Please click "Follow" above before reading, thank you for your support, I hope to bring you a good reading experience, and share the joy of reading with you!
In modern times, due to the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government and the slavery of the warlords of the Republic of China, many unequal treaties were signed that lost power and humiliated the country, resulting in the Chinese nation suffering the ruthless humiliation of imperialism for more than a hundred years.
After the founding of New China, the mainland government solemnly declared:
By abolishing all unequal treaties imposed by imperialism on the Chinese people, Hong Kong and Macao must return to China!
However, the imperialists did not die of death, and they thought that New China was still as weak and deceitful as the Qing government, so they took advantage of the fact that New China's foothold was unstable and sent troops to Korea, and they constantly stirred up trouble in an attempt to maintain the glory of the past and continue to colonize Macao and other regions on the mainland.
In July 1952, Portuguese soldiers who forcibly occupied the Macao region of China took the initiative to provoke the border guards of our People's Liberation Army on several occasions and brazenly launched shelling, resulting in 32 dead and wounded soldiers of our People's Liberation Army and 11 innocent people.
How did the mainland respond to the arrogant Portuguese soldiers? What happened to the Portuguese side in the end?
Macau Gate
I. The history of Macao's forcible occupation by Portugal
In modern China, the imperialist countries forcibly occupied China's land through concessions, which was a very humiliating symbol. In 1845, the British acquired a piece of British Concession in Shanghai through the "Provisions of the Shanghai Concession Charter", which is considered to be the beginning of modern times.
In fact, as early as the Ming Dynasty, the Portuguese invaders forcibly leased Macau.
At the beginning of the 16th century, Portugal, the pioneer of the "Great Navigation Movement", expanded its colonial power to China, occupying Malacca with their guns and guns, and driving ships to Guangzhou, preparing to force trade with the Ming Dynasty. Because the Ming Dynasty implemented the policy of sea prohibition, this request was rejected by Ming officials.
These Portuguese caravans, who actually did not leave, bribed the town guard Tai lin at the time to get the opportunity to meet Emperor Wuzong Zhu Houzhao, and they divided their troops into two routes, one way to Beijing to meet the emperor, and the other way to Guangdong to burn and loot along the way, and also forcibly occupied Tuen Mun Island.
In 1522, after the Jiajing Emperor succeeded to the throne, he sent the Ming navy to besiege the grape merchant ships on Tuen Mun Island, the Portuguese merchant ships were run away, and the Ming Dynasty recovered Tuen Mun Island.
After that, the Portuguese, who were not willing to be driven out, began to collude with pirates to harass the coastal areas of Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian and other coastal areas of the Ming Dynasty. Furious, Jiajing sent heavy troops to attack the Portuguese, executed Li Guangtou and other pirate leaders and minions who were in collusion with him, and uprooted all the Portuguese strongholds occupied by China, and the Portuguese fled in a panic.
Later, the Portuguese saw that they could not confront the powerful Ming Dynasty, so they took advantage of the political corruption of the Ming Dynasty to bribe Wang Bai, the deputy envoy of shipping, to falsely claim that the merchant ships had encountered a storm in Macau in 1553, and on the grounds of exposing goods in this place, they secretly turned Macau into a Portuguese lease land, paying an annual rent of 500 taels.
Since then, Macao has been forcibly leased by Portugal, and the Ming Dynasty has set up "Macao Guardian Officials" here to administer, and the sovereignty of Macao still belongs to China.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Portugal paid rent to the Qing Dynasty, and Kangxi set up a Guangdong Customs Supervision Platform in Macao as a place for Guangdong Customs supervision to inspect Macao.
In 1744, Qianlong set up Macao Tongzhi to jointly manage Macao affairs with Xiangshan Zhi County, which formed the system of the Qing government to govern Macao before the Opium War.
After the outbreak of the Opium War in 1840, the decay and incompetence of the Qing government were exposed, and Portugal once again forcibly occupied the port of Taipa and the Macau Peninsula.
In order to legitimize the occupation of Macao, in 1887, the Portuguese government also forced the Qing Dynasty government to sign the "Draft Treaty of the Sino-Portuguese Conference" and the "Sino-Portuguese Peace and Commerce Treaty", formally occupying Macao through diplomatic channels, and Macao became a Portuguese colony.
The Qing government and Portugal signed the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Good Trade and Peace
Second, Portugal took the initiative to provoke, triggering a serious armed conflict
After the founding of New China, the Chinese Government announced the abolition of all unequal treaties imposed by imperialism on the Chinese people. Although Hong Kong and Macao were still occupied by imperialism, the People's Liberation Army had liberated Guangdong at this time, and it was easy to take back Hong Kong and Macao by force.
However, Chairman Mao had foresight and foresight, believing that rushing to solve the problems of Hong Kong and Macao at this time would not be of much significance to New China, and that it would be better to take advantage of the international status of Hong Kong and Macao to better develop overseas relations and import and export trade.
Facts have proved that Chairman Mao's policy decision was incomparably correct, and in the Cold War pattern after World War II, Hong Kong and Macao became special channels for breaking through the blockade and embargo imposed by Western countries on New China, and imported important petrochemicals, machine tools, and other strategic materials for New China.
With regard to issues left over from history, such as Hong Kong and Macao, the Chinese Government has repeatedly affirmed that
Hong Kong and Macao have been China's sacred territories since ancient times
Resolve it through peaceful negotiations when the time comes, and until then maintain the status quo for the time being.
But
Governor of Macau
Sprite
However, they mistakenly believed that New China was still as weak and deceitful as the previous Qing government, and they took advantage of the opportunity when the Chinese Government had no time to separate itself to resist the United States and aid Korea, and constantly provoked the People's Liberation Army stationed at Gongbeiguan, hoping to seize the opportunity to take Gongbeiguan and expand the border of Macao.
Gongbei Pass is a neutral area between Guangdong and Macao in the early liberation period, and in the middle of Gongbei Pass and Macao Gate, there is a neutral line, with "rejecting horses" as a distinguishing symbol.
In the two months at the end of 1951, Portuguese soldiers deliberately provoked PLA soldiers on the opposite side of the neutral zone 49 times, and repeatedly pushed the demarcation "rejecting horses" forward, all of which were blocked by our heroic PLA.
The Australian and Portuguese authorities stopped several provocations, felt that they had lost a lot of face, closed the gate in anger of shame, and deployed artillery machine guns on both sides of the gate.
The Macao-Portuguese authorities also knew in their hearts that with their 1,500 soldiers stationed in Macao, they could not defeat the People's Liberation Army on the other side under any circumstances, but they hired black soldiers but did not think so, and they were always looking for opportunities for provocation.
As the PLA struggled to exercise restraint, the conflict broke out suddenly, not easily.
Black Portuguese soldiers
July 25, 1952,
Near the neutral zone, a black Portuguese soldier suddenly took off his pants and peed on our cordon, whistling while peeing!
The soldiers of our People's Liberation Army laughed at the provocations of the black soldiers, and the black soldiers became angry and embarrassed when they saw the situation, and deliberately rushed to the Chinese post to make a grimace and spit, and their behavior was extremely childish.
Not only that, but the black soldiers, together with their changing guards, deliberately pushed the "rejecting horses" placed across the two sides of the outpost to the Chinese side. After being stopped by the People's Liberation Army, the Portuguese sentries who changed the guard were still thieves and continued to push for "rejecting horses".
Song Youzeng, the third shift leader who was on duty, followed
Cmc
"Neither take the initiative to cause trouble, nor show weakness, reasonable and advantageous and disciplined"
The instructions for the principle, warning the Portuguese soldiers to move the "Trojan horse" backwards and immediately back.
However, instead of obeying the warning, the Portuguese soldiers summoned several soldiers to the rear, and in a menacing manner, they pushed the wooden horse into the Chinese cordon and crossed the cordon by one meter.
Song Youzeng
The gesture was made again to stop it severely, but the Portuguese soldiers ignored them, and three of them shouted and rushed into the Chinese post, and the PLA sentry immediately expelled them.
Seeing that the two sides had clashed, the PLA duty personnel immediately counterattacked.
However, the frenzied Soldiers of the Portuguese Rear Sentry actually put out machine guns and fired suppressive fire on the People's Liberation Army.
The situation continued to escalate, and since the Portuguese side had made a big fuss, the PLA fighters no longer exercised restraint and threw themselves in front of the Portuguese soldiers
A grenade that warns them not to go too far.
However, the Portuguese side did not care about the WARNING of the Platon Army at all, and continued to shoot back, and our side also returned fire.
The soldiers of the People's Liberation Army fought bravely, pushed the battle line forward by more than 50 meters, and were about to enter the gates of the Portuguese side, the Portuguese soldiers saw that the situation was not good, and quickly closed the gates, clipped their tails and stopped shooting, and the conflict was temporarily suspended.
At eight o'clock that night, the Portuguese side continued to gather troops, and they used artillery to destroy many houses on our side, the explosions did not stop all night, and the PLA soldiers heroically returned fire.
Both China and Portugal were on alert, and relations were very tense at that time, which was the sensational "gate incident".
Border guards
Thirdly, the conflict has escalated again
After the armed conflict, in view of the Portuguese side's initiative to provoke an incident, the border troops of our People's Liberation Army immediately followed the instructions of their superiors
Closed
Gongbei Pass, blocking the border of Macau.
China issued a circular to the Portuguese authorities in Australia, stating:
"The Portuguese side not only broke into china's territory, but also opened fire first, and the Portuguese side is fully responsible."
Macau Governor Sprite stole chicken and did not reverse the erosion of rice, and he was sweating profusely. If the situation in Macau continues to deteriorate and it is impossible to account to the Portuguese authorities, he, the governor, will be the end of the job.
At this time, China and Portugal had not yet established diplomatic relations, and Sprite immediately sent someone to please
Ke Zhengping, the general manager of Nanguang Co., Ltd., helped the Australian and Portuguese authorities to convey the negotiations to the Chinese side. Unfortunately, Ke Zhengping had already traveled to Guangzhou on business and was not in Macau and could not be contacted.
Why should Sprite invite in the first place
Ke Zhengping conveys the message?
It turned out that after the liberation of Guangdong, in order to break through the US "embargo," Marshal Ye Jianying instructed Ke Zhengping to set up a Nanguang Co., Ltd. in Macao to raise urgently needed strategic materials for the PLA with the assistance of Macao's Ma Man-kei, He Xian, and other patriotic celebrities.
The Portuguese authorities in Macao also tacitly accepted that Ke Zhengping, general manager of Nam Kwong Co., Ltd., was a representative of the Chinese government in Macau, so they wanted to contact him at the first time.
Because the situation was too serious, Sprite had no choice but to ask the Secretary of The Macao Economic Bureau, Luo Bao, to find Ma Man Kei, president of the Macau Chamber of Commerce, and ask him to report the attitude of Governor Sprite to the Chinese side:
"The Macao government has no intention of expanding the situation and hopes that the CHINESE communists will also exercise restraint."
Ma Man-kei deeply felt that the matter was very serious, and immediately reported to Rao Zhangfeng, acting director of the United Front Work Department of the South China Branch of the CPC Central Committee, and put forward a request that the Australian and Portuguese authorities want to negotiate.
While Macau Governor Shi Botai was looking around for someone to mediate, leaders were discussing the conflict in the conference room of the South China Bureau of the Communist Party of China in Meihua Village, Guangzhou.
Some people have proposed that the troops of a division be simply transferred and that Macao be taken back to the opportunity; others have suggested that the border be completely sealed, that the daily necessities be embargoed, and that economic sanctions be imposed on the Macao-Portuguese authorities...
After listening carefully to everyone's speeches, Marshal Ye Jianying said calmly:
"New China was founded, and Western imperialism held a grudge against us, engaged in blockades, and wanted to jam us and suppress us. Everyone held their breath, and it was understandable to have emotions. Moreover, this time it was the Australian and Portuguese sides who shot and provoked first, and everyone proposed to punish them, which is very reasonable! ”
But we should also see that Portugal is different from the imperialists who still claim supremacy everywhere to this day. Moreover, most of the residents of Macao are our compatriots, and it is still our compatriots who are the victims of the closure and sanctions, and we must handle the incident carefully. ”
At this time, Rao Zhangfeng hurriedly walked in from outside and whispered in Ye Shuai's ear what the Macau side wanted to negotiate. After consultation with the leaders, Ye Shuai decided to send Huang Shimin, deputy secretary of the Hong Kong and Macao Working Committee, and Cao Ruoming, director of the Provincial Foreign Affairs Office, to negotiate with the Macao and Portuguese sides on behalf of the Chinese side.
Marshal Ye Jianying inspected the troops
After receiving Guangdong's reply, Ma Manqi explained to Luo Bao that Guangdong had agreed to let him and He Xian, who was known as the Chinese "governor", go out of the customs gate to negotiate at 8 o'clock tomorrow. Ma Man-kei asked Luo Bao to find out the cause and process of the conflict at the gate so that a solution could be found.
Early the next morning, He Xian and Ma Manqi drove to the PLA headquarters in Baishi Village, Zhongshan County, and the responsible person of the border defense force told them the details of yesterday's incident, introduced the vigorous provocation of the Portuguese soldiers, and only after the Portuguese soldiers opened fire on the Chinese side could not bear to return fire.
The Chinese representatives, Jean Ho Yin and Ma Man Kei, told the Governor of Macao:
Yesterday's military clashes were all provoked by Portuguese soldiers, and the Australian and Portuguese authorities must admit their mistakes, apologize to the Chinese government and compensate for their losses.
When macau governor Shi Botai heard this request, he still did not die, threatening to guarantee that such incidents would not happen again, but never apologized or compensated.
Just for both parties
Mediation of the closing of the gates
At the time of intense consultations, on July 26, Portuguese soldiers again opened fire and artillery on the Chinese side, causing the incident
Li Chunjin, an innocent farmer in Gongbei, and a female passenger on a ferry were killed, and 9 Gongbei villagers and ferry passengers were injured.
On the afternoon of the 28th, Portuguese soldiers also opened fire on the national flag of the Chinese defense zone, the flag raising rope was broken, and the five-star red flag fell from the flagpole. This can no longer be called a provocation, the sanctity of the national flag is a major insult to China, and the PLA soldiers can not bear it, and they have raised their guns to fight back.
In order to raise the red flag that was shot down again,
Deputy Company Commander Xing Qi and soldier Su Guangzhao undertook this task. The two braved the rain of bullets and bullets to crawl towards the flagpole, and after reaching the bottom of the flagpole, Xing took the gun and took cover, Su Guangzhao pulled the ends of the rope broken by the gun with his hand, pulled hard, and the rope was re-knotted.
"Report that the company commander has already tied the rope, is the flag raised?"
Xing Qi, while guarding the direction of the Portuguese soldiers, calmly replied: "Raise the flag!" ”
Seeing the Chinese soldiers slowly raising the national flag, the Portuguese soldiers were suddenly anxious and immediately pointed at it with machine guns
Su Guangzhao strafed, and at this time, Su Guangzhao could dodge bullets like a torrential rain as long as he threw the flag-raising rope away.
Xing Qi counterattacked with a gun while ordering Su Guangzhao to dodge. However, in the hearts of the PLA soldiers, the national flag is more precious than their own lives, how can they stop when they are half raised, Su Guangzhao is fierce, gritting his teeth, standing straight under the flagpole, and his hands are steadily raising the national flag to the top of the flagpole.
Xing Qi was very anxious in his heart, shouting to pay attention to concealment, just at this moment, a bullet hit Su Guangzhao's back, and Su Guangzhao's body shook violently, and he fell softly under the flagpole.
Xing Qi frantically shot at the Portuguese soldiers, crushing them and making them unable to lift their heads. Who knew that the mad Portuguese soldiers saw that Xing Qi was too brave, and actually aimed the muzzle of the gun at Xing Qi, and in a roar, a shell fell directly on Xing Qi's side, and the bursting shrapnel penetrated his chest, and the company commander of Xing Qi was killed on the spot.
Seeing that the comrades-in-arms did not know whether they were alive or dead, the Chinese sentries also used mortars and machine guns to fiercely return fire on the Portuguese soldiers, and the Portuguese soldiers who hit them fell to the east and west, and several PLA soldiers ran to the flagpole and carried Xing Qi and Su Guangzhao back.
On the way back, Su Guangzhao opened his eyes and weakly shouted: "Company commander, has the national flag been raised..."
But Company Commander Xing Qi could no longer hear his voice. The comrades-in-arms' eyes were filled with tears, and they said to Su Guangzhao: "Rest assured, the national flag has been raised, and you have successfully completed your task." ”
Not long after Su Guangzhao was rescued and returned to the camp, he was too seriously injured and died heroically.
There were casualties on both sides,
The situation immediately entered a state of tension, and the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee quickly reported the situation to the central authorities. Instructions of the Central Military Commission:
We should resolutely eliminate all enemies who have invaded, strike a blow at the anti-China forces in the West, and exert military and national prestige.
At that time, the officers and men of the 29th Regiment of the 10th Public Security Division of the Central and Southern Military Region, who were guarding the border defense, were formerly known as the 158th Division of the 45th Army of the Fourth Field Army.
After receiving the instructions of the Central Military Commission, they were no longer merciful and immediately transferred field artillery from the troops, and those shrimp soldiers and crabs in Portugal, who were opponents of the People's Liberation Army, were beaten to the point of losing their armor and collapsing into an army.
Artillery of the People's Liberation Army
4. The Australian and Portuguese authorities are soft
The Australian and Portuguese authorities still think that China is resisting the United States and aiding Korea, and have no time to take care of this friction, who knows that the iron fist of the People's Liberation Army came so quickly, and it was beaten to the nose and blue face.
The Portuguese foreign minister lobbied everywhere in Western countries, slandering China for provoking incidents, and some Western media even distorted the facts with their conscience, and for a time the anti-China undercurrent in the West surged up.
British Army
Meritorious Unit Gloucester Battalion, Royal Heavy Tank Battalion
Defeated by volunteers on the Korean battlefield
The whole army was destroyed, and the British government was very angry, and wanted to fish in the waters in this Sino-Portuguese conflict.
The British Ambassador to Portugal and the Commander-in-Chief of the Army in the Far East openly declared:
"Britain and Portugal have a military alliance, one country has military operations and is threatened by other countries, and the other side will not sit idly by and threaten us."
From July 25 to July 30, the Portuguese side fired more than 20,000 rounds of ammunition and 490 rounds of shells at our side, and our side returned 8,820 rounds of ammunition and 109 shells; the People's Liberation Army lost 2 people and wounded 30 people, and the Portuguese side killed 5 people and wounded 14 people.
On August 2, after the Chinese side closed the border crossing, Macao's daily necessities such as grain, water and vegetables suddenly disappeared, and it suddenly became a dead city.
Like Hong Kong, all the daily necessities and energy supplies in Macao are supplied by the mainland, and now that the People's Liberation Army has closed the border, there will soon be shortages of grain, oil, vegetables and other materials in Macao, and basic livelihood will become a problem for a while.
Macau residents were horrified by this, and rumors spread all over the place for a while. Some people say that the People's Liberation Army has gathered the strength of a division and is about to liberate Macao, and some people say that the mainland is preparing to permanently blockade Macao, and many citizens are very frightened and have fled by boat to neighboring Hong Kong, Zhongshan, and other places.
The citizens of Macao complained bitterly about this, attacking the Macao and Portuguese authorities for provoking them for no reason and for not being able to end the scene, making the people unhappy. Seeing that the situation was getting more serious, which was bound to shake the foundation of the rule of the Macao-Portuguese authorities, the Governor of Macao, Spoutai, once again asked Ho Yin and Ma Man Kei to mediate and ask the Chinese government for forgiveness.
Shi Botai said: "I hope that the Chinese government will sympathize with the people's feelings and solve the dilemma of the lack of daily necessities for Macao citizens caused by the armed conflict, and at the same time hope to forgive the misunderstanding of the Portuguese soldiers and tolerate the handling of the guanguan incident." ”
The Guangdong Provincial Party Committee reported the request of the Macao-Portuguese authorities to the central government for instructions on how to deal with it next. Chairman Mao instructed:
"Big countries are strict, small countries are lenient, and Portugal is a small country and can be treated leniently!"
On August 10, Ye Jianying explained his opinions on the handling of the Macao incident at the Standing Committee of the South China Branch:
Macao residents are also our compatriots, and we must unite to the greatest extent possible all those who can be united in order to concentrate our forces on dealing with the main enemy, and as long as the Macao and Portuguese authorities are sincere, they can continue negotiations. And put forward three requirements:
First, the Macao authorities must ensure that such incidents will not occur again and move the sentry back; second, they must publicly report to the Chinese side on the gate incident; and third, they must compensate the Chinese side for their losses in the conflict.
Ye Jianying and He Xian
Since then, He Xian and Ma Manqi have gone to the HEADQUARTERs of the People's Liberation Army for 18 consecutive times to discuss and solve the matter. On August 23, the Macao authorities officially sent Luo Bao, the Secretary of the Economic Bureau, as a representative to negotiate with the "apology letter" of the Macao authorities.
Luo Bao pleaded with the Chinese side and apologized to the Chinese side publicly in the newspaper, governor of Macau
Shi Botai had to roll up the covers and return to his hometown, no matter what, he had to ask his Chinese subordinates to be merciful, and he could apologize in writing in private, and could not publish a newspaper.
After 15 rounds of consultations, China and Portugal finally ended up on the same day
At 5:45 p.m., Luo Bao submitted an apology to the Chinese side on behalf of the Macao-Portuguese authorities, and except for the Portuguese side, which did not publish an apology, the other two Portuguese sides complied.
Finally, the Portuguese authorities in Australia pledged not to repeat similar incidents in the future and to compensate Chinese personnel who were killed or injured as a result of the clashes
RMB 443720300 (old currency),
At the same time, the post will be withdrawn 50 meters to the arch of the gate, and in the future, no Portuguese armed forces will be allowed to leave the customs, the neutral area will not be fortified, and the refusal of horses will be revoked.
So far, the "gate incident" that lasted for a month before and after the boiling up was successfully resolved, and the Chinese side's tough tactics have greatly deterred the Portuguese, Macao, Hong Kong, and British governments. Since then, there has not been a single similar incident in Hong Kong and Macao!
In September 1952, the Guangdong Provincial Military Region held a solemn memorial meeting for Xing Qi, Su Guangzhao and Li Chunjin, who died in the conflict. Later, the Zhuhai county government built a cemetery and monument for the martyrs at the northern foot of Ma'anshan Mountain, which read: "People's soldiers, the mighty spirit will last forever!" ”
Monument to the Martyrs
Compromise cannot be exchanged for respect and peace.
For many years, in the face of the Western arbitrariness, we have always adopted a posture of forbearance, but taking a step back has not exchanged for the sea and the sky, but has made the Western countries more arrogant, and we feel that China is weak and deceitful.
Chairman Mao said when he decided to send troops to Korea:
"Punch a punch, so as not to have a hundred punches coming."
Chinese people have never liked war, but they have never feared war, and those who offend china will be punished from afar.
Facts have proved that the great man had a far-sighted vision, and after the victory of the Korean War, New China truly won the recognition of the world and stood proudly in the east of the world.