Recently, "Daming Style" is being broadcast. In the plot, the story of the Northern Expedition to the Mongolian steppe of the Ming Dynasty appears. In fact, the Ming Dynasty did not completely solve the nomadic regime in the north. In ancient Chinese history, the Central Plains Dynasty and the nomadic regimes of the northern steppes have been in a state of repeated tug-of-war. From the beginning of the Xia Shang Wednesday Dynasty, a state of confrontation began. This situation gradually ended only after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The two sides have been fighting each other for at least 1,000 years, and an important problem has emerged, a problem that the Central Plains Dynasty has been unable to solve, why can the Qing Dynasty quickly solve it? In fact, the strategy pursued by the Qing Dynasty was more flexible and thorough, and today, we will talk carefully about the policies adopted by the Qing Dynasty towards the Mongolian ministries.
First, let's talk about the nomadic regimes in the north and the Central Plains Dynasty. The Central Plains Dynasty was dominated by farming, rich in material civilization and a large population. The northern nomadic regime is dominated by animal husbandry, with a relatively small population and underdeveloped productivity. Under such circumstances, the northern nomadic regime often went south in large numbers, capturing cities and plundering property. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there have been repeated records of battles against nomadic regimes. For example, Li Mu, a famous general of the Zhao State, destroyed more than 100,000 Xiongnu cavalry in northern Shanxi. In the land of the Central Plains, various regimes rose and fell, such as the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and so on. The same is true in the northern steppes, where various tribes compete with each other for supremacy, and there is a situation where you sing and I take the stage. But there is one situation that has not changed, that is, the long-term confrontation between the Central Plains Dynasty and the nomadic regime, which was determined by the background of the times and the productive forces at that time.
At the peak of the central plains dynasty's national strength, a large-scale Northern Expedition will certainly begin. For example, the Mengtian Northern Expedition of the Qin Dynasty, the Weiqing Northern Expedition of the Han Dynasty, the Northern Expedition of Li Jing of the Tang Dynasty, and so on, were able to severely damage the steppe regime. However, it was difficult for the Central Plains Dynasty to fundamentally eliminate the steppe regime. Because the vast steppes were very vast, it was very difficult to determine the specific location of the nomadic tribes at the technical level at that time. In addition, even if the steppe regime was defeated, it could reduce the various nomadic tribes to pieces, leaving the central plains regime's army at a loss.
In the face of the Northern Expedition of the Central Plains Dynasty, the steppe regime began to migrate and disperse, thus escaping the Northern Expedition of the Central Plains Dynasty. Due to the limitations of climate, environment and other aspects, it was difficult for the army of the Central Plains Dynasty to stay in the grassland for a long time. After the end of the Northern Expedition, once the army withdrew, the steppe regime would make a comeback. When the national strength of the Central Plains Dynasty declined, the steppe regime would even go south with all its might. For example, at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the steppe regime even eliminated the Central Plains Dynasty.
This situation began during the Qin and Han dynasties and continued until the Ming Dynasty. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, through the large-scale Northern Expedition, the Yuan Dynasty forces were driven back to the northern grasslands, known as the Northern Yuan Regime. After the split of the Northern Yuan regime, there were successively wa la, Tatar and other tribes. In the early period of Ming rule, relying on the support of strong national strength, the Ming Dynasty repeatedly organized the Northern Expedition. However, in the middle and late period of Ming rule, due to the decline of national strength, the decline in the combat effectiveness of the army, and the corruption of officials, the Ming Dynasty began to turn from offensive to defensive. Nomadic tribes in the north began to attack the Ming Dynasty continuously, such as the Mongol Qata Khanate, and even attacked the grass valley in the capital, making the Ming Dynasty lose face. In the later period of Ming rule, the Later Jin regime began to rise in the northeast region, and Nurhaci was called the Later Jin Great Khan.
The Later Jin dynasty was the predecessor of the Qing Dynasty, and in 1636, the second Great Khan Emperor Taiji changed the name of the country to Daqing and became the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty himself. And in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Ming Dynasty in all aspects, a strict hierarchical system was established. In the early days of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the situation was not good, the south was the old rival of the Ming Dynasty, and the west was the Mongolian ministries, which were also enemies and friends with themselves. At that time, the Mongolian steppe was divided into Khalkha, Chahar, Horqin, Dzungar and other tribes. According to the geographical division, it is divided into desert south Mongolia, desert north Mongolia and desert west Mongolia. The Mongol tribes were not in harmony with each other and often attacked each other. The Qing Dynasty was keenly aware of this and adopted a policy of fragmentation and gradual co-optation.
In view of the problems of the Mongol tribes, the Qing Dynasty co-opted some tribes and attacked others. For those tribes with more powerful forces, the Qing Dynasty adopted a policy of peace and affinity, please note that this is different from the previous peace and pro policy of the Central Plains Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty adopted a policy of peace and affinity from the highest levels, and the imperial family continued to marry women of Mongolian tribes, and to marry their own princesses and county lords to various Mongol chiefs. The blood ties between the two sides were so deep that successive generations of Qing emperors had the blood of Mongol tribes. The previous Central Plains Dynasty, due to prejudice and exclusion from all sides, could not achieve this point. It was impossible to ally with the Mongol tribes, nor would such a policy of peace be adopted.
In addition to the affinity alliance, there are naturally military strikes. Before the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass, Emperor Taiji, Dorgon and others repeatedly attacked tribes or leaders who refused to submit, such as Lin Dan Khan. By the time the Qing Dynasty entered the border, the Qing Dynasty had completely controlled southern Mongolia and organized the Mongol cavalry into the Mongolian Eight Banners. In the process of the Qing Dynasty's southward march, there were a large number of Mongol cavalry in the army. As for western Mongolia, it has always been untamed, and the Qing Dynasty was unable to reach it for a while. The attitude of the northern Mongolian ministries is very ambiguous. The Qing Dynasty did not have the energy to pay attention to the Mongol ministries for the time being, because the Qing Dynasty was busy pacifying the various regimes of the Southern Ming Dynasty and the peasant military regime. The situation in the whole country had just stabilized, and wu Sangui and other San Francisco rebellions broke out.
At this stage, the Dzungars of Western Mongolia first unified the northwest region and then launched a large-scale attack on Northern Mongolia. In 1688, the Mongol ministries in northern Mobei appealed to the Qing Dynasty for help, and the Qing Dynasty at this time repelled the eastward advance of the Dzungars as "savers". At this time, the various departments of Northern Mongolia were completely under the control of the Qing Dynasty. Seeing that the time was ripe, in 1691, the Kangxi Emperor personally visited Duolun and launched the Duolun League. Mongol tribal chiefs attended, and at the meeting, the Kangxi Emperor proposed the famous alliance flag system. The various Mongol tribes were organized into 49 banners, which were divided into three leagues of left, middle and right.
In addition, the chiefs of each tribe were knighted as princes, county kings, baylors, and other titles. The Doron league and the alliance flag system greatly strengthened the Qing dynasty's administration of the Mongol ministries, and at that time, only the northwestern Dzungars were still in opposition to the Qing. After the implementation of a series of measures such as Manchu-Mongolian marriage, continuous rewards, maintaining high-ranking officials Houlu, stationing troops, and the alliance flag system, the Qing Dynasty completely solved the problem of the northern steppe tribes. Therefore, the Kangxi Emperor once proudly said: "The emperor rules the world, has his own origin, and does not monopolize dangers and obstacles." Since the Qin built the Great Wall, the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties have often repaired it, and there is no shortage of trouble at that time? At the end of the Ming Dynasty, my grandfather commanded the soldiers, drove straight in, and the roads disintegrated, and they did not dare to be. It can be seen that the way to defend the country is only in the cultivation of virtue and security of the people, the people's hearts and minds are happy, and the border is self-reinforcing. ”
By the time of the Reign of the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungars had been completely pacified. At this point, the Qing Dynasty completely controlled all the Mongol tribes, and there was no longer a threat in the northern part of the Qing Dynasty. With the implementation of the policy of returning land to the mainland, the Qing Dynasty's control over the southwest region was also significantly strengthened. It has to be said that the Qing Dynasty laid a good foundation for the existing territory of our country.