□ Yang Ancient City Zhou Dongxu
In the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), the capital of Lin'an (Hangzhou), only six of the nine emperors were "buried" under the mountain of the Shaoxing Palace, that is, temporary tombs, and they hoped to recover the Central Plains and sleep with their ancestors. After the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty 150 years later, the imperial cemetery did not leave a single stone sculpture of the Southern Song Dynasty.
During the 320th period of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the northern region was plagued by wars for many years, resulting in a large number of nobles crossing the south. For example, in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty (976), there were 28,000 households in Mingzhou, and by the late Northern Song Dynasty (1117), it reached 123,600 households, a surge of 4.4 times, and more than half of the Mingzhou surnames moved in from the Central Plains and the North. For example, after the Four Ming Shi clan moved from western Zhejiang to Mingzhou, In the second year of Longxing (1162), Shi Hao first ascended the throne of Emperor Xiaozong of Song. His son Shi Miyuan was re-elected as Emperor Guangzong and Emperor Lizong for 26 years, and his power fell to the opposition. There is also Shi Hao's nephew Shi Song's ascension phase, and then There is Shi Hao's in-laws Zheng Qingzhi's succession phase. Shi Shi's "one door and three ministers, four kings and two kings, seventy-two jinshi, and more than ten shangshu" were about a hundred years old in the southern Song Dynasty court. "Manchu Dynasty Wenwu, Half Out of History" "The Purple Clothed Gui in the Middle of the Dynasty are all Four Ming people." After their deaths, shi shi alone built dozens of tombs in the Area of Dongqian Lake in Yindong, and nearly 200 stone carvings of more than 30 tombs have been found. Other tombs such as Zheng, Lou, Yuan, Wang, Wei, Shu, Chen and other wang clans, are set up according to the specifications of the Southern Song Dynasty one to three officials, if concentrated, it can also be called "terracotta warriors in the west, stone carving groups in the east", becoming the most refined, largest, largest and most concentrated historical and cultural heritage treasures of stone carving in the Southern Song Dynasty in China.
The southern song dynasty stone carvings of the Mingzhou Wang people are mainly stone statues in front of the tomb. Due to the ancient Chinese concept of "seeing death as life", the princes and nobles spared no expense for this. Realistic and flexible Song Yun style, to create a stone carving with the regulation of the Southern Song Dynasty. For example, Jinjiayu Island, Shangshui Village, Dongqian Lake, was originally a closed mountain, because Shi Hao's father used it as a burial place after his death, and Song Xiaozong gave the mountain to Shi Hao and renamed it "Auspicious Anle Mountain". Shi Hao himself, his parents, and 6 generations of descendants built tombs here, carved eighteen groups of stone elephants, and over time, the entrance and exit of the mountain formed a "horizontal street", which became the name of the village.
Another example is the tomb of the Quan Xiang Shi Miyuan family in the western foothills of Fuquan Mountain, which was renamed "Great Ci Mountain" for his birth mother Zhou's tomb, and the Daci Sect Zhongbaoguo Temple was built as a merit temple, and stone statues were carved in front of his mother's tomb, using high-quality plum garden stones in Yinxi. The Wenchen samurai are 3.5 meters tall, and their costumes show the silk embroidery technology developed in Mingzhou. The charm and docileness of the stone sheep, the deep majesty of the stone tiger, the handsomeness and majesty of the stone horse, the pure and sincere dedication of the wenchen, and the heroic and heroic courage of the warriors are all carved vigorously and vigorously, which fully shows that the Southern Song Dynasty in the era of Xiaozong and Lizong has reached the extreme due to its relative stability, economic development and humanistic prosperity. The cold stone material, through the knife chisel of the famous master, is full of blood and life.
Ningbo Dongqian Lake, Southern Song Dynasty Stone Carving Park. Figure according to CFP
Ningbo Southern Song Dynasty stone carvings also include stone arches, architectural decorations, pagodas, bridges, stone chairs, tutus, and related crowns and helmets, pattern decorations, feng shui kanyu, etc. of the Southern Song Dynasty. Therefore, it can be regarded as a historical and cultural history book carved from stone with rich content, profound meaning and full style.
For example, the Southern Song Dynasty imitation wood and stone arch in the five townships of Yinzhou was only discovered in the ancient woody forest in 1999, and no one could have imagined that it was the ancestor of thousands of Ming and Qing stone arches in China!
The archway, also known as the archway with eaves. The Song Dynasty was the transition period from the Lifangfang Gate in the concentrated residential area and the tomb in the Han Dynasty to the Stone Arch. Because of this kind of iconic ceremonial building with wood instead of stone, it truly reflects the Song Dynasty wooden structure bucket arch system, the specification of the fang forehead, and the structure and decoration of the roof ridge and corner of the stone imitation brick, so this non-amazing stone arch "rose three levels in a row" and became a national protected cultural relic.
Stone door drums are also commonplace. During the Southern Song Dynasty, only the Shimen drum was allowed to be installed in front of the residences of princes and ministers, and they were found in Ningbo City, Yinzhou Dongxiang, Ninghai, and Cixi. In 1994, the stone door drum in front of the southern Song Dynasty hometown of Siming Shishi was found in the xiashui village of Yindong, with a height of 1.3 meters. The exquisitely carved "Auspicious Cloud Day" shows the glory of this family 800 years ago.
The stone pagoda, the most intact is the Erling Pagoda of Dongqian Lake built during the Late Northern Song Dynasty (1111-1117). This square stone pagoda is carved with a Buddha image. In addition, there are Dameishan Fachang Pagoda, Guangdu Temple Pagoda in Xiashui Village, Yanshouwang Temple Pagoda in Yangshan Village and Dongshan Temple Pagoda in Cixi City.
Let's talk about stalagmites and stone chairs. The stone is carved into the shape of bamboo shoots, standing in front of the tomb as a tomb watch, symbolizing the prosperity of descendants, the official fortune, and the rise of the festival, which is unique in the country. It has been found in the xiashui village of Yindong and in front of the tomb of The Wang clan in Yinxi.
Carving a pair of stone chairs in front of the tomb is also a "must in Ningbo". After the death of Shi Hao's grandfather, in order to show filial piety, there are two Song Dynasty stone Taishi chairs with imitation wood construction in front of the tomb. Therefore, after the discovery of the stone chair, it has attracted more than 60 experts and scholars from 6 countries to investigate, which is considered to be an example of the Song Dynasty hanging lamp-type Taishi chair, known as "the first Song chair in Jiangnan".
The content of "Southern Song Dynasty stone carving" is really quite a lot. Shi Wengzhong's civilian officials have a hat, a three-beam crown, and a five-beam crown on their heads, which are compatible with the identity of the tomb owner; the height of the samurai helmet and helmet indicate the official rank of the tomb owner; the martial-style ears have a pair of leather "phoenix wing ear protectors"; and the square heart curved collar hanging on the chest of the civilian official is similar to the modern tie clip; the dragon head sword in the samurai's hand is a scary wooden product of the guards. A film and television artist said that in the TV series "Yue Fei", "Water Margin", "Yang Jiajian", etc., some civilian officials and soldiers actually dressed in the Ming Dynasty. Because the ancient book records are not specific, the Ningbo Southern Song Dynasty stone carvings faithfully reproduce the Southern Song Dynasty costumes, and should be seen first, so that you will not make mistakes.
In Ningbo, the Southern Song Dynasty stone carvings are very widely distributed, and in December of the third year (1129) of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin soldiers pursued Emperor Gaozong to Gaoqiao, west of Mingzhou City, and 4,000 iron horses stepped on grass mats, "all hooves slippery and servant". The Song army achieved the "Takahashi Victory" for a while. However, the city of Mingzhou was sacked by jin soldiers. After the Shaoxing Peace Conference (1138-1141), the Southern Song Dynasty exchanged land for land indemnity in exchange for Taiping. The economy of Mingzhou has recovered and its cultural context has flourished. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Shi Hao and Shi Miyuan built the Taishi Mansion and the Xiang Mansion on the west bank of the east bank of the Moon Lake. In 1998, a pair of Southern Song Dynasty stone door drums were excavated on the east bank of Yuehu Lake, which may be the mascot in front of the Shi clan.
In Fenghua, 22 stone carvings of the Southern Song Dynasty have been found in recent years. The more intact is the stone carving in front of the tomb built by Wei Qi (1121-1184), a native of YinXian County, under the Feifeng Mountain in Xikou.
There are 5 remains of stone carvings from the Southern Song Dynasty in Ninghai County. That is, Xi'ao Village in Changjie Town, Watermill Village in Chengguan Town, and Shimatang in Huangtan Town, because they all use the snake and pan stone of Sanmen Bay, the stone carvings have been seriously weathered and their faces are completely different.
There are three main stone carvings in front of the Southern Song Tomb in Yuyao City. That is, the tomb of Shi Song, the third minister of the Yinzhou Shi clan, is in the stables of Lubu Town; there is a stone carving in front of the tomb of Wang Dayu of the Wang clan of the Southern Song Dynasty of Yinzhou in Xiamo Village, Dayin Town; and there is a stone sculpture in front of the tomb of Sun Danian's father and son in Yuyao Lianglong Xi'ao Village.
In recent years, the southern Song Dynasty stone carvings have also been found in Zhenhai Jiulong Lake, Cixi Dongshan Temple, Zhenhai Zhaobao Mountain, Yinzhou Xishan, etc., which fully illustrates the grandeur of Zhejiang's eastern culture in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Mingzhou was renamed "Qingyuan Fu" in the fifth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1195), and was called "Qingyuan Road" after the rule of the Yuan Dynasty.
It was not until the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 that Qingyuan Road was changed to Mingzhou Capital. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), it was renamed Ningbo Province. Tomb stone carvings and architectural ornaments strive to restore the old system of the Tang and Song dynasties. However, the development of society and the progress of science and technology, the reform of official costumes, the regulation of stone carvings in front of the tomb and various carvings are quietly changing, and the charm of stone carvings in the Southern Song Dynasty has gradually disappeared.
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