After the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing, the Great Wall Guannei formed a trend of "Tianzi guarding the gate of the country", and in the face of the erratic Mongol iron horses outside the Guanxi attacked from time to time, the Ming army had to need a large number of horses to raise horses and set up cavalry to counter it.
Therefore, the Ming court forced farmers in Hebei and other places to act as horse farmers.
During the Zhengde period, the absurd Ming Wuzong ascended the throne, favored the eunuch "Eight Tigers" to cause chaos in the dynasty, embezzlement and bribery, resulting in more heavy taxation and servitude of horse households, generally want to raise horses must pay a huge price, not only the farmland is idle and can not be produced, but also the stallion issued by the imperial court is dead or the number of evil ponies is insufficient, they must be compensated according to the price.
Therefore, the impoverished peasants, under the urging of the officials, often had to sell their fields and property, and sometimes even had to sell their children and daughters to pay off their debts.
In the end, the horse households could not bear the poverty and exploitation, and simply used the official horses to organize horse teams and rob the rich and help the poor everywhere.
The land of Hebei was swept by yellow sand for a time, and horsemen and arrows could be seen everywhere, and the local tycoons and inferior gentry called them "Ringing Horse Thieves"!
As the power of the "Xiangma" gradually grew, the imperial court urgently dispatched Yushi to defend various places, and these people used various means to suppress Xiangma, and in order to receive rewards for meritorious service, they even did not hesitate to capture innocent people to take credit, which caused great indignation among the people.
Finally, in October of the fifth year of Zhengde (1510 AD), the brothers Liu Liu and Liu Qi, who were angry and rebelled, broke out.
Liu Liu was called Liu Pet, and his brother Liu Qi, Liu Chen, was a native of Wen'an, Bazhou (present-day Wen'an, Hebei), and the two were also from Xiangma, who were strong and strong, fierce and brave, and good at riding and shooting.
Originally, together with Yang Hu, Qi Yanming and others, they assisted the government in hunting down the robbers, and they also received many meritorious awards.
Unexpectedly, Liang Hong, a slave of the eunuch Liu Jin's family, saw the intention of making a fortune, and asked for bribes in reverse, and after being refused, he framed Liu Liu and others as thieves, at that time, Qi Yanming was unfortunately arrested, Liu Liu, Liu Qi, Yang Hu and others fled in a hurry, and later, when they were cornered, they gathered a crowd to revolt and rebelled against the officers and troops everywhere. For a time, poor peasants responded one after another, and the rebel army quickly grew to tens of thousands.
Soon, Yang Hu, who ran to the Shandong uprising, Qi Yanming, who was rescued, and others also led their troops to join forces, so that the rebel army became more powerful, and they rode back and forth on horseback, moving south of the Beijing Division and around Shandong, killing officials and helping the poor, taking the place of Tianxingdao, and receiving enthusiastic support from the masses.
The imperial court heard the music and urgently sent troops to attack, but the rebel army played guerrilla warfare, which came and went, and the officers and soldiers were exhausted and helpless. In the sixth year of Zhengde, because of the large number of rebels, they began to divide their troops into two roads, one route was from Shandong, Henan to Hubei, jiangxi, and then killed back to Bazhou by the original road; the other route was led by Zhao Fu, Yang Hu, and others, through Henan into Shanxi, to the east of Quzhou, Wei County, and then back to Wen'an.
The news reached the Ming court, and the dynasty was shocked, although Emperor Wuzong was desolate, he was also worried about greater changes, so he had to issue an edict, dispatching heavy troops from the border towns, sending the Jing battalion soldiers back and forth to encircle the rebels, the rebels took the opportunity to leave, Liu Liu led his troops out of the encirclement, went deep into Shandong, and broke through Rizhao, Haifeng, and other places, at the same time Zhao Fu advanced into Henan, captured Lingbi and Xiayi, took Yucheng, and entered Guidefu, where he repeatedly defeated the official army, and the good news was frequent.
Peng Ze, the inspector of liaodong in the Ming army, and Qiu Yu, the chief soldier, urgently mobilized the elite troops of Yansui and Yulinbian towns to encircle and suppress the rebels in Henan. The leader of the rebel army, The Tiger, died of illness in the middle of the way, so Zhao Xuan merged the two-way people and horses, put up a large banner, and wrote "Tiger Ben Three Thousand, Straight to the Land of Youyan; Dragon Fly Ninety-Five, Reopen the Heaven of Chaos", and when the march passed through Biyang, he burned the old home of the traitor Jiao Fang by the way.
In March of the seventh year of Zhengde, Zhao Xuan's troops defeated the Yulin border army at Luoyang, Henan, killing the commander Feng Zhen. However, after killing a thousand enemies and losing eight hundred, the rebel army also suffered heavy losses, and then lost many battles in Runing Province and other places, so Zhao Fu and the leader Liu Hui decided to divide the troops to fight, and as a result, Liu Hui was targeted by the Ming general Qiu Yu and pursued all the way, and at the end Liu Hui was killed by an arrow in the rebel army, and the soldiers and horses were defeated. Zhao Fu's troops were also intercepted by the Ming army, and after some deadly defeats, he broke through alone, disguised as a monk who planned to secretly cross the Yangtze River to Jiangxi to recruit troops and horses, but was recognized and killed in Jiangxia, and the Henan West Road Army was completely destroyed.
The brothers Liu Liu and Liu Qi, who had withdrawn from Hebei on the East Road, fought with the Ming army in the Shandong area, and the two sides won or lost each other. Unfortunately, the strength of the rebel army was limited after all, and it was impossible for the officers and soldiers to pursue and kill everywhere, and was forced to turn back to Hubei, so in the Battle of Huangzhou, Liu Liu was unfortunately wounded by an arrow, and in the face of the Ming army, he jumped into the river with his son and committed suicide.
Liu Qi,7 and Qi Yanming's troops captured some ships, so they went down the river, and after the defeat of the official army in Guazhou, they garrisoned at Wolf Mountain in Tongzhou.
Soon, the Ming army of Zhuzhen, who had suppressed Zhao Fu, was ordered to arrive, and they joined forces with the original soldiers and horses to march into Tongzhou, forming a double-clamp siege, and finally, the elite soldiers of Liaodong, Datong, and Xuanfu towns attacked Wolf Mountain, and although the rebels resisted bravely, they were eventually outnumbered and all perished, Liu Qiqi threw himself into the water and died, and Qi Yanming was exhausted in the final battle and was killed by random guns.
It can be seen that the biggest reason for the failure of this uprising is that the rebel army did not have a safe base area, and after the division of the troops, they failed to take good care of each other, but instead formed a situation of fighting alone, so they were eliminated by the Ming army one by one.
This Zhengde Liu Liu and Liu Qi's uprising lasted for three years, and the rebel army divided its troops and turned to Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, Jiangsu, Nanzhili and other places, with a huge momentum, forcing the Ming army to invest a large number of troops to encircle and suppress, spending a lot of money, and it is said that the national treasury was almost empty, which can be described as a loud slap in the face of the Ming court.