During this time, Beijing's aunt said that she was the yellow flag of the second ring road of Beijing, and the news that asked passengers to give up their seats occupied the headlines of major websites. I watched the video, it is nothing more than an old lady's regional discrimination, and there is nothing new. Big V Six Gods Lei Lei said it well, all regional discrimination is essentially class discrimination, and class discrimination only occurs between the same class. Interested friends, you can go to see his articles.
Today, let's not talk about regional discrimination, let's talk about the eight flags system.
The Eight Flags system was the fundamental system of the Later Jin, the basis for Nurhaci to successfully unify the Jurchen tribes, and the basis for the Later Jin to defeat the Ming Dynasty, which profoundly influenced the later Qing Dynasty.
Compared with the Han Chinese, the Jurchens are relatively backward in science and technology, social economy and other aspects. For a long time, the Jurchens made a living hunting. Hunting is not only arduous but also dangerous. In the process of hunting, it is necessary to face ferocious beasts and to fight against the harsh natural environment. Therefore, individual hunting, not only the probability of success is relatively small, but also easy to lose their lives. In order to get more prey, but also for safety, gradually, the Jurchens formed a hunting method of cooperating with each other and hugging each other to keep warm.
When a group of people are together, there must be a system to restrain them. For example, when hunting, how many laborers are produced per household? Who gives the orders? How is the harvested prey distributed? And so on, these practical problems have given rise to a system called cattle recording.
The cattle recording stipulates that based on the clan village, when hunting, regardless of the number of people in the clan village, each clan village has one person, prepares hunting tools such as bows and arrows, ten people for a team, each team has a leader, and the remaining nine people are commanded. This commander-in-chief is called Niu Lu Erzhen. When hunting, Niu Luezhen led the team to follow the hunting rules and entered in turn, without confusion. After the hunt is over, everyone has finished dividing the prey, and the team is disbanded.
As wars became more and more frequent, the Jurchens also used the method of cattle recording to organize soldiers in the process of external defense and conquest. As a result, the cattle recording gradually had a military function, and the cattle recording really evolved into a military commander. Bringing together multiple cattle records and organizing them into a larger unit, with the flag as a sign of action, unified action, this kind of organization is called the position "flag", which is called Gushan in Manchu.
Cow recording is a system that the relatively backward Jurchens evolved in order to survive and develop.
For a long time, the Jurchens have been in a state of division. The tribes fought and killed each other, and the war continued. Lack of national consciousness.
After Nurhaci raised an army, he united some tribes and defeated Tulum. In the process of subsequent annexations, Nurhaci tried his best to recruit capable people, reuse sages, treat meritorious heroes, and gradually unify the Jurchens of Jianzhou. In the process of reunification, Nurhaci urgently needed a system to recruit the military and the people.
At this point, the first thing he thought of was cow recording.
After continuous exploration and summarization, Nurhaci created a system that could bring the Jurchens together. He reclassified the original cattle record, stipulating that every 300 people should be one cow record, and there would be four colors of flags, which were yellow, white, red, and blue. Five cattle are recorded as a trumpet, and five trumpets are a banner. Later, Nurhaci continued to improve the system, inlaid the four colors into eight colors, and each color as a flag. So there is a positive yellow flag, a positive white flag, a positive red flag, a positive blue flag, a yellow flag, a white flag, a red flag, and a blue flag
The commander of Niu Lu is called Niu Lu Erzhen;
The leader of the Jia Lama is called Jia La'erzhen
Flag - also known as Gushan, the commander called Gushan Ezhen, and later called the flag master.
The quotas at all levels were really appointed by Nurhaci. In the early days of the establishment of the system, he appointed his own sons and nephews as the Erzhen of each banner and the Erzhen of each niulu, just like the Zhou Dynasty's sub-feudal system.
Gushan Erzhen, also known as the Banner Lord, was concurrently held by Nurhaci himself and his son. Nurhaci himself commanded the two flags of zhenghuang and yellow, the great Beyler Daishan commanded the red flag and the red flag, the Belle Amin led the blue flag, the Belle Mang Gultai commanded the blue flag, the Baylor Emperor Taiji commanded the white flag, and Nurhaci's grandson Dudu led the white flag. The Erzhen of Jia la and Niu Lu were all relatives or cronies of Nurhaci.
Since the owner of the yellow flag and the yellow flag is Nurhaci himself, the yellow flag and the yellow flag are more honorable than other flags. Therefore, The Aunt of Beijing will proudly say that she is a Yellow Flag person, "the home of Beijing".
Back to the point, Nurhaci stipulated that all subjects under his command should be incorporated under the Eight Banners. To explain here, it was not the Jurchens who were incorporated into the Eight Banners, at that time, as long as they were submissive to Nurhaci, whether they were Mongols or Han Chinese, they were uniformly incorporated into the Eight Banners.
In this way, hundreds of thousands of men, women and children of hundreds of tribes that were originally scattered were organized into the Eight Banners according to customization. What are the benefits of this? The benefits are so many.
Originally, the number of Niulu was not uniform, and the leader of Niulu was temporarily determined. Now Nurhaci unified them all, and the chief of Niulu was appointed by him, usually his relatives or cronies. In this way, his instructions can be guaranteed to be unimpeded, and the power is further concentrated. Whenever there is a war and it is necessary to replenish the source of troops, Nurhaci only needs to clarify the proportion of people drawn, such as three dings draw one, five ding draw one, each cattle record can quickly move, quickly concentrate troops, and quickly build an army.
The Eight Flags system was established during the war years and was a system that served the military, but it was not a simple military system. It also undertakes functions such as conveying government decrees, collecting taxes, judging, and social governance. In short, after the establishment of the eight flags system, it is so convenient to do anything.
After the establishment of the Eight Flags system, the Jurchens under Nurhaci's rule gradually moved from dispersion to unification, and gradually formed a nation, that is, the Manchus. At the same time, this system has greatly condensed social forces and played a decisive role in the establishment, consolidation and development of Houjin. It was under the support of this system that the Jurchens, who were originally economically backward, backward in production, backward in culture, sparsely populated (compared to the Han Chinese), and whose army weapons and equipment were far inferior to those of the Ming army, were able to defeat the Ming army and establish a new dynasty.
After Nurhaci's death, Emperor Taiji reformed the Eight Banners system, established the Mongolian Eight Banners and the Eight Banners of the Han Army, and took various measures to strengthen the Emperor's control over the Eight Banners.
After the Qing army entered the customs, the emperors of Shunzhi, Kangxi, yongzheng and other emperors all carried out a series of reforms to the Eight Banners system. The process is complex, and it's not just a sentence or two that can be explained. We won't go into details.
With the progress of the times, the Eight Flags system no longer adapted to economic and social development, and gradually became a backward system that hindered the progress of the Great Qing.