Introduction: In 1927, after Cai Yuanpei stepped down as president of Peking University, Fu Sinian briefly served as the acting president of Peking University. Fu Si Nian was one of the student leaders of the May Fourth Movement and the most famous educator and historian in modern China. Fu Si Nian not only has high academic achievements, but also his origin is also very remarkable.
Fu Sinian was born in Liaocheng Fu family, which is a century-old prestigious family, starting from the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, and famous people have emerged. But strangely enough, although Fu Sinian admitted that he was a descendant of the Fu clan in Liaocheng, he was reluctant to mention his ancestor Fu Yixian.
Who is Fu Yixian? He was the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and he was also a generation of imperial masters, a scholar of Wuyingdian University, and had a high status in the Qing Dynasty. However, perhaps because of the limitations of the times, Fu Yi gradually did not have a high evaluation in the minds of the Qing Dynasty scribes. In this article, the author will share Fu Yiyi with you, hoping to bring you to re-understand this emperor through historical information.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" > the beginning of a century-old family</h1>
The Qing Dynasty was founded in Guanwai, the initial talent selection is through the way of clan selection and external recommendation, in 1644 AD, after the Qing army entered the Customs, in order to attract Han scholars, the regent Dorgon decided to follow part of the Ming Dynasty system, in terms of talent selection, the implementation of the examination system.
As soon as the news came out, it did not arouse the excitement of the whole country. Because at that time, the Qing army had not recently entered the customs, and many Han scholars still had their hearts set on the Ming Dynasty, so the people who really participated in the county examination and the township examination did not reach the scale of the Ming Dynasty. After more than two years of selection, in the third year of Shunzhi, the first spring meeting test since the founding of the Qing Dynasty was successfully held in Beijing. Since that year was the year of the lunar calendar, the imperial examination of that year was also called "Propylene". According to the Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty:
Therefore, the old practice of MingMing: 400 jinshi, the second class selects subordinates, Zhizhou, and the third class selects evaluation, Bo, Zhong, Xing, Push official, and Zhi County.
Although the number of people participating in the examination was slightly insufficient, the Qing Dynasty continued the old ming dynasty practice and still ranked according to the results, and admitted the top 400 gongshi. Of the 400 tributes, 370 took part in the temple examination, that is to say, the first imperial examination of the Qing Dynasty, a total of 370 jinshi were admitted. These 370 people were the first batch of jinshi officials after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and except for a few who stayed in the capital, most of them were assigned to various prefectures and counties as officials. Among these people, a new branch jinshi named Fu Yiwei was left in the capital because he was the first rank of the first rank of the year, that is, the first emperor in the history of the Qing Dynasty.
The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty and the Gradual Biography of Fu Yi" records:
Fu Yiwei, the word Yu Pan, a native of Liaocheng, Shandong. Shunzhi was a jinshi in the third year and was taught to cultivate in the Hongwen Academy.
From the late Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty had the practice of "not entering the cabinet without Hanlin", in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Hanlin Academy had not yet been formed, and the inner three courts (the National History Academy, the Secretariat Academy, and the HongwenYuan) were the prototypes of the Hanlin Academy, and Fu Yi gradually became the leader, and was naturally given priority to stay in the capital and serve as the hongwenyuan cultivator.
Fu Yizhi himself did not expect that he would not only become the first ruler of the Qing Dynasty, but also create a century-old noble family.
According to the "Genealogy of the Fu Clan", Fu Yiyi's distant ancestor was named Fu Huizu, a native of Yongfeng, Jiangxi, who served as the county commander of Guanxian County in Shandong during the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty, which is the earliest ancestor that fu can trace back to. However, Fu Huizu did not have high political achievements in his career, he had a total of seven sons, only 4 sons were taken with him when he resigned in old age, and three sons were left to establish a career in Shandong. Among them, there was a son named Fu Xiang, who stayed in Liaocheng to do business after his father returned to his hometown. At that time, Liaocheng was adjacent to the Grand Canal, running through the north and south, and commerce flourished, and Fu Xiang soon made a fortune. However, although he became a businessman, he did not forget that his ancestors were heirlooms of poetry and books, so he asked famous teachers to teach the children of the clan to learn, hoping that one day, someone in the family would step into the career path. Fu Yiyi was after Fu Xiang.
Fu Yizhi was born in the 37th year of the Ming Dynasty, and he entered the museum at the age of 7, but he did not take the meritorious name in the last year of the Ming Dynasty, so he was very unwilling. In 1644, the Ming Dynasty fell, shunzhi entered the customs, and announced the restoration of the imperial examination. Fu Yiyi decided to participate in the Qing Dynasty imperial examination. At that time, shortly after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, some companions advised him to wait and see for a few more years, but Fu Yi gradually wanted to prove himself, and he resolutely applied for the examination, and sure enough, he was selected in the second year of Shunzhi Examination. In the third year of Shunzhi, Fu Yi gradually took the expectations of his whole family into Beijing to take the exam, and unexpectedly passed the exam in one fell swoop. The Fu family had not been a soldier for several generations, and Fu Yiyi actually won the championship in one fell swoop, making the Fu family famous in Liaocheng in an instant.
Some people say that Fu Yi gradually became a remnant of the Ming Dynasty, but he actively participated in the first imperial examination of the Qing Dynasty, which shows that his "big festival" has suffered losses. This may also be the reason why Mr. Fu Sinian is reluctant to mention Fu Yixian.
But the author does not think so, the author believes that the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty are both important parts of Chinese history, and history cannot be separated from the nation, but the nation is not the whole of history.
Although Fu Yi gradually ordered the ming dynasty county order, it was many years ago, and when the Qing Dynasty was founded, he was just a non-political reader. Therefore, we cannot deny Fu Yizhi as a person because he participated in the Qing Dynasty's active participation in the imperial examinations, and we cannot blame Fu Yizhi for the shortcomings of the feudal system. What's more, judging from the character of Fu Yiyi's gradual becoming an official, he can be called a generation of famous courtiers.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="77" >2, from champion to "prime minister"</h1>
Fu Yi gradually became the first ruler of the Qing Dynasty, and he could be described as a "green light" in the career of the Qing Dynasty, and at the beginning of his entry into the Qing Dynasty, he was promoted or transferred almost every year.
The imperial examination is generally held every three years, and sometimes for other reasons, the emperor will also add "Enko". For example, in the fourth year of Shunzhi, the Shunzhi Emperor ordered the opening of "Enke" on the grounds that the Qing Dynasty was thirsty for talents, and Fu Yi gradually served as the "same examiner" of Enke. Although Fu Yizhi is not the chief examiner, he just took the middle school exam last year, and this year he co-chaired the examination, which is indeed rare.
In the fifth year of Shunzhi, the Shunzhi Emperor ordered the revision of the History of Ming, and Fu Yiyi was gradually selected as a revision official. In the sixth year of Shunzhi, Fu Yi gradually became a lecturer in the Secretariat Academy, and began to participate in giving lectures to Shunzhi, and in the same year, he was promoted to a bachelor of the National History Academy.
Throughout Fu Yiyi's career, his status as the "founding leader" not only made him smooth all the way, but also very favored by the Shunzhi Emperor. Draft History of the Qing Dynasty:
(Shunzhi) for eight years, moved to the National History Institute to serve as a lecturer. Nine years, moved to the left Shuzi. For ten years, he served as a bachelor of the Secretarial Academy, a young scholar, and a bachelor of the Academy of National History. For eleven years, he was conferred the Title of a Fellow of the Academy of Secretaries.
In the eighth year of Shunzhi, the Shunzhi Emperor was already pro-government, and Fu Yi gradually became kind and capable, and was soon valued by the Shunzhi Emperor, so Fu Yizhi was promoted by Shunzhi once a year, and by the eleventh year of Shunzhi, Fu Yizhi had gradually become a member of the Secretariat Academy, and was entrusted with heavy responsibilities by Shunzhi many times.
In the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, the empress dowager (Empress Xiaozhuangwen) became seriously ill, and the Shunzhi Emperor, in order to take care of his mother, led to a backlog of song. In a hurry, Shunzhi ordered Fu to gradually batch folds, and Fu gradually burned the anointing to follow the sun, worked for three consecutive days and nights, and handled more than 800 pieces of folds, which made the Shunzhi Emperor feel quite pleased.
In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, Shunzhi changed the three inner courtyards to Hanlin Yuan, and added the title of "Three Halls and Three Pavilions" to the university students of the Inner Three Courtyards, and Fu Yi gradually became the first batch of cabinet university scholars in the Qing Dynasty, and he was awarded the title of "Prince Taibao, Wuyingdian University Scholar and Hubu Shangshu". At that time, the Qing Dynasty's "Council of Ministers" was weak, and the Military Aircraft Department had not yet been established (the Military Aircraft Department was only established during the Yongzheng Period), so for a long time, the Cabinet Scholars of the Qing Dynasty were equivalent to "Prime Ministers".
In addition to his outstanding talent, Fu Yi was able to become the "prime minister" of the Qing Dynasty, and there was another reason, in the words of Meng Sen in the "Lecture Notes on the History of the Qing Dynasty":
To Fu Yixian and Lü Gong, the founding fathers of the two branches and one jinshi, were used as cabinet ministers, but they moved the Han people with the title of chancellor.
Fu Yizhi was the leader of the "Chengzhi Branch" in the third year of Shunzhi, and Lü Gong was the leader of the "Ding Hai Enke" in the fourth year of Shunzhi. The reason why they were able to become cabinet ministers was that the Shunzhi Emperor wanted to use their status as Han Chinese to show goodwill to the Han people in order to achieve the purpose of wooing the Han people.
As the saying goes, the times make people. Fu Yi gradually became a leader by relying on his talents and learning, but he was able to become a cabinet minister in more than ten years, which was related to the special national conditions at that time. In other words, even if Fu Yizhi did not take the imperial examination that year, there would be another "Fu Yiwei" appearing. Because the Shunzhi Emperor needed a Han Chinese to flaunt himself.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="80" >3, teaching Kangxi, resigned three times</h1>
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were frequent literary prisons in the Jiangnan region. In the twelfth year of Shunzhi, Shunzhi ordered Fu Yizhi to make a postscript to the "Senior Political Essentials", and Fu Yi gradually took this opportunity to tell Shunzhi the way of the ancient holy kings, and proposed to Shunzhi the "Great Plan for the Security of the People", suggesting that Shunzhi should not build a large number of literary prisons, which would only make more readers panic.
The Tao Te Ching says, "Dwell in a good place, have a good heart, be kind and kind, and be kind and trustworthy." ”
As a reader, Fu Yiyi is not pedantic, and he can judge right and wrong in the torrent of history and correct Shunzhi's erroneous behavior, which is very valuable.
In the same year, Fu Yiyi was appointed by the Shunzhi Emperor as the Crown Prince Taibao and a scholar of the Inner Kingdom History Academy, responsible for teaching Shunzhi's third son Fuquan and fourth son Xuan Ye to read. At that time, Xuan Ye was not yet two years old. In the following years, Fu Yi gradually became the master of the two princes.
In ancient times, many intellectuals dreamed of becoming "imperial masters", and Fu Yizhi had lectured to Shunzhi and now educated the two elderly princes, and his situation was enviable. Fu Yiyi did not expect that the young Xuan Ye would be the famous Kangxi Emperor.
In the second year of Fu Yizhi's tenure as Xuan Ye's master, his health deteriorated. Fu gradually had to ask Shunzhi to "beg and return to his hometown" on the grounds that he was not in good health. Fu Yizhi was about to resign and return to his hometown, and Shunzhi was very surprised, and Shunzhi commented on Fu Yizhi's recital:
"Qing Fu Bi is a heavy minister, honest and simple, industrious and secretive, relying on Fang Yin, how can he cite an example to seek retreat?" Lyrical thoughts, affiliation of chemical theory. (From the Biography of the Qing Dynasty, Vol. 5)
Shunzhi means: How can a court official like you, who is deeply favored by the emperor, easily retire?
Fu Yi gradually understood What Shunzhi meant, and had to continue to bow down to the best of his ability.
In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, Fu Yizhi and Li Wei served as the chief examiner of the examination, and in this year, the imperial court stipulated that all candidates who entered the examination were not allowed to carry book boxes. The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty and the Gradual Biography of Fu Yi" records:
Fifteen years, with the bachelor Li Wei will take the main examination. Examiners entering the court, for example, may bring books, and officials shall apply for prohibition, so as to gradually invite them to remain as in the old practice.
In ancient times, the exam was required to enter the examination room and be closed for three days, and the candidates were not allowed to go out for three days, and all the people who ate and drank Lasa were in the examination room. According to the previous practice, candidates can bring a book box, which contains reference books such as "Jade Chapter" and "Cut Rhyme" into the examination room, as long as they do not carry or cheat during the examination. In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, the imperial court suddenly banned candidates from bringing book boxes to enter, which overwhelmed many candidates.
After Fu Yi gradually understood the emotions of the candidates, he immediately wrote to Shunzhi, hoping to restore the old system, and Shunzhi eventually supported Fu Yizhi's views. However, in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, Fu Yiyi's views were once again denied, which is a later story.
Fu Yi gradually struggled to get the convenience of bringing a book box for the candidates, but he himself fell ill. Shi records that he "coughed up blood in the middle of the river and returned to begging for mercy", and he said to Shunzhi in the middle of the recital:
"On the seventh day of his entry, the Scroll of Lucky Shu had not yet been transcribed, and he begged for another member to be sent to work with Li Wei."
Fu Yizhi said to Shunzhi in the middle of the recital: "Now that the imperial examination has just reached its seventh day, my body is not in contention, and now I am coughing up blood. Fortunately, the volume has not yet been copied, and I hope that Your Majesty will allow me to return to my hometown and send someone to cooperate with Li Wei to complete the file reading. ”
Shunzhi was also very distressed to see Fu Yiwei's performance, but considering the particularity of Keju Chunluo, he said to Fu Yizhi: "Knowing that Qing Qing is occasionally sick, he is trying to take care of the affairs." ”
Meaning, I know you're not in good health, but it's not good to change people now. Fu Yi gradually had to take the illness to preside over the meeting test.
In that year, Fu Yizhi was gradually awarded the rank of a scholar of Wuyingdian University, and in October, Fu Yizhi was gradually out of health, and asked Shunzhi for the third time to resign, and Shunzhi could not bear it, and agreed to Fu Yizhi's request, allowing Fu Yizhi to return to Liaocheng to recuperate, but did not remove him from his official position and treatment.
Fu Yi gradually passed the examination for the middle rank in the third year of Shunzhi and resigned from the government in the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, and he spent 13 years in the court, and the official to the cabinet, even if he returned to his hometown, also attracted much attention. However, after Fu Yi gradually returned to his hometown, he was very low-key, and Shi Zai:
Whenever he hears of the sufferings of the people, if he is concerned with righteousness, he will approve of it. There is no heterogeneous hansu in itself, and I am afraid that I will not be able to do it, and I have not tasted any ill words.
Fu Yi gradually heard that the people had diseases and sufferings, and he could always feel empathy and ask for the people's lives. When they hear of the righteous deeds of the townspeople, they will praise them. Fu Yiyi was dressed simply and did not accept banquets from local officials. He recuperated at home for more than a year, and he could hardly leave the house behind closed doors except for the children of the cultivated clan. The picture below shows a group photo of the Fu clan people in Liaocheng during the late Qing Dynasty.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="101" > fourth, the development of Fu in Liaocheng</h1>
In November of the sixteenth year of Shunzhi, Fu Yi gradually returned to his hometown to recuperate for more than a year, and the Shunzhi Emperor specially sent people to greet him, and when he learned that Fu Yizhi's health was almost good, he invited Fu Yizhi to beijing to take up a post. Fu Yi gradually had to re-enter the DYNASTY. This time, Fu Yiwei only stayed in Beijing for 4 months, and once again returned to his hometown due to illness. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, the Shunzhi Emperor died, and Fu Yi gradually became a serving scholar of Wuyingdian University and went to Beijing to mourn according to the needs of the system. Although Fu Yizhi was only 53 years old at the time, he was already seriously ill, and after he was escorted to the capital by his son, he almost had his last breath left.
After Kangxi ascended the throne, Fu Yizhi proposed to resign for the last time, and Kangxi remembered the love between teachers and students, and retained him several times, but considering that Fu Yizhi was indeed seriously ill, he finally ordered Fu Yiyi to return to his hometown. Four years later, Fu Yiyi died of illness in Liaocheng at the age of 57.
Fu gradually became the founding leader of the country and revitalized the Fu clan of Liaocheng. After Fu Yiyi's death, the Fu clan of Liaocheng changed from the former commercial clan to an official eunuch family. In the following one hundred years, among the sons of the Fu clan in Liaocheng, more than 100 people were admitted to the jinshi, juren, kusheng, and taisheng, and there were many feudal officials.
For example, the brothers Fu Shengxun and Fu Jixun, famous ministers of the Qing Dynasty, were the grandsons of Fu Yixuan. Fu Shengxun served as the governor of Zhejiang and Jiangxi; Fu Jixun was a great Confucian in the late Qing Dynasty, and Li Hongzhang, Ding Baozhen and others all worshiped under Fu Jixun. Mr. Fu Sinian, the aforementioned modern historian and president of Peking University, is the seventh grandson of Fu Yiwei.
To this day, the Fu clan in Liaocheng is still a large clan, and the children of the Fu clan are all over the motherland and contribute to the motherland in different posts. As the founder of the Fu clan in Liaocheng, Fu Yiyi still has a lot of controversy.
The author believes that from the perspective of historical process, Fu Yizhi is different from Hong Chengzu and Wu Sangui, who are subordinates of the Ming Dynasty, and when the Qing Dynasty was established, Fu Yizhi did not harm the interests of the Ming Dynasty, he was just a scholar who was not involved in politics. Therefore, he should not be overly harsh.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, Fu Gradually shouldered the family's expectations and was inscribed with the title of Jinbang. In the following ten years, he worked diligently and was called a competent and good official, and there was no stain on him in the historical records.
"History of Suo Yin" has clouds:
"Serve the office and be rational, and be the first in the government." Compassion for the human body, a good history. ”
To evaluate an official, we must first look at whether he has fulfilled his responsibilities as an official, whether he has shown compassion for the people, and whether he has made a difference. Fu Yi gradually became the emperor of Kangxi, the favorite of Shunzhi, and the leader of the Qing Dynasty, putting aside these specific identities and the restrictions of the special era, he was still a good official.
This article refers to the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", "Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty", "Biography of the History of the Qing Dynasty", "Lecture Notes on the History of the Qing Dynasty"