Lead:
After the construction of Houcheng at the end of the 3rd century BC, it soon developed from a barrier city on the edge of the Great Wall to a county seat. In the nearly eighty years of Yan rule, the political economy has developed to a certain extent, and the city has begun to take shape. Later, the Qin Chengyan system, the Han Chengqin system, and successively under the rule of Gongsun and Murong Xianbei, until it was destroyed by Goguryeo, in these hundreds of years, the city has gone through vicissitudes, both peaceful development and fiery years.
After Qin unified the Six Kingdoms, Qin Shi Huang followed Li Si's advice, abolished the sub-feudal system, and implemented the county system, dividing the whole country into ten counties. In the northeast region, the old system of Yan is still continued, and the establishment of five counties such as Liaodong has not changed much. Another thing is to build the Great Wall.
"History of Meng Huo Lie": "Qin has merged with the world, but meng Tian will send 300,000 people to the north, take Henan, build the Great Wall, because of the terrain, use the dangerous system to plug Lintao, to Liaodong, extending more than 10,000 miles." ”
The rule of the Qin Dynasty was relatively short, only for more than a decade, but the cultural relics found by archaeologists proved that the Qin rule and management of Liaodong was effective. For example, in recent decades in the Liaodong region, a number of Qin Dynasty and Three Jin Dynasty weapons have been found: the Qin "Shangjun Shouge" excavated in the eastern part of the old city of Liaoyang, the "Lü Buwei Spear" unearthed on the outskirts of Fushun, and the Wei "Qifengge" excavated from Pulandian.
Although these weapons were not all forged by the Qin State, they may have been used by the Qin army, which should be related to the Qin extinction of Yan or the Qin army's defense of the border plug. The "Lü Buwei Spear" was unearthed in Hedong Village, Lishizhai Town, Xishun District, Fushun City. In April 1993, villagers found four bronzes while sifting sand on the north bank of the Hun River. Among them, there is a bronze spear, which is engraved with Warring States characters on both sides of the lower part of the spear, and its front is engraved with nineteen characters such as "Three Years of Xiangbang Lü BuweiZao".
The bronze spear was unearthed on the north bank of the lower Boguantun River section from LiuErtun in Fushun City to The Tanglin District (present-day Hunnan District) of Shenyang City, and was supposed to be under the jurisdiction of Houcheng during the Yan qin. This bronze spear, which was lost on the barrier of Houcheng More than 2,000 years ago, reproduces the historical fact that the Qin army was pacified and cheng was guarding the waiting city. In addition, fragments of Qin Dynasty pottery have been found in the site of Shangbo Guantun City, not far from the land where the copper spear came out, and there are original texts of the edict on it, although incomplete, but there are still words such as "twenty-six years". This is the historical witness of Qin Shi Huang's unification of weights and measures. It was unearthed in the Houcheng area, indicating the smooth flow of government decrees and the effective management of the Liaodong region at that time.
In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty fell, and in the years after that, the separatist forces changed frequently, and the five counties such as Liaodong were still in turmoil. Therefore, the Han Dynasty directly controlled Liaodong, and the earliest could only begin in 195 BC, when the Zhou Boping Yan King Lu Xie rebelled.
The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system and still practiced the county system in the management of the territory. During the more than two hundred years of the Western Han Dynasty, the main threat came from the Xiongnu in the north. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the national strength of the Han was still weak, and it could only adopt a policy of peace and affinity with the Xiongnu. During the reign of Emperor Wu, the Xiongnu were absolutely peaceful and pro-kinship, constantly invading the border and killing the people. Emperor Wu of Han, who was brilliant and ambitious, was determined to fight a decisive battle against the Xiongnu and solve the border problems. He sent Zhang Qian on an envoy to the Western Regions, contacted the Yue clan and other countries to jointly fight against the Xiongnu, and also sent the general Wei Qing and the hussar general Huo Quyi to lead a large army to continuously attack the Xiongnu, and finally made the Xiongnu far away.
Throughout the more than two hundred years of the Western Han Dynasty, although there were incursions from the Xiongnu, the Liaodong region was still relatively stable and was one of the fastest growing periods in history. During the reign of Emperor Wen, he adopted the erroneous policy of "relocating the people to the real border" and changed the past "distant pawns to guard the plug, one year old and more" to recruit people. During the Western Han Dynasty, the economy of Liaodong developed and the population increased. According to the "Book of Han and Geographical Records", the population of the eighteen counties of Liaodong County totaled more than 270,000, calculated by the average of each county, each county was 50,000 people, and Houcheng was the central capital weizhi, and the population may be more, it should be more than 20,000. In Shenyang City's Daxi, Danan, Xiaonan, Dadong Xiaoshizi Street and other places, Han Dynasty tombs have been found. Most of the tombs are brick chamber tombs, with single burials and couples. The burial items are mainly pottery utensils, but there are also ornaments such as iron scissors, thimbles and glass earrings. The era from the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty shows that the city was relatively prosperous during the Western Han Dynasty.
In the last years of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the throne and established the country with a new name. Wang Mang's repressive policy toward ethnic minorities provoked resistance from many ethnic minorities.
From this time on, the Liaodong region entered an era of war and disaster, and the main threats came from Wuhuan, Xianbei and Goguryeo in the east. Both Wuhuan and Eastern Xianbei originally belonged to the Donghu tribal confederation, distributed in the Wuhuan Mountains, one in the Xianbei Mountains, and the two mountains were in the southeast of the present-day Mongolian steppe and in the hilly area north of the Xilamulun River in the upper reaches of the Xiliao River.
After the Xiongnu defeated Donghu, Wuhuan migrated north and stayed in the area of Wuhuan Mountain north of the Xilamulun River. In 119 BC, in order to divide the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty allowed Wuhuan to move to the northeast five counties outside Saiwai to scout the Xiongnu for han. After Donghu was broken, Xianbei also migrated north to the Xianbei Mountains near the Hagule River in Inner Mongolia. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wuhuan moved south, and the Xianbei tribe also followed him to the south, stationed in the present-day Xilamulun River Valley.
Goguryeo, also known as Goryeo, Goryeo and Goryeo, after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, more commonly known as Goryeo, was an ancient ethnic minority in northeast China, originally living in the Hunjiang and Fuer River basins, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up four counties of Korea" When setting up Goguryeo County in this area to manage the Goguryeo people.
Originally, Goguryeo was only a county government under the jurisdiction of Goguryeo County, and its officials were set up with the approval of Xuanju County and issued court clothes by it, and the daily affairs were the responsibility of Goguryeo County. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Goguryeo was already a "houguo", and its strength increased, and it began to expand outward. In 12 AD, Wang Mang sent Goguryeo soldiers to participate in the war in order to conquer the Xiongnu, but Goguryeo was unwilling, and Xuanjue County forcibly persecuted them, resulting in them fleeing out of The Gate and beginning to "break the law". The prefecture was blamed on The Marquis of Goguryeo, and The Great Yin Tian Tan of Liaoxi County led an army in pursuit and was killed by Goguryeo. Wang Mang also sent people to booby-trap and kill Marquis of Goguryeo, passed on the head of Chang'an, and changed Goguryeo to Lower Goguryeo. As a result, Goguryeo became more and more offended.
In 41 AD, the Xiongnu, Xianbei and Chishan Wuhuan united again, "people stopped and killed some officials", and the imperial court was deeply worried. On the one hand, the counties along the border were sent to increase the number of troops, thousands of people per county, and on the other hand, generals were sent to the barriers of the Great Wall to guard. Emperor Guangwu sent a capable priest to Liaodong Taishou. After the sacrifice arrived, he "encouraged the soldiers and horses, and waited for them."
History records: "He had courage, was able to penetrate three hundred pounds of bows, and every time he committed a crime, he was often a soldier and a soldier, and he broke it several times." ”
However, the efforts of the sacrifice only brought decades of tranquility to the northeast region. After the Han And Emperor, due to the decay of the Eastern Han regime itself and the improper use of personnel, the situation in the northeast became tense again.
Not only did the Xianbei and Wuhuan ethnic groups rebel, but Goguryeo also took the opportunity to invade the border. At this time, the famous palace of the king of Goguryeo, known in history as the Great King of Taizu, the Goguryeo regime also entered a period of great prosperity in expanding the territory to the outside world.
The Later Han Shu Dongyi Goguryeo Biography records: "In the spring of the first year (105) of the reign of Emperor Yuanxing, he re-entered Liaodong and the six counties of Kouluo, and Taishou Gengfu broke it and beheaded him. ”
The six counties that Goguryeo omitted this time are not recorded in the history books, but judging from the distribution of the counties in Liaodong at that time, these six counties should include Wangping, Houcheng, Liaoyang, Gaoxian and other counties that are geographically close to Goguryeo.
Due to the invasion of Goguryeo, the jurisdiction of Xuanjue County became smaller and smaller, and in 107, Xuanju County was forced to move inland, and the three counties of Gaoxian, Houcheng, and Liaoyang in Liaodong County were assigned to Xuanju County. All three counties were in the territory of present-day Shenyang. For the next dozen years, Goguryeo focused its attacks on the Hun River Valley.
The second county suffered 2,000 casualties, and the city was burned and suffered heavy losses. The north wall of Houcheng found in the back of the North Palace of the Imperial Palace in Shenyang has traces of being burned by fire, which may be caused by this incident. In April of the same summer, Goguryeo and liaodong xianbei more than 8,000 people attacked the Liao, killing and plundering officials. Taishou Cai chased after Xinchang County and was killed in battle.
Shortly after Liaodong Taishou died on the battlefield, Yao Guang, the Taishou of Xuansu, died in another unjust case. Originally, Yao Guang wanted to take advantage of the death and death of the Goguryeo royal palace to send troops to attack, but he did not get the approval of the imperial court. Yao Guang also contacted The King of Fuyu, who had submitted to the Han Dynasty, and jointly defeated the siege of Xuanyu by Goguryeo's Ma Han and thousands of cavalry. However, some traitors used false seals to forge the emperor's holy will, condemned Youzhou's assassins Shi Fenghuan and Yao Guang, and gave them a knife of punishment, and ordered Pang Fen, the capital of Liaodong Province, to execute him quickly. Although this unjust case was quickly cleared up and "gave Huan Huan and Guang Qian 100,000 yuan each, with the son as the middle of the lang", the innocent killing of a generation of famous generals caused irreparable damage to the border defense of Eastern Liaoning. Just before and after Yao Guang was framed, Chen Chan, a counselor who had shocked The Great Western Yi under the name of Hanzhong Taishou, was relegated to Liaodong as a lieutenant of Xuanyu Waiting City for the crime of "slandering the government of the court".
Shortly after Chen Chan's arrival, just as the Northern Xiongnu entered Liaodong, the imperial court again used Chen Chan as the Taishou of Liaodong. "Hu Qiqiang, return hundreds of miles." Zen did not add troops, but made the officials go to Xiaoxiao to comfort them, and only returned the capital with the envoys. Zen learns to perform rituals in order to enlighten them. Shan Yu was dressed in arms and left with a treasure in Hu Zhong. (Later Han Shu Chen Chan Biography) After the city was burned by Goguryeo, although it was once restored, it has since declined. The name of Houcheng is hardly seen in the history books. There is no Houcheng under The Jinshu Geographical Chronicle, And probably before that, the establishment of Houcheng was revoked.
Resources:
Chronicles of The Chronicles of Montjuï
History of Shenyang