The layout is balanced in symmetry; The composition is thick and light, and the blank space is smooth. The "water-splitting" painting method that is so completed is different from Xuande's "mixed water" painting method. The lines are smooth, inheriting the pen and ink fun of the yuan painting; Spot dyeing is natural, which is different from the fine focus of Kangyong imitations. This kind of artistic effect benefits from the special staff of the painter. Chenghua official porcelain has a clear division of labor, each with its own ability, so every detail is very exquisite, taking the winding (folding) branches and flowers as an example, the performance of its stems and branches is slender and smooth, and the pen is natural. The one-breath rhyme runs through the entire pattern. A little careful observation can form a basis for identifying the kiln.
The ornamental lines of Chenghua Doucai are slender and soft, and the lines of the ornamentation of the Chenghua period are slender and soft with double-line outlining and coloring methods, and the filling method is more used for double-line outlining, the filling color is lighter, and the light and elegant state of blue and white is like a light song and dance, and the painting is flowing and elegant. Chenghua Doucai utensils are decorated with thick and light collocation, mainly flat paint, regardless of yin and yang, and the picture lacks a sense of layering. Flowers and character clothes are painted with flat painting, leaves and flowers have no yin and yang to the back, character clothes, only paint monochrome coat, no underwear to set off, so there is a "kiln a piece of clothing", the mountain stone also has no sense of bump. There is no shortage of artistic conceptions in painting realism that are blended into abstraction.
Third, look at the color material
Doucai is one of the more valuable kinds of colored porcelain in the Ming Dynasty, and the pigments used in its painting are also the top priority in identification. The pigments used in Chenghua Doucai have bright reds with or without light and oil reds with light, and they are almost opaque. The green colors are dark green and yellowish grass green, as well as light green, all of which are transparent, but to varying degrees. Yellow color mainly includes transparent apricot yellow and beeswax yellow, as well as opaque turmeric. Black color has said that it exists and says it does not exist.
The characteristics of it are: bright red, bright as blood, uneven thickness and thinness; goose yellow, delicate and transparent and shining green; apricot yellow, flashing reddish; aqua green, leaf green, mountain green, all transparent and glittering yellow; wax yellow, the color is slightly transparent; ochre purple dark; ginger yellow thick light is weak; purple, the color is thick and lightless, and the color of "purple" in the color is unique, the color is like red iron, the surface is dry and dull, and it is difficult for future generations to imitate, which can be described as a sign of the Chenghua generation.
Fourth, look at the falling money
During the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty, the official kiln porcelain models have two kinds of books, the "Daming Chenghua Year System" and the "Tian" characters, and there is no "Chenghua Year System" section, and only the Kaishu section, not the seal book section.
Chenghua style Fei Ming Dynasty Chenghua period official kiln porcelain model has two kinds of books "Daming Chenghua Year System" six characters and "Tian" characters, do not see the "Chenghua Year System" section, and only the Letter Book, not the Seal Book. The main asana of Chenghua Guanyao porcelain is the blue and white letter "Daming Chenghua Year System" Six-character double-line model surrounded by blue and white double circles or double square frames, and there are also a very few borderless columns. The collection can be sold to contact Yi Jiu, Lu Lu Jiu Wu 23 Wu Zero for consultation related matters. The landing position is mostly in the outsole of the utensils. In addition, there are six-character letters with blue-flowered material from right to left, which fall on the mouth of the plate or the inner edge of the foot of the goblet, and the other colored porcelain is a blue-and-white model. It is characterized by a deep font and no floating feeling. The penmanship is vigorous and powerful, the center is moving the pen, the pen is thick, the font is fat, so there is a saying of "Chenghua fat".
The chenghua doucai style literacy body is not strict and standardized, it seems to be written by children, and it is full of childishness, and the blueprint of the Chenghua official kiln style seems to be from the hand of one person, and it is also unattainable by the imitation of successive generations. The late Ancient Ceramics Expert Mr. Sun Yingzhou summed up the chenghua style knowledge, composing a song recipe "the big character tip round head is not high, and the adult word is hard until the waist." The character man flattens the head, and the character-making clothes are less than the knife. Tomorrow narrow flat year should be enlightened, into three nods and shoulders waist. That is to say, the upper end of the second stroke of the "big" character in the style has a sharp point and a circle, and the head is not very high; the fifth stroke of the "Cheng" character is straight and stiff; the left side of the "Hua" character is almost flat next to the single person and the upper end of the right "dagger"; the "clothing" word in the lower half of the "system" word generally does not cross the right side of the vertical knife; the "day" on the left side of the "Ming" character is mostly narrow and wide or the same as the top and bottom; the point of the last stroke of the "Cheng" character is above the horizontal, some points are in the flat part with the horizontal, and some points are below the horizontal, but the point is more common in the part that is flat with the horizontal There is also a point of not having the word "cheng".