Portugal was the first Western power to come to Asia, when Portugal was very powerful, running to the world to colonize, Africa, Latin America, Asia have their colonies, so it is called "Portuguese Empire".
Both India and China, two of Asia's greatest civilizations, developed close ties with Portugal. On the west coast of India, Portugal occupied vast colonies, while Macau in China was leased by Portugal and then occupied. By the middle and late 20th century, the two ancient civilizations had recovered the lost land, so that the majestic wind of the ancient country was blown again.
India lost the Goa region for 452 years, and finally with 48 hours of fighting, the ancient Asian countries washed away the shame
In 1498, Portuguese forces came to India. Da Gama was still a gentleman, but when the Portuguese forces returned in 1502, they showed a fierce gaze and domineering behavior. Since then, the various state regimes in the ancient Indian region have begun to unite with Egypt and other countries against portuguese forces.
Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru in 1946
In 1505, King Manuel I of Portugal sent Francisco Almeida to India and served as the first Portuguese governor of the Indian colonies, accompanied by 21 warships. There was more and more friction and fighting between the two sides, and finally in 1509, the Allied Egyptian-Indian forces fought a decisive battle with the Portuguese side in Diu. As a result, the Indian side was defeated.
The war allowed the Portuguese to completely occupy Goa, Damantiu and other areas on the southwest coast of India. From 1509 to 1961, the above-mentioned areas were occupied by the Portuguese side and became its colonies. In 1565, Portugal made the city of Goa the capital of the Portuguese colony in India.
Note that in 1498, the Portuguese side gradually occupied Goa under the pretext of commercial exchanges, and the principle of leasing was the same as that of Macau, renting and leasing, and then in the continuous leasing, forming its own sphere of influence, cultivating strength, and eventually colonizing.
At that time, India was not yet a unified regime, the power was scattered, the land states were numerous, and the relatively powerful Mughal Empire had not yet formed. Even though the Mughal Empire emerged in 1525, the state of the native states within it still held a great deal of power.
The 1961 Indian aircraft carrier HMS Vikrant, the British-built Dignity class Hercules
In terms of national character, ancient India was not a unified empire with a centralized tradition. Even between 1550 and 1610, when the Mughal Empire was at its most powerful, when Akbar the Great succeeded to the throne at the age of 13, the Portuguese Indian region on the west coast of India remained firmly under Portuguese control.
On August 15, 1947, India became independent. In 1950, after three years of internal integration, India demanded that the colonies occupied by France and Portugal be returned to India.
In 1954, India forcibly recovered five cities occupied by France.
Relations with Portugal were more troublesome, and with the help of the Treaty of Mutual Assistance and Mutual Defense signed by Portugal and the United States in 1951, Portugal went against the tide of history in the wave of world colonial independence.
In 1955, Portuguese colonial authorities carried out a bloody crackdown on protesters demanding independence in the colonies, killing and wounding more than 200 people. To this end, India has gradually resolved this problem by force since January 1961. Guerrillas in the Goa region continued to attack the Portuguese colonial army.
Finally, on 18 December, India sent more than 10,000 government troops (and more than 20,000 people ready for battle) to launch a decisive battle against the Portuguese army. On the 19th, the fighting ended, and the Indian army captured more than 3,000 Portuguese colonial troops.
The Portuguese side initially refused to concede defeat until 1974 when it was forced to recognize that sovereignty over Areas such as Goa belonged to India.
In 1985, Goa became one of India's 34 provincial districts, one of the 27 states, Dammam-Diu as one of the six federally administered territories, and a capital district.
The Portuguese side surrendered
It can be said that India's use of force against Portugal has its historical reasons. At that time, India's relations with the Soviet Union were warm, and it was also the spokesperson of the Soviet Union in Asia, and in the Third World, India, as one of the leaders of the "Non-Aligned Movement" and as a member of the "British Commonwealth", had a wide range of international support.
In China, on the other hand, history is very different.
From the perspective of the colonial system, the situation in Macau, which was also occupied by Portugal, was more complicated. Macau has not been a colony for a long time, to be precise: it belongs to the leased land under sovereignty to China and its status is to be determined.
From 1553 to 1887, the Chinese side had full sovereignty over the 334-year lease
From the "Battle of Tuen Mun" in 1522, the "Battle of Xicao Bay" in 1523, and then the "Battle of Shuangyu Island" in 1547, the Portuguese colonial armed pirate merchants were completely subdued by the Ming Dynasty.
To this end, from 1553 onwards, Portuguese colonists began to pay bribes to the "Macao official" Wang Wei and others, renting Macao for portuguese commercial transit stations. It was not until 1564 that Jiajing learned about this matter, and learned the truth through Pang Shangpeng's "Chen Mo Discussion to Protect the Peace and Security of the Sea Corner".
Subsequently, Jiajing tacitly agreed to lease Macau to Portugal. From then until 1887, in the late Qing Dynasty, the sovereignty of Macao was in me, the defense was in me, and half of the management power was in me. That is to say, the Yi affairs of Macao are managed by the Portuguese, and the Chinese affairs in Macao are managed by the Chinese, and if there is a dispute or conflict between the two sides, the Chinese side, that is, Xiangshan County, is responsible for adjudicating. Therefore, in terms of administrative system, Macao is only a township-level administrative agency in China.
In fact, this form of management has always existed in ancient China, for example, the management of various workshops in the Tang Dynasty and various centralized residential areas for foreigners also adopted a similar method. This is more common in Chinese history.
In 1583, Chen Rui conferred the title of "Yimu" on Portuguese local administrators in Macau, and included Portuguese officials in the ranks of Local Officials in China. Every year around the winter solstice in November, Xiangshan County sends people to Macau to collect taxes.
In 1608, Cai Jishan of Xiangshan County's Zhixian County formulated the Ten Rules for making Macao; in 1614, Yu Ansheng, the deputy envoy of Haidao, and Dan Qiyuan Leshi of Xiangshan Zhixian issued the "Haidao Prohibition Treaty". The provisions formulated by these two county governments became local regulations that the Portuguese must abide by in Macau. The military and legal affairs of Macau are managed by local Chinese officials, and the Portuguese crimes in Macau are also punished by Xiangshan County.
From the Treaty of Nanking to the Treaty of Friendship between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries, to the Carnation Revolution and the return of Macao
The problem arose after the Treaty of Nanking of August 29, 1842.
The late Qing government at that time was tough at home and compromised externally, which gave the not-so-powerful Portugal hope of annexing Macau. They began by asking for exemptions from the annual lease of 500 taels of silver and the Portuguese army to replace the Qing army to defend Macau, and gradually encroached on the surrounding area of Macau, gradually expanding the Portuguese settlements.
In 1887, the Qing court and the Portuguese government signed the "Sino-Portuguese Peace and Good Trade Treaty", which clearly stipulated that China would permanently administer Macao and the land belonging to Macao, which was no different from the Portuguese government governing other places. The treaty is valid for 40 years.
On December 19, 1928, Foreign Minister Wang Zhengting of the Republic of China Government and Minister Plenipotentiary of Portugal to China Bi Anqi signed the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Commerce in Nanjing.
People have different views on this treaty, some believe that Portugal no longer has "permanent management rights", and some believe that the Republic of China government acquiesced to the "permanent management rights" of the Portuguese side. But in any case, at that time, whether Macau was returned to the motherland was no longer a matter for the Portuguese side to decide alone.
After World War II, the colonial system of European countries, including the former "Empire that Never Sets", began to collapse, not to mention the old empire Portugal, which had been silent for two hundred years.
To this end, from 1961 to 1974, the "Portuguese Colonial War of Independence" began in Africa, Latin America and Asia. India forcibly repossessed Goa and other regions in 1961. The Portuguese side sent about 150,000 troops to extinguish the independence movement in the world's colonies, eventually killing 8,827 people, still unable to stop the independence movement around the world.
On April 25, 1974, soldiers and civilians held the "Carnation Revolution", and the Portuguese government collapsed without a military coup or bloodshed. In this case, the Portuguese regime was very turbulent, with 15 prime ministers in 10 years.
After the outbreak of the "Carnation Revolution", all Portuguese troops withdrew from the Garrison of Macau and recognized the sovereignty of Macau as belonging to China. However, due to the instability of the Portuguese regime at that time and the lack of diplomatic relations between China and Portugal, we have not taken it back for the time being.
After the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Portugal in 1979, in the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration signed in 1987, it was stipulated that Macao would return to the embrace of its mother on December 20, 1999!