Tianchang Liulidun Han Dynasty Cemetery is located in tianchang city tiankang avenue east section of the south side (formerly tianchang kangda medical equipment group factory area), pier-shaped landform, relative height of about 1.5 meters, covers an area of about 9000 square meters, the pier on the original plant buildings (figure 1, Tianchang liuli dun cemetery location schematic map; figure 2, tianchang liuli dun cemetery exploration before the landform). Due to the discovery of real estate development, from May to June 2021, the cemetery was explored, and 31 tombs were discovered, including 26 vertical pit tombs and 5 brick chamber tombs.
Figure 1, a schematic map of the location of the Tianchang Liulidun Cemetery
Figure 2, Tianchang Liulidun Cemetery exploration and excavation of pre-excavation landforms
From July to September 2021, with the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, with the cooperation of the Tianchang City Museum, excavated the cemetery (Figure 3, Tianchang Liulidun Cemetery Archaeological Excavation License), and actually excavated 29 tombs, 25 earth pit tombs, 4 brick chamber tombs, 106 pieces (sets) of excavated pottery (glazed pottery), 13 pieces of stone tools (sets), 45 pieces of bronze (except copper coins), 6 pieces of iron weapons, and 21 pieces of lacquerware (sets).
Figure 3, Tianchang Liulidun Cemetery Archaeological Excavation License
1. Tomb shape system
A total of 25 vertical pit tombs have been excavated in the Liulidun cemetery, which can be divided into four categories according to the burial tools: one coffin and one coffin, one coffin and two coffins, single coffins and unclear shapes. The brick chamber tombs are all single-chamber tombs, and no burial tools have been found.
1. A coffin tomb: a total of 9 were found, all of which were rectangular vertical pit tombs, and no tombs were found. Wooden planks are used to stand in the vertical pit to build a rafter, and between the wooden rafters and the pit wall there are both raw soil two-story platforms and cooked soil two-story platforms. The wooden coffin is placed on the side of the wooden rafter, separated by a board wall, the coffin, the head or foot box and the side compartment, and the rafter room is covered with wooden planks or whole wood (Fig. 4, Tianchang Liulidun Cemetery one coffin tomb M7; Fig. 5, 6, Tianchang Liulidun cemetery one coffin and one coffin tomb M11). The wood of the coffin is mostly cypress and nan wood, and a small amount of pine wood.
Figure 4, Tianchang Liulidun Cemetery One Coffin Tomb M7
Figure 5, Tianchang Liuli Pier Cemetery One Coffin Tomb M11
Figure 6, Tianchang Liulidun Cemetery One Coffin Tomb M11
2. A double coffin tomb: A total of 4 were found, all of which were rectangular vertical pit tombs, and wooden planks were used to build a rafter room standing in the vertical pit. The two coffins are placed side by side by side of the wooden rafters, separated by a wall of plates, the coffin, the head chamber or the foot compartment, and the gap between the coffin and the rafter is filled with cooked soil. The rafters were covered with planks or whole wood (Figure VII, M10 of the entire cypress-covered rafter chamber; Figure VIII, The Double Coffin Tomb M10 where the excavation was completed; Figure 9, The Double Coffin Tomb M15 of the Tianchang Liuli Pier Cemetery; Figure 10, The Double Coffin Tomb M15 after the excavation was completed). The wood of the coffin is mostly cypress and nan wood, and a small amount of pine wood.
Figure 7, M10 for the entire cypress-covered rafter chamber
Figure 8, excavation of the completed double coffin tomb M10
Figure 9, Tianchang Liuli Pier Cemetery A double coffin tomb M15
Figure 10, excavation of the completed double coffin tomb M15
There is only 1 single coffin tomb, and there are 11 tombs with unclear shapes, which are simple in shape and seriously damaged, and will not be introduced separately.
2. Excavated goods
The pottery excavated from the Tianchang Liulidun Cemetery is mainly glazed pottery, and the vessel types include ding, box, pot, pot, urn, etc. (Figure 11, Liulidun Cemetery M4 excavated glazed pottery; Figure XII, Liulidun Cemetery M15 excavated glazed pottery; Figure 13, Liulidun Cemetery M18 excavated pottery and glazed pottery; Figure 14, Liulidun Cemetery M20 excavated glazed pottery; Figure 15, Liulidun Cemetery M24 excavated pottery and glazed pottery; Figure 16, Liulidun Cemetery M10 excavated glazed pottery; Figure 17, Liulidun Cemetery M11 excavated pottery and glazed pottery). )。
Figure 11, Glazed pottery excavated from the Liulidun cemetery M4
Figure XII, Glazed pottery excavated from the Liulidun cemetery M15
Figure XIII, Pottery and glazed pottery excavated from the Liulidun Cemetery M18
Figure 14, Glazed pottery excavated from the M20 of the Liulidun Cemetery
Figure 15, Pottery and glazed pottery excavated from M24 of the Liulidun Cemetery
Figure 16, Liulidun Cemetery M10 excavated glazed pottery
Figure XVII, Liulidun Cemetery M11 unearthed pottery and glazed pottery
Stone tools include daiban, stone mills, etc. (Figure 18, Liulidun Cemetery M11 excavated stone grinding; Fig. 19, Liulidun Cemetery M24 excavated stone grinding).
Figure XVIII, Liulidun Cemetery M11 excavated stone mill
Figure 19, Liulidun cemetery M24 excavated stone mill
Bronze ware is mainly based on copper mirrors, and there are a small number of utensils with hooks, pots, crossbows and other artifacts (Figure 20, Liulidun Cemetery M8 unearthed "Shangfang Ming" Bird and Beast Bo Bureau Mirror; Figure 21, Liulidun Cemetery M8 unearthed "Shangfang Ming" Bird and Beast Bo Bureau Mirror; Figure 22, Liulidun M20 unearthed "Bai And Shijun" Minglian Arc Mirror; Figure 23, Liulidun M15 unearthed "Neiqing" Minglian Arc Mirror; Figure 24, Liulidun M32 unearthed "Neiqing" Inscription Arc Mirror; Figure 25, Liulidun M13 unearthed daylight mirror Figure 26, Liulidun M24 excavated daylight mirror; Figure 27, Liulidun M7 unearthed four milk and four mirrors; Figure 28, Liulidun M10 unearthed four milk and four mirrors; Figure 29, Liulidun M16 unearthed crossbow machine).
Figure 20, Liulidun cemetery M8 unearthed "Shang Fang Ming" bird and beast Bo Bureau mirror
Figure 21, Liulidun Cemetery M8 unearthed "Shang Fang Ming" bird and beast Bo Bureau mirror
Figure 22, Liulidun M20 unearthed "White and Matter Jun" inscription arc mirror
Figure 23, Liulidun M15 unearthed the "Neiqing" Inscription Arc Mirror
Figure 24, Liulidun M32 unearthed the "Neiqing" Minglian arc mirror
Figure 25, Liulidun M13 unearthed a daylight mirror
Figure 26, Liulidun M24 excavated daylight mirror
Figure 27, Liulidun M7 unearthed four milk and four mirrors
Figure 28, Liulidun M10 unearthed four milk and four mirrors
Figure 29, Liulidun M16 excavated crossbow machine
The iron weapons are mainly iron swords (figure 30, liulidun M13 unearthed iron swords; figure 31, liulidun M8 unearthed iron swords), iron swords equipped with wooden sword scabbards and sword handles (figure 32, Liulidun tomb subway sword supporting the sword sheath, sword handle).
Figure 30, Liulidun M13 unearthed iron sword
Figure 31, Liulidun M8 unearthed iron swords
Figure 32, The sheath and hilt of the sword supporting the subway sword of the Liulidun Tomb
Most of the lacquerware is seriously damaged, and the distinguishable type has ear cups, comb grates, lacquer boxes, etc., especially the burial tools excavated from M15 are warm, well-preserved, and the paint surface is bright, which is the best preserved one found in the tombs of the Han Dynasty in Anhui Province (Figure 33, Liulidun M15 unearthed lacquer ear cup; Figure 34, Liulidun M24 unearthed lacquer box; Figure 35, Liulidun M15 unearthed chopsticks, chopsticks and hairpins; Figure 36, Liulidun M10 unearthed comb grate; Figure 37, Liulidun M15 unearthed Wenming).
Figure 33, Liulidun M15 unearthed lacquer ear cup
Figure 34, Liulidun M24 unearthed lacquer box
Figure 35, Liulidun M15 unearthed chopsticks, chopsticks and hairpins
Figure 36, Liulidun M10 unearthed comb grate
Figure 37, Liulidun M15 unearthed Wenming
Figure 38, the personnel of the scientific research office carry out on-site cultural relics protection
3. Excavate and protect peers
During this excavation, with the help and support of the research room, on-site protection and laboratory protection were carried out simultaneously. The personnel of the scientific research room went to the excavation site, implemented on-site protection measures for the safe extraction of cultural relics such as lacquered wood, and carried out the protection of the laboratory in a timely manner (Figure 38, the personnel of the scientific research room carried out on-site cultural relics protection; Figure 39, the personnel of the research room carried out the protection of laboratory cultural relics; Figure 40, the personnel of the scientific research room carried out the protection of laboratory cultural relics).
Figure 39, the personnel of the research office carry out the protection of laboratory cultural relics
Figure 40, the personnel of the research office carry out the protection of laboratory cultural relics
Tianchang Liulidun cemetery to vertical pit wooden tombs, according to the tomb shape system and excavated artifacts judging, the cemetery tomb age from the early Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, tomb shape system and burial utensils and Tianchang Triangle Wei Han tomb and Jiangsu Xuyi and other places of Han tombs are basically the same, excavated bronze mirrors, lacquered wood and other funerary products and burial utensils are rich in variety, exquisite production, well-preserved, with very important historical, cultural and artistic value.
Source: Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
Editor-in-charge: Li Qinlong
Review proofreader: Jia Zhongyan Mei Hong
Organizer: Tianchang Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China
Organizer: Tianchang Rong Media Center
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