Author Shen Licheng Zhang Haijiang
One
China has a very long history of winemaking. The discovery of wine is a collective achievement of the primitive population. During the period of gathering fishing and hunting economy, people directly collected natural products of nature and captured animals readily available in nature as the main source of livelihood. In the arduous work of collecting wild vegetables and wild fruits and digging up edible roots, the hungry primitive ancestors, driven by the desire to wrap their stomachs, picked up the wild fruits that had matured and naturally fell into the tree holes and fermented in the stone crevices, thus discovering wine. In the sour, rotten, bitter and spicy spoiled fruits, the wine fruit with a special aromatic smell is slowly recognized and distinguished, and the wonderful effect of this wine-scented fruit on people's physiology and psychology has made the ancestors who first tasted the sweetness begin to consciously look for it. In the deep mountains and forests, the wine culture flashed the first pale dawn.
Wine is made by fermenting carbohydrates, and no matter what kind of wine, there is alcohol in it, the scientific name is ethanol. Those that can be directly fermented in carbohydrates to produce alcohol are maltose, glucose and fructose. Fruits contain fermented sugars that produce alcohol by the decomposition of yeast. This wine is called "single fermented wine". Primitive humans produce cider due to the natural fermentation of sugary wild fruits. Several small containers have been excavated at the Neolithic Magnetic Hill cultural site, and it is speculated that these containers may have been used for drinking alcohol.
In the process of collection, through long-term observation and exploration, people gradually understand the growth process of certain crops and master the cultivation technology, thus producing primitive agriculture; in the process of hunting, people gradually understand the growth habits of some animals, and begin to try to raise some animals, and primitive animal husbandry begins to appear. Winemaking in the true sense necessarily follows the formation of primitive agriculture. It can be considered that the winemaking industry originated in the matrilineal social period, and by the stage of patrilineal clan society, the original winemaking industry has reached a considerable level. This can be seen in the large number of neolithic pottery excavated.
The development of primitive agriculture made the population begin to have "inexhaustible grain", but due to the limited storage conditions, some of the surplus grain was spoiled by moisture, and some of these spoiled grains were rotten and sour, and some of them formed edible wine. These wines are still naturally alcoholic wines, naturally fermented cider is greatly limited by the seasons, in order to break through this restriction, in the Neolithic Magnetic Hill culture period, began to use grain as a raw material for winemaking. The main ingredient of grains is starch, which cannot be directly fermented into wine, but must be saccharified and then brewed into wine. This starch saccharification and wineization, the process of turning into wine is quite complicated. Artificial winemaking is to mix grains and other grains with tillers after ripening, put them in small cans, pots, bottles and other containers, add a certain proportion of water, after fermentation, fish out the dregs, and the rest is the most primitive brewed water wine (grain wine).
Therefore, from wild fruit winemaking to grain winemaking, there is a process in between.
The traditional view of the origin of winemaking believes that winemaking was developed after farming, and this view was put forward as early as the Han Dynasty, and Liu An of the Han Dynasty said in "Huainanzi": "The beauty of Qing'an begins with Qi. "Now many scholars also hold the same view, some people even think that at that time agriculture developed to a certain extent, with surplus grain before the beginning of winemaking, in our country from grain grain brewing wine has been in a dominant position, and fruit wine accounted for a small share. Therefore, the question of the origin of winemaking is mainly to explore the origin of grain winemaking.
Two
The Magnetic Hill Cultural Site has a distinct agricultural economic color, and the original agriculture has reached a high level of development. There are quite dense rectangular grain storage cellars here, and the bottom stores abundant grain, which has been identified as dryland crops such as millet and millet. Directly related to these grains, a large number of regular stone grinding discs and stone grinding rods have been excavated, and these supporting stone tools are obviously used for the rubbing and peeling of grain, and stone axes, stone shovels, stone knives, stone sickles and other tools that can be used for agricultural production have also been found. In the Magnetic Hill culture period, the farming method began to transition from the initial stage of slash-and-burn farming to hoe farming. Changes in farming methods began to occur, marking a leap forward in the development stage of primitive agriculture. The ancestors of Magnetic Mountain have been able to plant cultivated crops and millet in a large area, mastered the basic cultivation methods, and had a large harvest.
Explore the origins of Chinese winemaking from Neolithic sites. Due to the long history, there was no written symbol record at that time, and it was impossible to leave more traces of wine, but it was possible to leave a wine vessel, and the examination of whether the wine vessel at the site existed was conclusive evidence to judge the existence or non-existence of wine. The emergence of wine at the beginning of the development of human society has greatly promoted the progress of human civilization, promoted the development of primitive handicrafts and manufacturing, with wine, it is necessary to make wine, wine storage utensils, triggering the development of pottery industry, with wine more stimulated the development of agriculture, for the further development of primitive agriculture has played a role in fueling the further development of.
Magnetic Hill culture dates back to 8,000 years, is the earliest original pottery found in China's archaeological excavations at that time, about wine making and wine vessels, the earliest application is the early pottery products, such as small pots, jars, bottles. A large number of small-mouth long-neck spherical amphora pots, small-mouth long-necked oval amphora pots, open drum belly small flat bottom pots, small mouth pots, small pots, cups, etc. have been unearthed in the pottery excavated at the Magnetic Hill site. A number of utensils such as cups, three-legged bowls, and pots excavated from the Magnetic Hill Cultural Site are the earliest original pottery at that time found by archaeology in China. Most of these pottery are pots and flats, mainly cookers, which were used for the edible processing of cereals and mussels at that time.
During the Magnetic Hill culture period, people have mastered the art of artificial winemaking, and the small-mouthed long-necked double-series pot excavated from the Neolithic cultural site of Magnetic Hill is "the earliest ceramic wine pot currently found in the world". The cultivation and processing of millet and millet, the raising of poultry and livestock, the invention and brewing of wine, and the use of cooking pottery have enriched and improved the quality of human life and diet, so that human beings have bid farewell to the old era of Ru Mao drinking blood, created a new era of early food culture, and become an important milestone for the Chinese nation to move toward civilization.
Among the pottery excavated at the Magnetic Hill Cultural Site are a large number of winemaking and drinking utensils such as: small mouth long-neck spherical amphora pot, small mouth long-neck oval amphora pot, open drum belly small flat bottom pot, small mouth pot, small pot, cup and so on. According to the "Hebei Provincial Wine Culture Chronicle", according to the archaeological findings, combined with the cultural relics of the surrounding areas, it can be asserted that the Hebei region has mastered the artificial winemaking technology at the end of the Magnetic Hill Culture period, and has begun to use grain artificial winemaking. He also said that the small-mouthed long-necked double-series pot excavated from the Neolithic Magnetic Hill Cultural Site of Magnetic Hill is "the earliest pottery wine pot currently found in the world." "In 1976, 17 small-mouthed long-necked double-series clay pots (pots) were excavated at the Magnetic Hill site, 18-22 cm high and about 4 cm in diameter, the basic features are fine clay red pottery, long neck, oblique shoulder (or folded shoulder), drum (or broken abdomen), one ear on each side of the shoulder and abdomen, flat bottom, uniform plain surface.
Reliable physical evidence and precious specimens are provided for the study of the origin of chinese grain artificial winemaking. Thus powerfully negating the theory that Yi Di and Du Kang invented wine. It has advanced China's grain artificial winemaking forward for more than 3,000 years. Thus becoming one of the world's three major ancient wine culture countries. This coincides with the 1962 argument put forward by archaeologist Li Yangsong that "the origin of winemaking in China may appear at the same time or later with agriculture". The size of the clay pots in Cishan and Jieduanying, Zhao Jiao, and Quyang Hook Fish Terrace is basically the same. Magnetic Hill culture pottery pot is a vessel for winemaking, Magnetic Hill culture period more than 8,000 years ago, with a developed agricultural economy, grain and grain production is very large and there is a surplus, for winemaking to provide the necessary material basis. A number of pottery shaped to the later generations of wine vessels have also been found, providing a tool guarantee for winemaking. The Ancestors of Magnetic Hill were inspired by the observation process of natural cider and wine produced by the rotten fermentation of grains, and thus mastered simple winemaking techniques.
Travel through the time of history and read the ancient classic of Chinese wine culture. Explore the origins of Chinese winemaking in the tunnels of historical space. During the Magnetic Mountain Period, there were already sufficient material and technical conditions for artificial use of grain to make wine. More than 8,000 years ago, the ancestors of Magnetic Hill already had the existence and custom of grain winemaking in their lives. The most primitive wine was applied to life and sacrifice by the ancestors of Magnetic Hill, and the art of grain winemaking was constantly improving.
Based on this, we can conclude that the "Magnetic Hill Culture" period, dating back more than 8,000 years ago, should be the source of the most credible Chinese grain artificial winemaking found so far, Magnetic Hill, the birthplace of China's earliest winemaking.
author:
Zhang Haijiang, male, born in March 1977, is the president of the Magnetic Hill Cultural Research Association, a special researcher of the Expert Committee of China National University, a member of the Hebei Film and Television Artists Association, the deputy secretary-general of the Handan Film and Television Editing and Directing Art Committee, the honorary chairman of the Ji'nan Calligraphers and Painters Association, and the director of the Wu'an Writers Association. Calligraphy and painting poetry works have been selected in domestic and international calligraphy and painting exhibition competitions, won more than 80 awards, and have been included in more than 100 calligraphy and painting classics. Immersed in the study and exploration of Magnetic Hill culture, in the past 16 years, participated in more than 10 times of archaeological excavation and investigation of Magnetic Hill sites, is an influential magnetic hill culture research expert in the country, wrote nearly 100 academic papers, published in national authoritative newspapers and periodicals, causing domestic and foreign experts and scholars to pay attention to Magnetic Hill culture.
In order to expand the influence of Magnetic Hill culture at home and abroad, he worked hard to make full use of the modern media and Internet dissemination of Newspapers and Periodicals in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and through different propaganda media, vertical and horizontal comprehensive coverage to show the long-standing charm of Magnetic Hill culture at home and abroad, which played a very positive role in promoting Magnetic Hill culture, displaying Chinese civilization, building the Wu'an brand, and the image of Everbright Handan. He published the book "Exploration and Discovery of Magnetic Hill Culture, the Source of Chinese Civilization", which integrates scientific, intellectual and historical materials, and complements and improves the encyclopedia of Magnetic Hill culture. Persistent pursuit of cultural relics, the whole process of participating in the construction of the Magnetic Hill Cultural Site Museum and the Magnetic Hill Site Protection Shed, the preparation of the Magnetic Hill Cultural Site Museum exhibition outline, participating in the planning and design of the "Magnetic Hill Cultural Site Museum" exhibition content, once in China Agricultural University for the majority of teachers and students to make an academic report on "Magnetic Hill Cultural Site - Exploration of the Source of Agricultural Civilization in Northern China", more than 100 graduate students participated in the report meeting. He is also the first rural scholar to enter the university lecture hall since the establishment of China Agricultural University. Zhang Haijiang's self-taught deeds have been reported by many news media such as Handan Economic Radio, Handan Television, Handan Daily, Handan Culture, Contemporary People, Yanzhao Metropolis Daily, Handan Culture Network, etc.
Source 丨Zhengguan News Zhengguan No. Henan Wenyuan
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