1.
To go to the Liuli Factory, you have to go around the front door and xuanwu gate
In previous lectures, I have successively presented Liu Bingzhong, the designer and construction commander of the Yuan Dynasty, Ruan An, the greatest hero of the construction of Beijing City during the Ming Dynasty and the Vietnamese eunuch, Yu Qian, the great hero of the defense of Beijing during the Ming Dynasty, Chen Gui, the general person in charge of the construction of the outer city of Beijing during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, and Chen Gui, who gave his life to the construction of the outer city of Beijing, and Mr. Zhu Qizhao was introduced in the previous issues. The first four are all heroes who built the city of Beijing or defended the city of Beijing, except for Zhu Qizhao, who demolished five urns in the inner city during his reign in Beijing, but he demolished the Zhengyangmen Urn City to ease traffic, and the other four urns to build Beijing's ring railway. In China's modern and contemporary history, Mr. Zhu Qizhao made scientific planning and the largest transformation of the old city of Beijing for the first time, making the changes in Beijing city a classic in the history of modern urban planning. Everyone respects Mr. Zhu Qizhao as the first person in the history of urban construction in modern Beijing, and we should not forget this great hero who has worked hard for the development of Beijing City. During Yuan Shikai's reign, there was also a need to "tear down the city wall and build a city gate" in Beijing. In the late Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty government, the imperial court was stretched thin on the supply of money and grain to the flag people living in the capital every quarter, and the amount of money and grain distributed was greatly reduced, and when the Qing Dynasty government collapsed in 1911, the supply was completely cut off. Since the Manchus of the Qing Dynasty entered Beijing, the imperial court did not allow the flag people to work and do business, they could only serve as soldiers, officials, or serve the imperial court, and later when the imperial court could not issue the qilu on time, they allowed the flag people to support themselves, but the flag people were idle and unable to support themselves, and the flag people lost the economic resources of family life. In the government there are errands to do, or learn a little craft, but also to make up for the family to support, the family has the economic strength can also be through the rental of housing, commonly known as eating tiles, or by spending the family's savings, and the original has no family foundation, there is no skill, can only look up to the sky and sigh. Some younger people, go out to sell coolies to people, old, have to rely on some valuable objects in the seller, including antique calligraphy and paintings, etc. to live a life, the family has savings, sit and eat the mountain, but also have to rely on the objects in the seller to live, at that time the Eight Flags family sold valuable antique calligraphy and paintings and other things, generally go to Beijing Nancheng Liuli Factory.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the official kiln was opened here, which was an official kiln for firing glazed tiles, especially in the Ming Dynasty when the Forbidden City was built, because of the construction of the palace, the scale of firing various glass products was expanded, and the glass factory was listed as one of the five major factories of the Ministry of Works of the Imperial Court at that time.
Since The ming jiajing 32 years (1553) to build the outer city, here into the city, the city is not suitable for kilns, and the Forbidden City has been built, usually is the repair of things, the amount of glass products greatly reduced, so the imperial court moved the glass factory to the Yuan Dynasty began to burn glass products for the imperial court Mentougou Glass Canal, but the name of "Glass Factory" is retained, passed down to this day.
The business of antique calligraphy and painting in Liulichang originated in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. At that time, most of the people from all over the world who came to Beijing to take the imperial examination lived in this area, so there were more shops selling books, pens, ink, paper and stones, forming a strong cultural atmosphere. Later, in the late Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the official for the safety of the imperial palace, in order to reduce the idle personnel in the inner city, the imperial court will move some bookstores in the inner city to here, the cultural atmosphere of the Liulichang is even stronger, Liulichang has many famous old stores, such as Rongbaozhai, QingBige, Ancient Art Zhai, Ruicheng Zhai, Cuiwen Pavilion, Yide Pavilion, etc., as well as China's largest antique bookstore China Bookstore, as well as the original three major bookstores of Xiliulichang - the Commercial Press, Zhonghua Bookstore, world bookstore, there are many font names have been passed down to this day, At that time, Liulichang had many shops and the business of acquiring antique calligraphy and paintings, and it was also very famous in Beijing.
Liulichang East Street, photographed from west to east in 1930
Baoren Bookstore in LiuliChang during the Republic of China period
An antique shop in Liulichang during the Republic of China
Liulichang old book stall
Now the Glass Factory
Just before and after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, more and more people from the Qiren's families went to the Liuli Factory to sell antique calligraphy and paintings, but the Eight Flags people basically lived in the inner city of Beijing. At that time, the southern city wall of Beijing's inner city was still there, and there was no opening of the door of the Peace Gate, so to go from the inner city to the Liulichang, you could only go west out of Xuanwu Gate, or go east out of zhengyang Gate, and then turn to the street of Liulichang, which was very inconvenient, and these flag people were forced by life to go to Liulichang to sell antiques handed down from their ancestors, it was not a glorious thing, if you held a large porcelain in your arms, walking around the bustling street, very awkward and embarrassing. Therefore, these flag bearers hoped that the government could open a door opening in the wall facing the glass factory to facilitate travel.
2.
The Changdian Temple Fair flourished
At that time, there were other people who wanted the government to open the door to the Nan city wall facing the Liulichang. In the early years of the Republic of China, during the Spring Festival every year, it became fashionable to visit the Changdian Temple Fair, which was originally on the north side of the intersection of the East and West Liulichang, a small alley to the north. The Changdian Temple Fair began in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, according to the customs of old Beijing, every year from the first to the fifteenth lantern festival of the first month of the first month of the new year, a market was held in Changdian and the surrounding areas, called Kaichangdian, which was very lively.
The west side of Changdian Hutong originally had a small village called Haiwang Village in the Liao Dynasty. In 1917, the municipal government transformed it into a park called Haiwang Village Park, which is actually a large courtyard with more than ten acres of land, and the courtyard is surrounded by houses, and the yard is planted with flowers and grass, rocks, lotus ponds, and fountains.
Haiwang Village Park does not have many people to visit on weekdays, but in the Spring Festival, seeing that it is quite spacious, it has become the main venue of the Changdian Temple Fair. Hundreds of stalls of all kinds are gathered in the park. Outside the street is lined with old book stalls, calligraphy and painting sheds, during the Factory Dian Temple Fair is crowded, children are here to buy delicious snacks, fun toys; women buy rouge, lipstick, head oil and all kinds of jewelry here; men buy books and paintings here, very lively. After the liberation, because the scale of the HaiwangCun Park was too small, it was not like a park, and there was usually no one to visit, so it was demolished and the current Chinese bookstore was built.
When I was a child, I visited the factory during the Spring Festival, and it was just the alley of the factory. Later, the Beijing Municipal Government saw that there were too many people in the annual Changdian Temple Fair, and there was a possibility of danger, so it canceled the Changdian Temple Fair and changed it to a decentralized temple fair in several places in Beijing.
During the Republic of China period, the Haiwang Village Park was usually deserted.
During the Republic of China period, there were many outsiders at the gate of Haiwang Village Park during the Spring Festival
During the Republic of China period, during the Spring Festival, Haiwang Village Park was crowded with people.
During the Republic of China period, during the Spring Festival, in the Park of Haiwang Village.
The 1950s Temple Fair
In the 1950s, the Changdian Temple Fair, a stall selling children's toys
3.
Merchants outside the front door objected to the opening of new gates
In the early days of the Republic of China, people who wanted to go from the inner city to visit the factory also had to take a detour, which was very inconvenient, and the request that the government could demolish the city wall and build a city gate in the north of the Liuli factory and the factory was reflected in the ears of Yuan Shikai, the president of the Republic of China, through the people around Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai listened, this is a small matter, and nodded at that time.
However, before it could be implemented, immediately an opposing group of merchants near the Zhengyang Gate came to the door. They feared that if the city gate hole was opened, everyone from the inner city would go away from the new city gate in the future. Some of the owners of shops with deep wealth and eyes in the sky, they rightly went to the presidential palace and said that we are all law-abiding traders, who have been paying taxes according to the rules for many years, and if we open this door, everyone will not go to the front door in the future, our business will be cold, and the taxes we pay will certainly be greatly reduced.
Map between 1910 and 1915
In 1909, the Beijing-Zhang Railway was opened to traffic, in 1915 the Beijing Ring Railway was opened, this map has the Beijing-Zhang Railway, there is no Ring Railway, look at the map has not yet opened the Peace Gate, there is a North Xinhua Street road in the city wall, there was no name at that time, and there was a small river, more than 600 meters long there are 9 bridges on the small river, carefully look at the small river flowing from under the city wall to the direction of Liulichang, but outside the city wall, towards the Direction of Liulichang, Hufang Bridge, there was no road at that time, the front door was written republican gate, in and out of the inner city to take Xuanwu Gate or Qianmen, If another gate were to be opened between the two gates, there would be fewer people walking through the front door.
[Speaker: Zhao Zhenhua, the screen name "A Barge Gun". Before retiring, he was engaged in enterprise management for 40 years, and was an authentic old Beijinger (who lived in Beijing for more than ten generations and four hundred years). Influenced by his family, he has loved Beijing culture since he was a child, and in the past 30 years, he has collected more than 10,000 photos of old Beijing, nearly a thousand sentences of old Beijing sayings, and hundreds of old Beijing songs. Every Saturday at 8 p.m., Teacher Zhao punctually speaks in the old Beijing map to talk about old Beijing. 】
Source Beijing Daily Old Beijing Tu said
Speaker Zhao Zhenhua (a barge gun)
Audio finishing is bright
Text finishing Yudong
Edited by Huang Jiajia
Process Editor Wu Yue