Before the establishment of Houjin, Nurhaci carried out conquest and solicitation of the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River and the coastal areas east of the Ussuri River, and on this basis, Huang Taiji continued to expand his operations in the middle and upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River and beyond. In the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing army entered the customs and the Qing Dynasty established a national power. By the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, Zhu Youluo, the Gui king of the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty, was captured and killed, and the Qing Dynasty basically unified the mainland.
But, even so, the complete unification of the country is far from complete. After Kangxi succeeded to the throne, the threats from all sides were still there, and after Kangxi succeeded to the throne, he put the affairs of the northeast border on the agenda. Later, the Kangxi Emperor used Latin and Manchu in various treaties signed by the Kangxi Emperor instead of Chinese and Chinese characters, so some people say that Kangxi was not Chinese.
The Treaty of Nebuchu was also a treaty signed between Kangxi and Russia, and the official text of the treaty was in three languages: Latin, Manchu, and Russian. Among them, the Latin version is the version recognized by both China and Russia; the Manchu and Russian versions are the self-retained versions of the Qing government, and the terms are slightly different from the Latin version, and they are not the most accurate version, of which there is no Chinese version.
So why do both China and Russia recognize Latin? Why didn't the Kangxi Emperor use Chinese?
At that time, the chinese and Russian Chinese could not speak, and very few people could speak bilingualism. However, at that time, there were already Western Jesuit missionaries who came to China to preach. Latin is the language of religion and is regarded as a very sacred language. The Chinese government hired missionaries to translate between China and Russia, and the two sides could only speak Latin, so the treaties signed were also in Latin.
In fact, there is another language between China and Russia, that is: Mongolian, so the treaty can be signed entirely in Mongolian, and in the end, the reason why it was not done was also a missionary. Because the missionaries did not want direct communication between China and Russia, they still wanted to act as interpreters in the middle, hoping to use this for their own benefit.
After talking to the Mongol officials, the missionaries warned them not to take the job, and the Mongol officials agreed. The missionaries wanted to act as intermediaries between China and Russia, neither allowing Russia to suffer losses nor allowing China to take advantage. Assisting the two countries in signing a treaty with the consent of both countries, so that both countries will thank them, so that the church can benefit and make China pay more attention to the Jesuits.
At that time, the Qing Dynasty signed a treaty with Golovin in Nebuchu, and Golovin brought more than a thousand soldiers, and the Qing Dynasty brought more than ten thousand. In terms of military strength, the Qing Dynasty has an advantage, so it seems to have more confidence. Before the Russian side signed the treaty, the Tsar issued an order, that is, to resolutely not give in, and to monopolize China's trade rights.
In the early days of the negotiations, the Chinese side was still very tough, insisting on using the Lena River as a border. In the end, the two sides were deadlocked, and the negotiations reached an impasse. By this time, General Lang Tan had secretly crossed the river with his troops and was ready to attack; the local Mongol tribes also began an uprising. Later, under the mediation of the missionaries, the two sides gave in, and finally, an agreement was reached.
China's concession was to withdraw from Nebuchadnezzar, and Russia to cede Yaksa, with Russia monopolizing trade rights with China. At the same time, take the Waixing'an Mountains as the boundary, and wait until next year to see the Areas such as the Wudi River Valley before deciding how to divide. The reason for this is that both sides do not know much about the actual situation in Waixing'anling and other places, and no one knows how much land and how many resources there are.
It is also because of this that both sides are lions who open their mouths and try to fight for more benefits for themselves. Just like the Spaniards wanted to divide the world before, how big is the world? I don't know, no matter how old he is, first occupy and then say. The Reason why the Qing government began to be aggressive and later agreed to concessions was mainly because during the negotiations, the Kaldan War occurred.
Kaldan took the initiative to find Golovin and said that he would talk about cooperation with Russia to jointly deal with the Qing and Mongolia. In fact, Golovin had this idea for a long time, but because China and Russia had just signed a treaty, the Tsar did not want to violate international law, so he did not agree. Although they did not unite with Kaldan, the Tsar supported them with a thousand shotguns.
Such a move made Kangxi unable to sit still, thinking that if the Ga and the Russians really united, he would definitely not be able to resist. Therefore, in order to stabilize Tsarist Russia, he could only choose to compromise and make concessions. The Treaty of Nebuchu, for both China and Russia, has gained benefits, but it has not taken too much advantage.
In fact, before the Qing Dynasty, Nebuchu was not an inherent territory of China, so why do you say so?
Most historians believe that the Dahuer were descendants of the Khitans of the Liao Dynasty, while some scholars believe that the Dahuer were developed from the local indigenous ancestors. At first, the Daur people only obeyed China's orders, but they did not belong to China, this is just a distortion of history by Soetu. Similarly, Russia did not rule Nebuchu, because the Daurs did not pay tribute to Russia.
Since the signing of the treaty, Russia has enjoyed the right to trade with China alone, which has greatly stimulated its domestic economy and rapidly developed commerce. Tsarist Russia, whose national strength was greatly enhanced, also repelled the rebellion of the Mongol tribes. The Tsar was very pleased with the outcome of Golovin's negotiations, because the trade rights he wanted most were in hand, and he even gave him the title of nobleman in order to reward Golovin.
However, Russia's cherished trade rights were insignificant in Kangxi's eyes, and he even felt that it did not matter to anyone. Because the Tsar did not interfere or obstruct, China later obtained the four parts of the Khalkha Mongols (Mobei Mongols), which improved the relationship between the Khalkha Mongol tribes and the Qing Dynasty, and also strengthened the Qing Dynasty's jurisdiction over the Mobei region.
At that time, the Qing Dynasty could be said to be full of crises, and internal and external troubles struck at the same time. In fact, at that time, Kaldan and Tsarist Russia were all serious problems for China, but through the signing of this treaty, China exchanged trade rights for the non-aggression of Tsarist Russia, which also gave the Qing a chance to breathe, and gradually stabilized the northeast region, and the Mongolian region was even more peaceful.
Later, Kangxi destroyed Kaldan and briefly invaded the Dzungar Khanate.
After the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchu, Kangxi sent Tulichen to visit Ayuqi Khan of turbulus, passing through Siberia on the way, which aroused the suspicion of Tsarist Russia. In the end, however, Tsarist Russia received the Qing dynasty delegation in a friendly manner and escorted them safely through Siberia.
So why do they have to take the Siberian route?
The reason is that there are two avenues to Central Europe: the southern road has been controlled by the Dzungars and cannot be passed, so the only way to go is from Siberia.
Turrichen spent half a month in the Turbat Department, in which the two sides negotiated on the issue of proton return. Because, at that time, in order to stabilize the ethnic minority tribes and submit to the rule of the Qing Dynasty, they had to send their sons to Beijing as protons.
Turrichen proposed an alliance, but Ayuqi Khan did not agree. However, Ayuqi Khan did not have a good feeling for Dzungar and Tsarist Russia, and he had signed treaties with Russia six times, and Russia thought that these treaties could be used to restrain Ayuqi Khan, but what they did not expect was that Ayu actually broke the treaty six times and launched an attack on Russia.
In the end, Kangxi was not able to fulfill the alliance's long-cherished wish until his grandson Qianlong completed the cause. However, the reason why Qianlong was able to succeed in the alliance was also because Grandpa Kangxi laid the foundation for his friendship with the Turgut Special Department.
Resources:
[The Signing of the Treaty of Nebuchu, The Historical Evolution of the Daur Ethnic Group, Modern Chinese History: Chapter V: Foreign Relations]