Under the impact of the Mongolian Iron Horse, the "invincible" Jurchen Jinguo only lasted 23 years, while the Southern Song Dynasty, which had always been known for its weakness, persisted for 46 years and killed the Mongol Khan Möngke. Whether the Jurchen cavalry is not good, or the Southern Song Soldiers are too strong, this is not fundamental. The Southern Song Dynasty can persist for 46 years, in addition to the soldiers fighting bravely to kill the enemy, the key is very good luck, but the Zhao and Song Emperors will not seize the opportunity.
In 1211, Genghis Khan led 150,000 cavalry south and attacked the Jin Kingdom in three ways. Yan Chengyu led 450,000 elite soldiers to resist, of which no less than 200,000 Jurchen cavalry, and the two sides dueled at Wild Fox Ridge. As a result, the Jurchens were defeated and almost the entire army was destroyed, and the Mongols gained the initiative in fighting against the Jin Dynasty.
After the Battle of Wild Fox Ridge, the Mongol cavalry continued to move south, but Genghis Khan divided his forces to attack Western Xia, Western Liao, Hua lazimo, and a large-scale western expedition, and the Jin Kingdom was able to survive. In 1227, the Western Xia fell, and the Mongol Great Khan Wokoutai concentrated his forces against the Jin State, which was destroyed 7 years later.
In 1232, at the Battle of Sanfeng Mountain, the 150,000 soldiers and horses of the Jin Dynasty were once again completely destroyed, and the "Loyal And filial army" also suffered heavy losses and serious injuries. In 1234, at the Battle of Caizhou, Emperor Aizong of Jin hanged himself, and Emperor Yan Chenglin, who had just succeeded to the throne for less than an hour, was killed. At this point, the Golden Kingdom perished.
In the Battle of Caizhou, the Mongols destroyed the Jin Kingdom, and the famous Southern Song general Meng Jue contributed a lot, otherwise the Mongol cavalry would have suffered greater losses. At this time, the Southern Song Dynasty had forgotten the "shame of Jingkang" and joined hands with the Mongols to destroy the Jin Kingdom, trying to recover the "Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures" that Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Guangyi could not get back. Emperor Zhao and Song forgot about the pain and did not understand the principle of cold lips and teeth, and the result was very tragic.
In 1234, just after the Battle of Caizhou, the Southern Song Dynasty sent 100,000 troops into Henan to recover the "lost land" and clash with the Mongols. As a result, 60,000 elite soldiers of the Southern Song Dynasty were killed, the loss of strategic materials was innumerable, and the decades of savings were destroyed, which was the famous "Duanping into Luo" incident, which opened the prelude to the Song-Mongolian War.
The impression of the Zhao and Song dynasties to posterity was "weak", often suppressed and beaten by nomads, from the founding of the country to the demise, did not raise their eyebrows and breathe again. However, the Southern Song Dynasty persisted for 46 years, until the Yashan Incident in 1279, when Lu Xiufu committed suicide by jumping into the sea with the little emperor on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty declared its demise.
Under the impact of the Mongol Iron Horse, many powerful dynasties in Europe and Asia could not resist for long, and the Southern Song Dynasty was an exception. In the Western Liao, Yelü Dashi won the Battle of Katwan with 20,000 soldiers and horses and 100,000 Seljuks. As a result, in front of the Mongol cavalry, the Western Liao persisted for less than a few months and was directly swept away.
Hua Lazimo, the male lord of Central Asia, with 400,000 soldiers and horses, persisted for less than a year before perishing. Kievan Rus' began with the Batu offensive, and within a few months, the grand dukes of Kievan Rus' honestly surrendered. The Abbasid dynasty, which swept through the Byzantine Empire, lasted for a year or two and was destroyed by Hulagu. Xixia and Jinguo insisted on it for more than twenty years.
I have to say that the Southern Song Dynasty was very powerful, insisting on 46 years, and also killed the Great Khan of Möngke, and the Mongol cavalry folded the Diaoyu City. In addition to the Southern Song soldiers bravely killing the enemy, the luck of the Southern Song Dynasty was also very good, otherwise it would not last for 46 years. You know, when the Situation in the Southern Song Dynasty was grim, the Mongols were torn apart internally, and the Zhao and Song Dynasties won time.
After the Duanping into Luo incident, the Mongols and the Southern Song Dynasty tore their faces and opened the prelude to the war. With the blessing of the "mobile defense" master Meng Jue, the Southern Song Dynasty repeatedly defeated the Mongol cavalry and gained a lot. However, the Mongol cavalry did not concentrate on the south, and the Great Khan of Wokoutai was concentrating his forces on the western expedition, and Batu came to the fore.
In 1241, the two sides fought fiercely, Wokoutai died, empress Dowager Mazhen was regent, followed by Guiyu to succeed to the throne. Nai Ma Zhen and Gui Yu are of average ability, their wrists are not good, and there are not many direct subordinate troops. The princes of the eastern and western provinces deviated from Germany and even refused to obey the edicts, and the Mongols fell into each other's internal affairs.
Dissatisfied with Battus, Guiyu led 200,000 troops on a western expedition to prepare a surprise attack on the Khanate of Chincha and capture Battus alive, but died of illness in the middle of the way. In this way, in the era of Naima Zhen and Guiyu, the Mongol cavalry rarely went south, and they played well internally, and did not have the energy to take care of the Southern Song Dynasty.
After Guiyu's death, Empress Hai lost her regency, and Hou Badu supported Möngke's succession, throwing Hai Lost into the river and drowning, and most of the princes of the Chagatai and Wokoutai families were also executed. After Meng Ge succeeded to the throne, the interior was relatively stable, and Meng Ge sent 300,000 cavalry to the south in three ways, one of which passed through the territory of Dali and encircled the rear of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Meng Ge led 100,000 elite troops to attack Diaoyu City, hoping to gain control of the upper reaches, and marched east from the Yangtze River into Lin'an. Kublai Khan led 100,000 soldiers and horses to attack Wuchang, preventing the Song army from reinforcing Sichuan, and cutting off the Southern Song Dynasty. The Song army was defeated in successive battles, Jia Rudao was timid as a rat, and the Southern Song Dynasty was in danger. Not surprisingly, the Southern Song Dynasty collapsed around 1260.
The god of luck came again, and in 1259 Möngke was killed under the Fishing City. Kublai Khan hurried back to the north and competed with his younger brother Ali Buge for the Khan's throne, so he promised Jia Rudao to ask for peace. Then, Kublai Khan "did not talk about martial virtue", and after being supported by the Han scholars, he took the throne in Kaiping and took the army of Ali Bu brother.
Kublai Khan ignored the rules of the "Kuriletai" conference, and Ali Bu brother was very annoyed and announced his succession to the throne with Lin. At this time, Kublai Khan was supported by the Han scholars, ali bugo was supported by the prince of Lingbei, and the two sides fought for 5 years, killing them happily.
The Khanate of Chincha, chagatai, and Wokoutai supported Ali Bu brother and dealt with Hulagu's Ilkhanate, and the "four great khanates of the western region" also fought each other. Kublai Khan won the victory and Ali Buge was defeated, but the sea capital of the Wokoutai Khanate continued to toss and turn until Emperor Wuzong of Yuanwu succeeded to the throne, ending the battle.
The Mongols tore each other apart, and the Southern Song Won Time, but the Zhao and Song Emperors would not fight for opportunities. After cleaning up Ali Bu Brother, Kublai Khan went south again and began his journey to sweep through the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1275, at the Battle of Dingjiazhou, 150,000 Song troops were defeated, and the Mongol army soon entered Lin'an. Next, it is time to take advantage of the chase and start the finishing work. In 1279, at the Battle of Yashan, 100,000 soldiers and civilians were martyred, and Lu Xiufu committed suicide by jumping into the sea with the little emperor on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty fell.
Bibliography: History of the Yuan