Recalling some dynasties in ancient China, they are often evaluated as hegemonic Qin, strong Han, Sheng Tang, and Fu Song. Regarding the Song Dynasty, it was a dynasty with a very special status.
During this period of history, commercial development reached its peak, and even paper money appeared- Jiaozi. In the ancient feudal dynasty, it was very common to emphasize agriculture and suppress commerce, but in the Song Dynasty, it was a prosperous era of commodity economy and cultural development in China's ancient history.
Looking back, the Song Dynasty was divided into two stages, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, which was founded in 960 AD and continued for 319 years, and finally overthrown by Kublai Khan and established the Yuan Dynasty.
Speaking of such a situation, one of the events that is indispensable is the "Jingkang Change", which led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty and the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty.
This was a great shame for the emperors, ministers and common people of the dynasty, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to wash away this shame, the Southern Song people chose to violently retaliate against the Jin Dynasty. Today, let's talk about the story of this.
The political economy and culture of the Song Dynasty
After 960, the generals of the Later Zhou Dynasty launched the "Chen Qiao Mutiny", which led to Zhao Kuangyin being proclaimed emperor by his subordinates, and the Song Dynasty was established from then on.
Although Zhao Kuangyin became emperor, because it was the people around him who put him on the throne of the emperor like a duck on the shelf, in order to avoid the world falling into the phenomenon of the late Tang Dynasty being divided into eunuch monopolies.
Therefore, he adopted the method of "releasing the power of the army with a cup of wine", took the world's soldiers and horses into his own hands, and adopted the policy of "emphasizing literature over military force". In this way, the status of the literati was greatly enhanced, and Confucianism entered a period of high development.
The commercial development and prosperity of the Song Dynasty was a point that had not been reached by previous dynasties and dynasties, and whether it was agriculture, silk weaving, printing, and papermaking, there was a rapid development in this period. In addition, it has also developed overseas trade and built countless large ships for trade in more than 50 countries overseas.
Since the Song Dynasty did not deal much of a blow to commerce like other dynasties, although the status of merchants was still low, it had improved greatly. At the same time, in some areas, in order to facilitate commercial trade, there have also been jiaozi, which is also the earliest paper money in the historical period of our country.
In modern times, some relevant scholars have studied the economy of the Song Dynasty and found that the economy of the Song Dynasty accounted for more than 1/5 of the total world economy at that time. As for culture, the revival of Confucianism also produced Neo-Confucianism, which is also often referred to in modern times as "science".
At that time, the court of the Song Dynasty also promoted the in-depth exchange of the three schools of Confucianism and Buddhism, and completed the Ancient Literature Movement. As for the literati and inkers who appeared at that time, among the eight masters of the Tang and Song dynasties, the Song people accounted for six, and the poetry and prose were brilliant. Many famous people are Song people, such as Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Sansu, Fan Zhongyan, Yang Wanli, Lu You and so on.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Su Shi's prose was widely disseminated, when people evaluated it as "Su Wen cooked, eat mutton; Su Wensheng, eat vegetable soup", until today, Su Rui's "Water Tune Song Head" is still one of the ancient poems that middle school students must memorize.
The change of Jing kang, the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty
However, such a powerful and powerful Northern Song Dynasty, a prosperous and rich world center, was defeated by a small nomadic people. Looking at the territory at that time, the Jin Kingdom was located in the northeast of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Jurchens belonged to the nomadic people, mostly living for water and grass, and the animal husbandry was developed.
Although they often migrate, as a people on horseback, this also makes the Jurchens physically strong, and they have long been eyeing the wealthy Northern Song Dynasty, thinking that the Northern Song Dynasty is like a piece of good fat meat, and sooner or later one day they will bite this piece of meat into their mouths.
In the second year of Jing Kang, that is, in 1127 AD, the Jin Dynasty went south to capture the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo, now Kaifeng, and abducted Emperor Huizong of Song and Emperor Qinzong of Song, which also completely led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. When the Northern Song Dynasty fell, the capital of the Song Dynasty was also captured, and the Jin people who did nothing wrong burned and plundered.
Whether it is gold and silver jewelry, poetry and classics, or princes and nobles, skilled craftsmen, they were plundered by these fierce gold people to saiwai, so the Song Dynasty had to choose to move south. After the Jingkang Revolution, the Song Dynasty lost the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, which also meant losing a large area of good land.
Due to the lack of land, the taxation of agriculture has been reduced, so the original development of agriculture has been changed to the development of industry and commerce, thus promoting the rapid development of the commodity economy.
Although the political, economic, and cultural centers moved southward and the country was slowly re-established, the shame of Jingkang has always been remembered. Among them is particularly famous"Jing Kang shame, Yu Wei Xue, courtier hate, when to extinguish!" This is what Yue Fei, a famous anti-Jin general of the Southern Song Dynasty, said.
He was not only talented in poetry, but also militarily. Since Yue Fei, who was loyal to the country, joined the army at the age of 20, he has participated in hundreds of battles large and small.
At that time, the Yue family's army was very famous, so that as soon as the enemy heard Yue Fei's name, he was frightened. Under the leadership of Yue Fei, the Yue family army has recovered many lost lands, but unfortunately was later framed by Qin Ju at that time, and died at the hands of adulterers before he was 40 years old.
Lie down and taste the guts and fight back against the Jurchens
All in all, the "shame of Jingkang" is the hatred engraved in the bones of every Song Dynasty people, this kind of bloody deep hatred can never be forgotten, when the city of Kaifeng was destroyed, the Jin people committed heinous crimes, and the entire capital city was a river of blood and fire.
This hatred made the Song people eager to drink their blood raw and eat their flesh and blood—the heroes were hungry for food and, laughing and talking about thirsting for the blood of the Huns. To this end, the Southern Song Dynasty silently accumulated its own strength and cultivated obscurity.
A hundred years after this "Jingkang Revolution", the national strength of the Jin Dynasty gradually began to decline, the economy began to decline, and the Mongols at that time also invaded the Jin Kingdom, among which the emperor of the Jin Dynasty was killed by the Mongol Genghis Khan in the "Battle of Yeguling".
Just as the so-called beating of the falling water dog, taking advantage of his illness and wanting his life, the Southern Song Dynasty seized this opportunity very well and carried out a major counterattack. At that time, the Southern Song Emperor Song Lizong sent an army to launch a war against the Jin State, and united with the Mongol State to attack the Jin State on both sides.
The battle lasted for a whole year, and the JinGuo, which was trapped in the capital, gradually reduced its food, and without any resource replenishment, the mood of the soldiers continued to decline, reaching the point of collapse.
In this regard, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Mongols launched a psychological offensive against it, cooking outside the city wall, and the rich aroma of meat made the Jin people completely collapse, and finally chose Kaesong to surrender.
After the defeat of the Jin Dynasty, the Jurchens in Han China plummeted from 7 million to 100,000, almost suffering from the disaster of extinction, which was quite a sad ending!
When Emperor Aizong of Jin hanged himself, his chancellor Zhang Tiangang said when he was captured: "The rise and fall of a country is not a substitute for it." My death of Jin, how is it better than the Second Emperor of Ru? "Nakedly humiliated the Second Emperor Hui Qin."
Whether it was the Jin Dynasty that destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Mongol Kingdom that destroyed the Jin Dynasty, and later the Southern Song Dynasty was overthrown by the Yuan Dynasty. This all reflects the "general trend of the world, and it will be divided for a long time, and it will be divided for a long time."
However, the rise and fall of a dynasty, the most hurt is the people, the so-called "prosperity, the people suffer, death, the people suffer."
From this, it can better reflect the importance of peace, more grateful to be born in the current China, grateful for the strength of the motherland to have our beautiful today, because in the international community only strong will not be bullied, backward will be beaten.