In the old days, in order to maintain the dignity of the hierarchy, that is, when speaking and writing articles, the names of monarchs or dignitaries encountered were not directly said or written to show respect. Avoid using names for personal attacks that offend the monarch or the transcendent status of your relatives. The words are from "Huainanzi Outline", "Yan Family Training • Wind Exercise", "Pu Jian Ji Qu Yuan Kao" and so on. The Ram Biography of Min A.D. says: "Spring and Autumn are kept secret for His Holiness, for those who are relatives, and for the sages." "This is a general principle of ancient avoidance.
Avoidance is a unique cultural phenomenon of ancient feudal society, which is said to have originated in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. The names of ancient emperors and their ancestors were not mentioned by the subjects in the documents. They had to avoid the word during the writing process, so there were various ways to avoid it. In the inscriptions handed down from generation to generation, the earliest avoidance can be seen in the Tang Dynasty, and the avoidance of secrecy in the Tang and Song dynasties was quite strict, not only the original character should be avoided, but also the phonetic character (suspect name) could not be written directly. In the Yuan Dynasty, because the rulers belonged to the Mongols, the dialects were different, and the names belonged to transliteration, there was no strict requirement to avoid secrecy. Until the Ming Dynasty, the system of avoidance was restored, but it was not strict. The Qing Dynasty was Manchu, and they did not mind the Chinese characters, but from the Kangxi Dynasty, a strict system of avoidance was restored, and in the Yongzheng Dynasty, Yongzheng Yinchen was the name of all his brothers changed from Yin * to Yun *
In general, there are three main ways to avoid it:
The first is the lack of a pen; this is very common in the inscriptions of the Fa Shu.
"World"
From Tang Liu Gongquan's book "Tang HuiyuanGuan Bell Tower Ming", Tang Taizong Li Shimin was secretive
One less "丨" in the middle
"People"
From Tang Yan Zhenqing's book "Oriental Painting Praise Monument", Tang Taizong Li Shimin was secretive, and wrote the last oblique hook less
"Yuan"
From Tang Ouyang's book "A Thousand Characters", Emperor Gaozong of Tang omitted the "rice" in the middle.
From Tang Lu Zhi's book "Wen Fu", Tang Gaozong Li Yuanxuan directly omitted the right "丿米丨"
"Yin"
From the Northern Song Dynasty Mi Fu Xing book "Shu Su Ti", Song Taizu Zhao Kuang Yin, less write the last stroke " " "
"Huan"
From the Southern Song Dynasty Zhao Zhao Kai book "Health Theory", Song Qinzong Zhao Huanzhen, missing the middle and the bottom two "one"
"Xuan"
From the Qing Yao Mengqi kai book "Lin Ouyang Inquiry", Qing Shengzu Kangxi (玄烨) 讳, missing the last ","
The second is to change synonyms, such as "Kuang" to "Auxiliary" (Song Taizu Zhao Kuang Yin)
Third, the method of changing homophones was limited to the Ming and Qing dynasties, because at this time it was not evasive to suspect names (homophones). For example, change "Hong" to "Hong" (Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty)
At present, many scriptures on the market are using the Kangxi dictionary style typesetting, the reason why the Kangxi dictionary style is used is because the Kangxi dictionary font library is relatively complete, many Taoist rare characters, gods and spirits, in the Kangxi dictionary body can be typed out. In the Kangxi dictionary, the Xuan characters are all to avoid kangxi Xuan Ye, missing the last ", "
Nowadays, it is no longer a feudal society, and there is no system of avoidance, so when our Daomen disciples print scriptures or copy the scriptures, they still have to make up for the lack of pens for these words that are missing due to avoidance.
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