"If we take the Greeks, which represent the orthodox culture of China, for example, in the West, we must first push the Shandong people in China, and since ancient times, we have the most qualified qualifications to be Chinese standard people."
— Qian Mu
Mr. Qian Mu
The words of the master of traditional Chinese studies, Qian Mu, are undoubtedly highly praised by the people of Shandong. When it comes to Shandong people, the first thing that comes to mind is
The tall and mighty, bold, brave and decisive "big man image" is followed by the honest, righteous, frugal, hospitable, rough and bold character characteristics of this big man image. However, many people overlook that the modern Shandong people did not develop from the primitive era, but experienced several "great blood changes" in the melee of Jinge Iron Horse.
Administrative divisions of Shandong
Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties: The first major blood exchange of Shandong people
There have been three large waves of immigration in China's history. The first time, the "Yongjia Rebellion" that overturned the Western Jin Dynasty; the second time, the "Anshi Rebellion" of the Tang Dynasty was dealt a heavy blow; the third time, the "Shame of Jingkang" of the Northern Song Dynasty was ended. Three wars led to three waves of large-scale immigration, and immigrants under the butcher's knife were unwilling but forced to be helpless. The Shandong people are naturally forced, and the fastest runners are the so-called family families. There is no doubt that although the transportation conditions in ancient times were not developed, the family clan, which was absolutely dominant economically and politically, still ran faster than ordinary people.
The cruelty of war
At that time, a large number of clans, including the Langya Wang clan headed by Wang Dao of Shandong, the Yang clan of Taishan Nancheng (south of Pingyi County, Shandong) headed by Yang Man, the Xi clan of Gaoping Jinxiang (present-day Jiaxiangnan) headed by Xi Jian, the Zhuge clan of Langya Yangdu (Yinan County) headed by Zhuge Hui, the Langya Linyi Yan clan headed by Yan Han, and the Kong clan of Luguo (Qufu), moved south to Jiangnan with their families and mouths, along with hundreds or even thousands of their clans. Shandong people moved south for fear of war, while ethnic minorities from the north poured into Shandong because of the war. After the "Yongjia Rebellion", it entered the chaotic Period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, and Shandong was successively under the rule of Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, Later Yan, Southern Yan, Eastern Jin, Liu Song, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Zhou. Under the rule of these regimes, the Shandong people were forced to move to the capitals of the regimes and to accommodate the influx of ethnic minorities.
Portrait of Wang Dao
During the Later Zhao Dynasty, more than 60,000 households in Shandong were moved to the capital city of Xiangguo (Xingtai, Hebei) on three occasions, and during Shi Hu's reign, the population plundered in the west and north was moved to Shandong five times. During the Southern Yan Dynasty, because its ruler Murong De led the army well, the discipline was strict, and there was no plunder wherever he went, so he was very loved. Many of the Hao and commoners in the north moved to Shandong to join Murong De, mainly concentrated in the Qingqi area. During the reign of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Shandong people disobeyed the rule and opposed it, and due to the defeat, many Shandong people were taken prisoner and moved to the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the subsequent regime rule, the Shandong people either moved out or accepted the people who moved in, and in this way, in the process of moving in and out, the Shandong people completed the first major blood change during the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Song Liaojin period: The second major blood exchange of Shandong people
In 1126 AD, the iron horse of the Jin soldiers invaded the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng, and a catastrophe was inevitable, and a large number of members of the royal family were taken north like cattle and horses, which was called the "Shame of Jingkang" in history. In fact, not only was Kaifeng devastated, but the Shandong region was also plagued by soldiers. The Chronicle of the Chronicles of the Lineage Since Jianyan records:
"In the fourth year of Jianyan (1130), the enemy's column was four strategy, east and Yi and Mi, west to Cao, Yan, and Yun, south to Chen, Cai, Ru, and Ying, and north to Heshuo, all of whom were killed by him, killing people like hemp, smelling for hundreds of miles, and huaisi and si were also wiped out."
Shame on Jing Kang
In order to escape the chaos of war, Shandong once again moved south on a large scale. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in the number of southward migration population, Henan people ranked first, Shandong people were second only, ranking second, and in this southward migration tide, Shandong people also occupied the second place among northern immigrants. Among the Shandong people who moved south this time, there are two people who are most well known to posterity, one is Li Qingzhao, a female lyricist of the gentle faction, and the other is the male lyricist of the haofang faction, Xin Shuyi.
Li Qingzhao
With the large-scale migration of Shandong's population, ethnic minorities from the same north have once again poured into Shandong. The first to move into Shandong were the Bohai people who originally lived in the Liaoyang region of Liaodong during the Liao Dynasty. At first, the Jin Dynasty defeated the Liao army and occupied the area, but the Bohai people did not submit to their rule, so they launched a struggle against the Jin Dynasty, but ultimately failed. These failed and captured Bohai people were moved into Shandong by the Jin rulers. Since Shandong and northern Jiangsu were the forefront of the Jin Dynasty's defense against the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty also moved in a large number of northeastern immigrants here to garrison and defend the Southern Song Dynasty. As shandong immigrated more and more, the Jin rulers gradually believed that Shandong was originally their dependency. The ethnic minorities who moved to Shandong lived with the Shandong people, gradually abandoned the old way of life, and adopted the way of life of the Shandong people. Originally, the Shandong people were not harmonious with the ethnic minorities who moved in, but in order to rule for a long time, the Jin rulers unusually encouraged them to intermarry with each other. Therefore, during the Southern Song Dynasty, some people said that the Jurchens who were born in the Central Plains later, although their fathers were of the same species, their mothers were Real Chinese, and they were not the Jurchens of the past.
Early Jurchen figures
What is more worth remembering for future generations is that the ethnic name of the Shandong people appeared at this time, which was originally only a geographical concept before the Jin Dynasty, referring to the vast area of the Yellow River Basin east of The Kunshan, Huashan or Taihang Mountains. In the eighth year of the Jin Dynasty (1168), the Shandong East and West Road Unified Military Divisions were set up, and Shandong gradually became the official administrative division name. As a regional concept of the Han nationality, the Shandong people are also basically formed. At this time, the Shandong people were formed after experiencing the second major blood exchange in history.
Ming and Qing dynasties: The third major blood exchange of Shandong people
Although the people of Shandong experienced two major blood exchanges between the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Wei and Jin and the Song and Liaojin Dynasties, the key period of real formation was in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Since ancient times, "disasters" have been the main factor causing a major population change in a place. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the third major blood exchange of Shandong people was also the same, and various disasters such as military disasters, droughts, and floods prompted this great blood exchange at every moment. In the last years of the Yuan Dynasty alone, there were as many as eighteen rain and drought disasters in Shandong, which caused many times that "grass could not enter the ground and people could not enter the land." "Especially in the first year of the solstice, the landscape of Jinan soared, and the flood caused more than a thousand families to suffer and drowned countless people. At the same time, the plague swept through all parts of Shandong many times. What followed was the peasant uprisings everywhere, the wars between the Yuan Dynasty army and the peasant rebel army, the struggle between the peasant rebel army, and the desolate situation of the Central Plains without pure land and uninhabited for thousands of miles.
Peasant revolt at the end of the Yuan Dynasty
When Zhu Yuanzhang sat firmly in the world, the Shandong region was already sparsely populated, and 40 percent of the counties in Dongchang Province (present-day Liaocheng) in Shandong Were abolished. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang organized immigration measures to Shandong. In Shandong, areas with large populations migrate to areas with small populations, and at the same time, a large number of people from other provinces are organized to immigrate to Shandong. Among them, the most immigrants to Shandong are Shanxi people. Among the eighteen major migrations in Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty, the number of Shanxi people who moved to Shandong was about 100,000 to 150,000. Therefore, many Villages in Shandong now always trace their roots to the big locust tree in Hongdong, Shanxi. Shouguang City has more than 900 natural villages, while the Hongdong locust tree immigrants to form more than 250 villages, Qingzhou more than 1,000 natural villages, in the Ming Dynasty, the formation of 700, and in the Song Jin Yuan, the establishment of only about 180 villages, before the Tang Dynasty only more than 50. In front of many villages in shandong, a stone stele with a brief history of the village will be erected, and from the introduction, it can be seen that most of these villages were formed during the Ming Dynasty. The indigenous people of Shandong were no longer unique in the Ming Dynasty, and these so-called Shandong people who came later were immigrants from other provinces. This is also the third major blood exchange in the history of Shandong people.
Shanxi Hongdong large locust tree
From the eighth year of Jin Dading (1168), the establishment of the Shandong East and West Road Unified Military Division, at this time Shandong became the official administrative division name, but also marked the basic formation of Shandong people, to the Ming Dynasty Shandong Cloth Political Division, roughly laid the scope of the administrative division of present-day Shandong Province, the Qing Dynasty basically followed the Ming Dynasty Shandong territory, called Shandong Province, Shandong people for the Shandong Han ethnic groups in Shandong are justified, so the setting of Shandong Province in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the final sign of the formation of Shandong people. From the process of three major blood exchanges in history, it can be seen that the formation of modern Shandong people was realized by bearing the baptism of blood and fire, and in the many run-ins of losing their homes and rebuilding their homes. Although most of them are forced, this is the process of history, not the history of one person, not the history of a group of people, but the history of the formation of the entire Shandong people. The image and character of Shandong people have also gradually formed in the course of history. The image of the Great Han and the honest, righteous, frugal, hospitable, rugged, and bold character have become the labels of Shandong people.