When humans domesticated the first animals and plants that could be farmed (species), gradually entered the tribal society from hunting society, production also changed from gathering to farming, and the living area migrated from the mountainous areas rich in animals and plants to the banks of large rivers with fertile soil and abundant water. In lowlands with insufficient precipitation, people have to find ways to dig ditches and divert water for irrigation.
After the advent of irrigated agriculture, the same area of land could feed a larger population, and surplus products and laborers appeared in society, producing the first craftsmen. Gold, wood, water, fire, and earth, nothing to throw together to witness miracles, invented alchemy, pottery, weaving, etc...
The farming-based agricultural society basically relies on the sky to eat, and naturally hopes that the wind and rain will be smooth, and the rain will come when it comes. But how old are human beings, why does nature have to bow down? Primitive religious beliefs spontaneously emerged around the world, and wizards became engineers of the soul, building a bridge between man and God.
At first, wizards were all part-time, after all, the tribe did not raise idle people. But as productivity progressed, shamans had something to eat, simple shrines became magnificent temples, and shamans became priests. The population grew, the organizational structure became more and more complex, the society appeared in writing, mathematics, institutions and education, and the priests became the first group of magnates. When a tribe encounters the threat of war, it needs a strong and brave military leader. The more frequent wars became, the more power became concentrated, and tribal chiefs became kings or emperors.
The priests either allied themselves with the king or fought each other, and in any case, the world gradually evolved into the hereditary "family world" of the king's power. The costs of building large armies, building palaces, and opening handicraft workshops were all apportioned to the toiling masses as taxes. Under the whole world, there is no royal land. On the shores of the land, there are no kings and subjects, and towns rise from the ground.
The rise of the city
Both the English and Russian words "town" (town and gorod) originally mean "weizi", and one of the chinese characters "guo" means also city. At the end of primitive societies, tribes or confederations of tribes were at constant war with each other for reasons of plundering wealth, religious prejudice, and blood revenge. In this case, in order to prevent the invasion of hostile tribes, it is very necessary to build a city and defend itself. The walls were first made of rammed earth or adobe bricks, and the outside was covered with yellow mud for decoration and reinforcement. Built on the water, dig a moat to defend itself. The countryside is a society of acquaintances, while the city is made up of strangers. Different ethnic lineages, different cultures, different technological traditions, and different languages converge in the city and merge with each other. Outsiders, tramps, merchants, fugitives, slaves, and even invading enemies have made special contributions at every stage of urban development.
In the 3rd century BC, Qin Shi Huang built the Great Wall in the east, and the Romans paved roads in all directions in the west. Rome usually did not permanently garrison the occupying forces in the conquered places, but took matters into the rapid dispatch of troops by the bases. Roman avenues run through the center of the city, which is not only convenient for the movement of Roman troops, but also convenient for the residents of the city to travel. From the cold North Sea in the north, to the sweltering Sahara Desert in the south, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, to the Euphrates River in the east, from England to Syria, from Germany and the Balkans to Egypt, it extended to every corner of the Roman Empire. There is the proverb "all roads lead to Rome".
The Chinese dynasty was endless, the hierarchy was strict, and the capital city was divided into miyagi, imperial city, and waiguo. The scale of Han Chang'an City was very large, built on the basis of the Xingle Palace of Qin Xianyang, and later Han Gaozu built Weiyang Palace. How to increase the productivity of city dwellers without threatening the security of the imperial palace and government? In the Han Dynasty, the city was first planned, and then the Shangjia residents chose their own place of residence. Markets and recreational facilities are mixed with houses to form small community service points. The 8 main roads leading to the city gate are immediately the "Eight Streets", which are divided into 3 streets and separated by drainage ditches. In the middle is the emperor's special chi road, which even the prince cannot use. The streets are dirt roads, no pavement, drainage communicates to the city gates, and there are masonry culverts to drain rainwater.
After the Sui Emperor Yang Jian seized the Power of Northern Zhou, he still used the old site of Han Chang'an, but Seoul was often a battlefield, withered and broken, and the groundwater was salty and alkali, which was not suitable for drinking, so a new capital was built in the south of Longshou Mountain in the southeast of the old city. DaxingCheng concentrated the official government in the imperial city, separated from the residential market. The roads in the city are wide and straight, with the horizontal street between Miyagi and the Imperial Castle being 200m wide, the imperial front straight street 150m wide, and the narrowest of the other streets being 25m. The whole city forms a regular checkerboard layout. There are many Buddhist temples in Sui Daxing City. The southeast corner of the city originally had a Qujiang River, and the terrain was complex, and Yuwen Kai thought it was inconvenient to live in The Square, so it was changed to a Furong Garden and surrounded into the city. There are two main buildings for state sacrifice in the capital of the ancient dynasty, one is the place where the ancestors of the king are sacrificed, that is, the Zongmiao Temple (Taimiao), and the other, as an agricultural country, it is necessary to build the altar of the community represented by land (she) and agriculture (稷), which is used as a place of sacrifice to the country. This is in line with the Confucian classics' concept of "self-cultivation and family governance and world peace".
Skittles
Since the beginning of the city, the scattered population in the countryside has been continuously concentrated in the city, and the consumption of food will gradually exceed the supply provided by the land near the city, which will require the transportation of grain from elsewhere, and the animal power can be basically solved at the beginning. But with the further prosperity of human cities, people have spent a lot of people's labor to build canals in addition to animal transportation.
Chinese dynasties and dynasties have been recorded in the excavation of canals, the Sui Emperor was extremely bold to want to connect the canals dug by the previous dynasty, completely open up the two capitals and jiangnan, the north and the two capitals between the water transport, so there is a Sui and Tang Grand Canal that will benefit future generations for thousands of years. If Qin Shi Huang unified the world and established the idea of political unification, then the Sui Emperor built the Grand Canal to connect the whole country into a whole economically.
Since the exchange of commodities in human society, there has been a demand for trade, and the special place where transactions are carried out is called the market. At the beginning, the city was not located in the city, but next to the road or well outside the village, and due to the continuous development of the commodity economy, the expansion and need of exchange, the city was set up in the city where the population was relatively concentrated. Lifang is the horseback ethnic group to enter the Central Plains need to settle, the government came forward to divide the built houses equally among the household registration residents. The Fang system began in the Northern Wei Dynasty, flourished in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and died in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Taizu issued an edict that the curfew would be lifted at night, and the night market would be opened. The market in the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty is no longer a fixed two east markets and a west market, but a commercial street.
Admiral of the Nine Doors
Generally speaking, the inner city is called the city, and the outer city is called Guo. The inner city is naturally used to defend the monarch, while the outer city is used to defend against foreign invasions, and the separation of the monarch and the subjects also has the meaning of monarchy. Originally, there was no central axis in China, and most of the palaces that existed in the Cao Wei period were houses facing north and south. In winter, the cold wind blows from the north, and the best sunlight and lighting are facing south. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, it may have evolved into a feng shui concept, which is now called architectural environmental science.
The central axis is not a major line of communication, it represents the concept of sitting north and facing south, facing south and king. There are naturally city gates, and the military attache stationed in Beijing is called the Commander of the Five Battalions of the Nine Gate Infantry Army, also known as the "Nine Gate Admiral". The scope of jurisdiction includes guards and access control inside and outside the 9 gates of the inner city of Beijing, as well as night patrols, fire fighting, armor inspection, prohibition, arrest, and prison breaks. The 9 city gates are Zhengyang Gate, Chongwen Gate, Xuanwu Gate, Anding Gate, Desheng Gate, Dongzhi Gate, Xizhi Gate, Chaoyang Gate and Fucheng Gate, each with its own function and purpose.
Zhengyang Gate is the main gate of the inner city of Beijing, located due south, representing the "face" of the imperial court. Foreign envoys who came to see the emperor had to enter and exit through the Zhengyang Gate. There is a gate in the middle of the arrow tower of the Zhengyang Gate, and the dragon car is walked. The emperor went to the Temple of Heaven to sacrifice and to the xiannong altar to cultivate the land, both passing through this city gate. Ordinary people are not allowed to go to the Zhengyang Gate, and if they go wrong, they will be distributed to the frontier, and if they are heavy, they will lose their heads.
Chongwen Gate set up a tax customs for merchants to come and go from Zuo'an Gate in the outer city and directly to Chongwen Gate to pay taxes. During the Qing Dynasty, the inner city of Beijing prohibited the use of pots to make wine, and all liquor had to pass through Chongwenmen, so it was also called "Jiumen".
Chaoyangmen is located on the eastern side of Beijing's inner city. In that year, after arriving in Tongzhou, the grain transported from Jiangnan passed through the Tonghui River and the moat, and then pulled into the Chaoyang Gate with a grain truck and stored in the nearby large granaries such as lu rice warehouse, shipping warehouse, and beixin warehouse, so it was also called "grain gate".
Dongzhimen is the gate for civil and architectural materials to enter the capital, and it is a wheelbarrow and a board car for transporting building materials and a wheelbarrow and a board car for the people. Near Dongzhimen, there is the "slum" in Beijing's inner city, where small stalls and vendors gather and are more lively.
Deshengmen is located on the north side of Beijing's inner city, using military vehicles. In ancient times, when troops were sent to fight, they inevitably started from deshengmen and resided in the word "desheng". In that year, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di led the Northern Expedition 5 times, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty marched three times, and the Qianlong Emperor sent troops to quell the rebellion of Size and Zhuo, all of which were sent from Deshengmen.
Anding Gate was originally the gate for victory in battle. However, during the Qing Dynasty, Andingmen was the place where garbage and feces were transported out of the city gate, and more of a manure truck was walked, piled up in a manure field outside Andingmen, and then sold to the countryside outside the city for fertilizer. Therefore, it is also called "dung gate".
Xizhimen is located in the west of Beijing's inner city and is an important passageway to Gyeonggi from other places. The groundwater in Beijing has a high alkalinity, the water quality is relatively hard, and it is bitter and astringent to drink. During the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, the drinking water used in the imperial palace was pulled down from the Yuquan Mountain. Every morning, the brigade water truck departs from the inner city, passes through Xizhimen to get water from Yuquan Mountain, and still walks xizhimen when it returns. Xizhimen is therefore known as "Watergate".
Fucheng Gate is located in the west of Beijing's inner city, far from chaoyang gate. Out of Fucheng Gate, you can access the Western Jingxi area. During the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, Mentougou in the western part of Beijing was rich in coal. Because the residents of Beijing's inner city are inseparable from coal for cooking and heating, coal trucks transporting coal, Fucheng gate is called "coal gate".
Xuanwu Gate is located in the southern part of the inner city of Beijing. Outside xuanwu gate is the famous caishikou execution ground. Whenever a prisoner is executed, the prison cart transporting the prisoner passes through the Xuanwu Gate, and the door opening is engraved with three large characters called "regret late". As a result, Xuanwu Gate was also known as the "Gate of Death".
Urban-rural migration
The development of the economy and the promotion of commerce and free trade have promoted the transformation of the nature of the city from a political and military center to an industrial and commercial center, and the political consciousness of the citizen class has enabled the dominant position of the ruler's urban development to be replaced by the citizen. Medieval cities were the product of industrial and commercial development, and an open commodity economy determined the free neighborhood model. After the Industrial Revolution, checkerboard-formatted block planning began to emerge.
In contemporary China, the rise of the city coincides with the disappearance of the countryside. Go to the countryside, all you see is the elderly and children, the slightly younger labor force has all flowed into the city, the knowledgeable young people who have gone out to study have also stayed in the city, and the development of the past thirty years has gradually turned China's countryside into a hollow village!
In addition to the towering reinforced concrete real estate in the urban core city, there is no blue sky and white clouds in the eye, no green trees and flowers in the spring, when the economy spills out, the difference between informatization and urban resources is getting smaller and smaller, the rich people in the city will choose to live in the suburbs, and the rural areas on the outskirts of the city will appear rural urban agglomerations, that is, the so-called "thirty years of Hedong and forty years of Hexi".