Recently, when I had nothing to do, I turned to the TV series I had watched before, "The Young Marshal", and watched it again. The role of Zhang Zuolin is vividly presented in front of the eyes under the precise grasp of teacher Li Xuejian. The phrase "Mother is a bazi" shows zhang Zuolin, who was born in Xiangma, with no doubt; "The jianghu is not fighting, killing, but the sophistication of people", which also highlights the unfathomable city government of this marshal; "As long as I win the battle, I Zhang Zuolin can give anything except his wife" and jumps to the screen with his "skill" of governing the army. It's a perfect rendition.
Although this is only a film and television work, under the writing of the pen of history, Zhang Zuolin relies on his wisdom and wisdom to brilliantly show every step of his "strategy" to achieve the hegemony of the northeast king.
From bandit leader to official leader, Zhang Zuolin only took ten years
Zhang Zuolin was in the third line of the family, and was once a well-off family that did not worry about eating and drinking, but he was gambled by his father to run out of the family business, and because of the gambling debt dispute, his father was clicked and kicked his legs and died. Later, he married an honest veterinarian with his mother, and the stepfather was extremely fond of Zhang Zuolin, who was smarter than his two waste brothers above him. His stepfather taught him the craft of healing with one hand, and it was this unique skill that added a lot of weight to his later addition to the Green Forest.
In 1896 (the twenty-second year of Guangxu), he was introduced to dong dahu's bandit nest by his brother Feng Delin as a bandit, because he would treat the sick, and Zhang Xiaozi (Zhang Zuolin's nickname) was favored by Dong Dahu and entrusted all the grocery affairs in the gang to him. Don't look at Zhang Zuolin is not tall, but he will especially come to things, the bandits can talk to him, and he will also use some small favors to win people's hearts. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, bandits in the northeast were rampant, and bandits competed with each other for food, and it became common for bandits to fight and kill each other. Unexpectedly, Zhang Xiaozi managed one set after another, and the war was also unambiguous, often giving advice and grabbing a lot of territory. By 1900 (guangxu twenty-six years), he had a band of bandits of his own, in charge of the territory of more than twenty villages.
With his own acres and three points of land, Zhang Zuolin, unlike other bandits, claimed to be a security team under the banner of "protecting the border and the people", strictly controlled his own people to fight and rob houses in the territory, and repeatedly stood up for the people to fight against other bandits. At this time, many nearby villages were willing to be placed in his sphere of influence, and Zhang's small territory continued to expand. In the local area, he practiced "protecting the border and the people", but outside he was a heinous bandit, not only robbing property, but also killing people and goods, even the Russians and Japanese were robbed and killed by him.
Don't look at Zhang Zuolin as a bandit leader who has never seen anything in the world, but he also has a clever brain to judge the situation. In 1902 (the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu), Zhang Zuolin and his brothers accepted the Qing government's recruitment and became a veritable "national army." "Although it was eaten with imperial grain, it was not worthy of the name, and the grain was almost never obtained, only in exchange for the name of a Qing army." In 1904 (the thirty years of Guangxu), the Russo-Japanese War broke out in the northeast, and the weakness and incompetence of the late Qing government could not stop the two powers from fighting on Chinese soil, and could only watch from the sidelines. Zhang Zuolin believes that this is a good time for him to develop his own forces. So he got in touch with the Russians and began to help the Russians deal with the Japanese. The Russians were very happy to have such a bandit leader who was familiar with the local customs and geographical environment to help themselves, so they gave Zhang Zuolin a lot of materials and special rights, and Zhang Zuolin took this opportunity to develop and strengthen his own strength. Later, the Russians found that Zhang Zuolin was secretly plundering a lot of Russian materials and began to suppress Zhang Zuolin, but Zhang Zuolin threw himself into the Japanese side, helping the Japanese to create a lot of trouble for the Russians, and the Japanese also provided Zhang Zuolin with a lot of weapons and equipment. From Zhang Zuolin's style of conduct, it is not difficult to see that the set of skilled means he used between Japan and Russia to "develop himself by means of force" is enough to show his "cleverness" and wisdom. In 1906 (the 32nd year of Guangxu), as Zhang Zuolin's power grew, he was appointed by the Qing Dynasty general Zhao Erxun as the commander of the fifth battalion (equivalent to today's regimental commander). The following year, Xu Shichang was promoted to brigade commander by Xu Shichang, and the real starting point of Zhang Xiaozi's brilliant life had arrived.
Zhang Zuolin commanded the army to neglect wealth, believing that where there are soldiers, there is the world.
Zhang Zuolin's troops were different from the others, others were drinking the blood of the soldiers and eating empty pay, and a large amount of silver was fished out of their arms. However, Zhang Zuolin never made up his mind on his own soldiers, and he would not withhold the silver money of his subordinate officers, not only would he not withhold, but he would often take out money from his own feng lu to distribute to his subordinates, especially after winning the battle and getting rewards, he always let his subordinates take first, and he was the last to take it. Every time before the army went to battle, he always spoke to his subordinates as vulgar as the country slang, and the colloquial language of a hung on his mouth from beginning to end, and those Qiu Bazi still liked his rude bird language, and it was refreshing to hear it.
In the northeast of the country, Zhang Zuolin began to lead his old squad troops for a long time, undertaking the thankless work of suppressing bandits that no one else was willing to do, which was again the shrewdness of Zhang's small man. With his experience as a bandit, he constantly reorganized the bandits in the mountains into his own team, which could not only obtain military resources, but also collect the looted property of the bandits for private use. Over the past few years, Zhang Zuolin's team has grown a lot. In that era of social turmoil and unstable swords and soldiers, only soldiers have the right to speak, and Zhang Zuolin has deeply understood.
In 1911 (three years after the declaration of reunification), the cannons of the Xinhai Revolution were fired in Wuchang, and the whole country responded positively, and the call for the abolition of the feudal monarchy became louder and louder. At this time, Zhang Zuolin felt that his opportunity to go to a higher level had come. In the name of rebelling against the rebel party, he quickly led his army into Fengtian (present-day Shenyang), which greatly moved Zhao Erxun, who was the governor of the three eastern provinces at the time, and handed over all 15 battalions of troops to Zhang Zuolin's rule, and Zhang Xiaozi was grinning so much that his mouth was grinning at the back of his head. He was secretly proud of his move, and effortlessly increased the strength of ten more battalions.
Of course, Zhang Zuolin's entry into Fengtian was not a bluff, he hunted down and expelled revolutionaries in the city, and even killed many revolutionaries, including Zhang Rong. It was this series of actions of his that was strongly praised by the late Qing government, which not only promoted him to the position of commander of the 24 towns (equivalent to today's division commander), but also handed over all the military and political power in Fengtian to him, and even gave him the special right to train and transfer troops outside Guanwai alone, laying a military foundation for him to later become the hegemon of the northeast. Unfortunately, the late Qing dynasty was already terminally ill and soon perished. Yuan Shikai appeared on the scene, and after being elected provisional president, Yuan Shikai first rewarded those local officials who held military power, and Zhang Zuolin awarded the rank of lieutenant general as the commander of the 27th Division of the National Army. Zhang Xiaozi already knew this result, what was wrong with his opposition to the republic? What happened to the killing of revolutionaries? As long as there are soldiers in hand, no matter who sits in the position of the president, they must take care of themselves. Dynasties can change, but the generals of the generals do not dare to move me.
Although Zhang Zuolin had some confidence, he knew very well that compared with Yuan Shikai, this little soldier under his command was really a bit of a witch, and the entire mantle of Beiyang was in the hands of Yuan Shikai, in case he really offended the great president and secretly colluded with other forces outside guanwai, it was really enough to eat a pot of his own, and he could not be careless.
After Yuan Shikai became the president, the Beiyang government became the only legitimate government recognized by the international community in China, and Zhang Zuolin called Yuan Shikai at the first time to congratulate him, and at the same time expressed loyalty to Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai had already heard of this borrowing trick used by Zhang Xiaozi, who was born as a horse bandit outside Guanwai, so Zhang Zuolin's loyalty did not make Yuan Shikai dispel his guard. He invited Zhang Zuolin to Beijing to talk in person, so as to test zhang's small man's courage. If you dare to explain that there is still some frankness in his words, otherwise it is another matter, and you can use this to eliminate dissidents and cultivate confidants to govern the outside world.
At the banquet, Yuan Shikai smiled and asked Zhang Zuolin if he wanted territory or an army, and Zhang Zuolin replied: Old Zhang likes money.
President Yuan Da's invitation made Zhang Zuolin hesitate for a long time, and after consulting with his brothers, he decided to go to Beijing, "Mother, I can't bear to let the child not be able to trap the wolf." Zhang Zuolin waved his big hand and set it down like this.
At the Beijing Presidential Palace, Yuan Shikai specially set up a banquet to entertain Zhang Zuolin, who had come from the northeast, and after pushing the cups and changing the cups, Yuan Shikai asked with a smile: "Yuting, now you are also a big member of the wind and rain side in the northeast, and now that you have republiced, do you plan to do the territory or the army in the future, I, the great president, will certainly be satisfied with you." Zhang Zuolin, who was drinking with great interest, was frightened into a cold sweat by Yuan Shikai's questioning. He quickly rolled over and fell to his knees: "Big President, Yuting is a rough man from a horse bandit background, half a life of poverty and fear, no territory army, I have never thought, as long as I can have a house and a house to be a rich rich man in this life, I will be satisfied." In fact, zhang Zuolin had already calculated in his heart before he came back, and the big president was most worried about what he liked the most. After saying that, he pretended to salivate over Yuan Shikai's gold watch and said: "This gold watch of the Great President has never been seen in Yuting, and I don't know which watch house can make such a gorgeous and dazzling good product." "Saying that his eyes are dead staring at the gold watch is extremely unwilling. Yuan Shikai was amused by Zhang Zuolin's appearance, and immediately gave this gold watch to Zhang Zuolin. At this moment, a stone fell to the ground in President Yuan Da's heart, a person who loves money as much as his life, and his political ambitions can be great there. On the way back to the northeast, Zhang Xiaozi's proud opponent said: If you have a mother, the territory, the army, and the silver Lao Tzu will all want.
Although Zhang Zuolin repeatedly expressed loyalty to Yuan Shikai, Yuan Shikai never regarded him as his confidant. In 1914, Zhang Zuolin wanted to seek the position of Fengtian Overseer who could control the three northeastern provinces, and through his connections in Beijing, Yuan Shikai finally gave this position to Zhang Xiluan, which made Zhang Xiluan scold Yuan Shikai in his own palace, and most of the silver had been replied to by Beijing, but it turned out to be a surprise reversal for him.
Scolding, superficial articles still have to be done enough, after all, the army under President Yuan Da's army is not eating dry food. In 1915, Yuan Shikai signed the Minsi Treaty with Japan, in which the Manchu-Mongolian Treaty touched Zhang Zuolin's interests. Zhang Zuolin was very dissatisfied with this, but there was nothing he could do, the Beiyang government was a legitimate government, and the warlords in his local area could not do anything about it, but he did not let go of the opportunity to increase his strength, and if Japan wanted to get its own benefits, it also had to buy Zhang Zuolin's account. Obviously, since the later period when Japan was in the northeast colonial zone, it has given a lot of military assistance to the Northeast Army, which is not unrelated to this.
In 1916, Yuan Shikai's position as president had made him unable to meet his strong imperial ambitions and began to manipulate the restoration of the imperial system, which was strongly criticized throughout the country, and Sun Yat-sen shouted to start the "Defend the Country and Seek Yuan" movement, and all localities responded. Zhang Zuolin, however, did the opposite, and for the first time expressed his support for Yuan Shikai's "speed and righteousness", and Yuan Shikai was moved to immediately award Zhang Zuolin the title of second-class viscount. However, President Yuan Da's yellow robe and body were not yet hot and he whimpered and mourned. The era of chaotic wars and warlords has come.
Zhang Zuolin's "fengren rule" achieved the hegemony of the northeast king, and Guo Songling rebelled against the feng, almost making Zhang Zuolin's merits fail.
From 1917 to 1927, Chinese society entered the darkest period of warlord melee in a decade of displacement and mourning.
After Yuan Shikai's death, Li Yuanhong succeeded him as president, and after he took office, he promoted Zhang Zuolin to the post of Fengtian Overseer and Governor. This made the commander of the 28th Division, his nobleman Feng Delin, extremely angry, and repeatedly caused trouble for Zhang Zuolin's 27th Division in Fengtian, and even had several bloody incidents of soldiers and soldiers, and Feng Delin took this opportunity to constantly ask Zhang Zuolin for explanations. Zhang Xiaozi lowered his eyebrows and gave Feng Delin a hard compensation, and also took out silver money to compensate Feng Delin, Feng Delin was higher than Zhang Zuolin in Fengtian The news was flying all over the sky, but this Zhang Xiaozi did not care at all, he emphasized his life motto in public: Jianghu is not to fight and kill, the jianghu is human. His retreat made Feng Delin out of the limelight, so much so that when the 27th Division of Fengtian City encountered the 28th Division, they actively avoided each other.
In 1917, Feng Delin participated in Zhang Xun's failed restoration and was imprisoned, Zhang Xiaozi finally took action, he controlled the command system of the 28th Division for the first time, and used the power and money in his hands to bribe a large number of officers of the 28th Division, and finally all of them were in his own hands, and then he rescued Feng Delin from prison through relationship dredging, and returned to Feng Delin to see that his 28th Division was already a thing, and finally he retired with a sigh. The most important military force in the northeast had all fallen into the pocket of Zhang Xiaozi. After that, Zhang Zuolin reused his old team brothers to control various important regions and vigorously promoted the strategy of "serving people and governing", and the northeast King's hegemony was completed. The northeast was stable, and Zhang Zuolin's gaze began to move to guanwai.
Among the major warlords at that time, the Fengjun was the most powerful army, and it was located outside the Guanxi and far away from the disputes inside the Guanxi, so when the domestic warlords were in a scuffle, the Fengjun became the object of all parties to win over. Wandering in this confusing web, Zhang Zuolin has the unique insight to choose a more favorable position for himself and wait for the opportunity.
In 1918, when the tension between Zhi-Anhui and Anhui was about to break out, Xu Shuzheng, who supported the Anhui clan, sent Zhang Zuolin the secret information of the 40 million arms purchased by the direct clan from Japan, and Zhang Zuolin ordered the troops to transport the weapons back to the northeast at Beidaihe, equipped with 7 mixed brigades, and then fought a war with the Anhui clan to win a great victory. It was also this victory that made Zhang Zuolin's ambition to plot against Guannei begin to expand. Two years later, the difference in interests made Zhang Zuolin begin to help the direct family deal with the Anhui clan again, and after the victory, the Zhifeng coalition army met each other in terms of interests. In 1922, Zhang Zuolin returned from a major defeat in the first Zhifeng War, and the turtle shrank outside the Guanwai to recuperate. Three years later, the King of Northeast China made a comeback, and zhang Zuolin defeated Wu Peifu in the Second Great Battle of Feng, and the army had reached eastern Jiangsu. At this time, Zhang's small life reached its peak, and most of China was under his control. Just when he was full of energy, Guo Songling rebelled, making all this disappear in an instant.
Guo Songling was one of the most prestigious generals of the Northeast Army, and his troops were the absolute main force of the Northeast Army during the warlord melee, and Guo Songling's troops played an extremely important and key role in the two major wars with Wu Peifu's direct family. In October 1925, after the end of the Second World War, Guo Songling was ordered to go to Japan to observe the exercises, during which he was contacted by Japanese staff headquarters personnel, claiming that Zhang Zuolin had promised to sign a secret treaty with Japan based on the "Twenty-one Articles" in exchange for Japan's military assistance to the Northeast Army, which made Guo Songling extremely angry. Under the influence of his wife Han Shuxiu, Guo Songling became increasingly disgusted with Zhang Zuolin's dark rule that "the state and society are all private weapons". After returning from Japan, Guo Songling contacted Feng Yuxiang to raise an army in November, and Zhang Zuolin never dreamed that Guo Songling, who was extremely important, would betray him. Under the blows of Guo Songling's 70,000 troops, the Northeast Army was defeated all the way from Shanhaiguan to the Mighty River south of Fengtian, and Zhang Zuolin, in despair, asked Japan for help and made verbal concessions to Japan in the northeast. The Japanese Kwantung Army sent troops to fight with Guo Songling's 3rd Army, the Japanese army used air power to carry out air raids on Guo Songling's troops, Guo Songling's troops were defeated, the rear road was cut off by the Northeast Army from Heilongjiang, guo Songling, who was attacked on the back of the abdomen, failed to raise troops, and was later captured by the Northeast Army, Zhang Zuolin ordered that Guo Songling and his wife be executed immediately. The losses caused by this internal defection were huge, and Zhang Zuolin was once seriously injured.
"I am the master of my territory" Zhang Zuolin toyed with the Japanese in the palm of his hand, embarrassed and angry, the Japanese army made a bomb attack, and Zhang Zuolin killed the emperor Gutun.
If Zhang Zuolin's experience of coming all the way from banditry to eventually becoming the king of The Northeast is despicable by using all shady means, then his "rogue and inferior" in dealing with the Japanese is admirable; on the major issue of principle of safeguarding territorial sovereignty, Zhang Zuolin did not compromise or yield, and he embodied his wisdom and domineering spirit in negotiations with Japan, at least earning dignity for Chinese.
In Japan's national policy on the Indochina Plan, the complete separation of Manchuria and Mongolia from the Chinese map was the most important task in Japan's plan, and in order to achieve this goal, any major activities carried out by Japan in Tohoku revolved around this purpose. If we can achieve results from Zhang Zuolin, there will never be anything wrong with the later Puyi Emperor. From the moment Zhang Zuolin's power grew stronger in the northeast, Japan began to shift the target of support from Duan Qirui to Zhang Zuolin, and in the continuous campaign to suppress bandits and compete for interests, Zhang Zuolin's finances, armaments, and local economy had reached the point of exhaustion. Japan took the initiative to propose loans and weapons and equipment assistance to Zhang Zuolin at the right time, and the ultimate goal of Japan's overtures was seen through by Zhang Zuolin, but Zhang Zuolin did not refuse, he accepted the kindness of the Japanese, and also showed a strong intention to cooperate, which gave the Japanese an illusion: Zhang Zuolin, a small man from a bandit, was a person who was easily impressed by material things, and Japan just needed such a partner who "had no vision and loved money" the most. As Zhang Zuolin's northeast army became more and more powerful, Zhang Xiaozi showed more humility and pleasure in front of the Japanese, and any matter was easy to solve, but the Japanese gradually found that none of the matters promised and promised were implemented, but there was a lot of resistance. In the past few years, the silver of the white flowers thrown by the Japanese on Zhang Zuolin's body has reached 260 million yen, and the military equipment has more than 70 million yen, but not even a splash has been seen. He was needed to help resolve the major issue of Mongolian autonomy, and the Japanese not only did not receive support, but were repeatedly constrained and obstructed by the Northeast Army.
The Japanese felt that Zhang Zuolin had played himself, and Zhang Zuolin said to a group of confidants in his own Marshal's Mansion: If you want to get a piece of dirt from the hands of Old Zhang, Little Japan should not do his grandmother's Spring and Autumn dream, a bastard, Old Zhang is a tiger, with a tiger..... scheme..... Don't even think about that skin. Some of his henchmen asked, "Will he give us firearms after that?" "Yes, why not!" It is time to honor Lao Tzu. This is Zhang Zuolin's "rogue" means, is it very relieving? In 1925, after receiving another assurance from Zhang Zuolin, the Japanese Kwantung Army sent troops to help Zhang Zuolin defeat Guo Songling's rebellion, thinking that this time he could fulfill his promise, but he did not expect that Zhang Xiaozi was humming in front of the Japanese representatives, and he said two hours of nonsense, and finally simply ran to Guannei to listen to small songs with "busy military affairs". The Japanese people jumped to their feet and scolded: Eight Grid Tooth Road.
In fact, for the Japanese, Zhang Zuolin's most handy method is to "treat his body in the way of others." In 1902, when the republic had not yet been implemented, Zhang Zuolin led troops to garrison Xinmin, and Xinmin also had Japanese troops stationed at that time. Once, in the street Zhang Zuolin's patrol battalion clashed with the Japanese army, two soldiers were killed by the Japanese army, Zhang Zuolin negotiated with the Japanese army to ask the Japanese army to hand over the murderer to the law on the spot, but the Japanese army refused to hand over the murderer, only promised to compensate 1,000 taels of silver, Zhang Zuolin did not say a word to pick up the silver and go away. The next day, at the behest of Zhang Zuolin, his soldiers beheaded three Japanese soldiers in the street, and the Japanese army came to the camp to demand that Zhang Zuolin hand over the killing Qing army, zhang Zuolin pointed to the 1500 taels of silver on the table and said: "According to your Japanese rules, 1500 taels of silver for three people have been prepared for you." "The Japanese ended up slipping away.
After Zhang Zuolin took charge of the northeast, the economic situation in the northeast at that time was very bad, and the reason that directly affected the economic development of the northeast was the traffic problem of the railway and the port. After the Russo-Japanese War, the two countries were bounded by Changchun, the Middle East Railway to the north was in the hands of the Russians, and the South Manchuria Railway to the south was controlled by the Japanese. According to the railway treaty, the owner of the right of way has "the right to mine, the right to operate industry and commerce, the right to transport the army, the right to tax goods, and the administrative right near the railway on both sides of the railway, and it is this hegemonic treaty that restricts the economic development of the northeast." From 1912 to 1928, Mantetsu built seven more railway lines in the northeast, namely Yoshinaga, Jidun, Sito, Taoang, Jinfu, Tiantu and Xicheng Railway.
In view of the actual situation in the northeast, Zhang Zuolin established the "Transportation Committee of the Three Eastern Provinces" in 1924 and began to build a completely independent Northeast Railway, which caused strong dissatisfaction in Japan. In accordance with the Sino-Japanese Manchuria Treaty on the Aftermath, Japan lodged a solemn protest against Zhang Zuolin, but Zhang Zuolin directly ignored him and ignored him. At the same time, in response to the Japanese-controlled ports of Lushun and Dalian, they built their own ports in the northeast of Yingkou, all of which had the meaning of obviously resembling Japan's callout, which greatly annoyed the Japanese Kwantung Army.
Before this was over, Zhang Zuolin provoked public opinion to launch the "anti-Japanese road protection" movement, which stimulated the strong national consciousness of the people in the northeast and greatly reduced the Japanese people's intention to expand wantonly in the northeast. In this regard, Zhang Zuolin said bluntly: Little Japan has more than 13,000 troops stationed in the northeast, and our northeast army has 300,000 troops. In the years when Zhang Zuolin was in charge of the northeast, the economic development of the northeast ranked among the best in the country. At that time, Zhang Xiaozi had completely escaped the rat-eyed light of a bandit and became a prince with far-reaching vision.
Japan has clearly felt the enormous pressure brought about by Zhang Zuolin's administration, and if it is not stopped by extraordinary means, the future northeast will not allow Japan to gain an inch of foothold. Therefore, within the Kwantung Army, he began to plan an assassination plan to eliminate Zhang Zuolin.
On June 4, 1928, under the planning of the Japanese Kwantung Army Itagaki Seishiro, Kono Daisaku and Ishihara Guan'er, the Huanggutun Incident was created in Huanggutun that shocked China and foreign countries, and Zhang Zuolin was killed by bombing. After his eldest son Zhang Xueliang took over the Northeast Army, he announced in 1930 that he would change his name and submit to the Republic of China. In 1931, Japan launched the September 18 Incident, and the northeast fell under the iron hooves of Japan.