Weishan County, located in Dali City, Yunnan Province, is a county with a long history. Weishan County is one of the regions in Yunnan that has been implementing the toast system for the longest time. From the Yuan Dynasty onwards, Weishan County was governed by Tuguan, and in the Ming Dynasty, Weishan followed the Yuan Dynasty Tuguan system until the 23rd year of the Qing Dynasty. In the early years of the Republic of China, the land was officially changed to the stream, and the waste land was set up as a county and a rogue official was set up. Weishan is one of the three major Tufu in Yunnan (the other two are the Mu clan tu prefect of the Naxi clan of Lijiang and the tu prefect of the Na clan of the Dai clan of Yuanjiang).
Weishan County belongs to Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province and is one of the regions in Yunnan Province that has been implementing the toast system for the longest time. The Ming and Qing dynasties set up Menghua Province in Weishan, by the upper echelons of the Yi Zuo clan hereditary officials, through two dynasties, for more than 500 years, until the early years of the Republic of China did not unify the county. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Weishan Yi Autonomous County was established. Weishan County is one of the regions in Yunnan Province that has been implementing the toast system for the longest time, but the long-term study of weishan's toast system has not been complete. The study of the Weishan toast system has an important complementary role in the study of the Yunnan toast system.
Dali Weishan is very beautiful, a thousand-year-old town
I. About "Mongolianization"
Weishan's toast system was established in the fifteenth year of Ming Hongwu, followed the Yuan rule and named Menghua Prefecture, implemented the toast system, and appointed zuo He, the leader of the Yi people, as Tuzhi Prefecture. Before talking about the establishment of the toast system, we will first make a brief introduction to the history of Menghua Prefecture.
The name Menghua Prefecture has existed since the Yuan Dynasty, and it can be seen everywhere in the "History of the Yuan", and it also discusses the history of Menghua Prefecture. as
"Menghua Prefecture Ben Mengshe City, Tang Zhiyang Gua Prefecture, Tianbaojian Fengjia yi for the state assassin history." Duan is the county of Kainan. In the seventh year of Yuan Xianzong's reign, thousands of households belonged to Dali. In the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, the province of Menghua was elevated to a road in the fourteenth year, and it was demoted to a state in the twentieth year, and it was restored to Dali Road. ”
Before that, Weishan was the birthplace of the State of Mengshezhao, which was the birthplace of the State of Nanzhao; in the Tang Dynasty, it was set up as Yanggua Prefecture; later the State of Dali conquered this area, renamed it Kainan County, and later established the town of Mengshe; after the Yuan conquest of dali, the Mengshe Thousand Households Were established, which belonged to the Dali Tens of Thousand Households, and in the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Menghua Province was established, the Menghua Road was established in the fourteenth year, and the Menghua Prefecture was reduced to Menghua Prefecture in the twentieth year, which belonged to Dali Road. The name of Menghua Prefecture continued until the Ming Dynasty.
The scenery of Weishan Mountain - Weibao Mountain
Menghua Prefecture was upgraded to Menghua Prefecture during the Ming Dynasty. The scope of MongHua Province is approximately:
"To the east is the boundary of Zhao Prefecture in Dali Province, 150 miles in the west, to the sixth boundary of Dingbian County in Chuxiong Province in the south, and to the ninety miles of Taihe County in Dali Province in the north."
Its scope greatly exceeds the scope of the current Weishan Yi Autonomous County, and even includes the Nanjian Yi Autonomous County.
Weishan Ancient City
Second, the first generation of toast - Zuo He
The toast system of Menghua Prefecture was established in the seventeenth year of Ming Hongwu. The pacification of Menghua Depended on the Ming Dynasty's conquest of Yunnan. During the Hongwu period, "Fu Youde and other Pingmenghua prefectures deng chuanzhou", Daming extended his power to Yunnan. The first toastmaster of Menghua Prefecture was Zuo He. Zuo He himself was a native of Luoluo (a ancestor of the Yi people) in Menghua Prefecture, Dali Province. He was able to become the first Magistrate of Menghua Prefecture because he led his troops to the ming Dynasty when he pacified Yunnan.
According to the record:
Emperor Gao took Yunnan, and Qing Luo's son He Shou was attached to the nine tribes, and he, who was the leader of the Yuan Dynasty Gao Tianhui, rebelled, and He led his tribe to be the first to ascend, and both meritorious and gathered the peasants who had scattered and returned, because they entered the Mongol Prefecture judges. He also took the title of tribute to Que Tingye, and re-entered the zhi prefecture.
Another "History of Ming" records:
In the seventeenth year of Hongwu,17 he made zuo he the chief of the tujue as the judge of Menghua Prefecture, and Shi Sheng was made the chief of the Zhengqian. Twenty-three years later, Marquis Muying of Xiping disobeyed with the barbaric fire head Qing and other infarcts, and asked Wei To command the puppet Li Ju to guard Menghua. The thief Gao Tianhui rebelled, and Dali Wei commanded Zheng Xiang to capture and behead him, and passed it on to Yunnan. In the ninth year of Yongle, Tuzhi Prefecture Zuo Hezheng's chief Ashu came to pay tribute to the horse and gave it as usual.
From the above records, we can see that Zuo He himself is the leader of the Yi people, his father is Zuo Qingluo, they are the Moyali people of the Yi people, and they are the upper-class figures with status among the Yi people in Dali Menghua Prefecture.
Secondly, Zuo He was the first to surrender during the Ming Dynasty's conquest of Yunnan, and was able to command the Nine Tribes; later, when Gao Tianhui rebelled, Zuo He led the Yi people to "first ascend", because of his bravery in battle and his certain achievements in winning over the peasants and naturalizing the hearts and minds of the people.
Weishan Ancient City Gate
In the seventeenth year of Hongwu, Zuo He was appointed as the judge of Menghua Prefecture, and the toast system of Menghua Prefecture was formally established. In the twenty-third year of Hongwu,000, he set up a guard post in Menghua Province and appointed Li Ju to garrison it, which means that at this time Zuo He was not the only ruler in this area, and his power was constrained by the command of the local guardhouse, so he could ensure the ming Dynasty's rule in this area, and through the garrison, a kind of restriction on the power of local local officials was formed.
In the ninth year of Yongle, Zuo He once went to the capital to pay tribute to the warhorses in Yunnan and other places. Zuo He's move, which was in the border area, represented on the one hand a kind of submission and submission to the Yongle Dynasty; on the other hand, it was also a move that he wanted to seek a higher position in this way. After this tribute, Zuo He was appointed as the local governor and his position was further promoted, which laid the foundation for the Zuo family to inherit the position of hereditary magistrate and consolidate its position.
Zuo He was the founder and founder of the Zuo family's rule over the Mongolian region, and it was through Zuo He that the Zuo family was recognized by the Ming Dynasty and became the first toastmaster of the Mongolian region. Later, the Zuo family was able to inherit the position of tuguan, relying on the credit of Zuo Jia, the son of Zuo He.
Third, second generation toast - Zuo Jia
Zuo Jia was the son of Zuo He, inheriting Zhizhou, and from Zuo Jia onwards, the Zuo family truly became the Tusi family that ruled the Mongolian region for a long time.
Zuo He grew older and suffered from diseases. So he let the "concubine Zuo Du take the post", but Zuo Du was "killed by someone during the journey". In this case, Zuo He allowed Zuo Jia to inherit the throne of Zhizhou. In April of the thirteenth year of Yongle, he officially issued a decree: "Allow him to take his place, and admire this." Since then, Zuo Jia himself has been proficient in government affairs and military affairs, and his position has been promoted many times.
In the fifth year of orthodoxy, Zuo Jia was promoted to "Tongzhi of Lin'an Province and in charge of state affairs", and later Zuo Jia was "meritorious in the conquest of Luchuan", and in the First Battle of Zhengluchuan, "fought in the Grand Marquis, the first meritorious service." In this conquest, Zuo Jia "caught the trouble of the dynasty, and used his life to be replaced, when his Jingkou was dispatched from chaos, he was obstructed by danger, beheaded the general to climb the flag, and declared his loyalty." In the midst of the battle, Zuo Jia fought bravely, and many times he was a pioneer and made great military achievements, because of his performance, he was promoted to "Sanpin Sanguan Yazhong Dafu still promoted to the prefect's office." ”
Weishan Yi Hui Autonomous County
Later Emperor Zuojia wrote to the Emperor:
"The state is called thirty-five miles, the people are 4,148 households, and the taxes and grain are more than 4,700 stones, and if we want to change the state to a government, the headquarters should investigate and understand."
With the efforts of Zuo Jia, in June of the thirteenth year of the orthodox year, he changed the state of Menghua to the province of Menghua, and ordered Zuo Jia to "enter the prefect prefecture of Rank because of the Luchuan Gong, and judas Maeya." He served as a prefect and "took Jia as the hereditary prefect". Zuo Jia took charge of the seal until the fifth year of Tianshun, making the Zuo family officially become the hereditary Tusi family of Menghua Province.
Zuo Jia was the second generation of toast after Zuo He, Zuo Jia himself was wise and courageous, courageous and strategic, and made great achievements on the battlefield, because of his own merits made Menghua Prefecture become Menghua Province, he himself was promoted to prefect, and after that, the hereditary prefect of the era made the Zuo family a hereditary toast family in Menghua Province.
Great view of the mountains
Fourth, from Zuo Ming to Zuo Wenchen
In the fifth year of Tianshun, due to Zuo Jia's old age and infirmity, he needed to pass the throne. At first, Zuo Jia wanted his son Zuo Gang to inherit the Zhizhou throne, but "Jia's son just died without attacking, leaving his son Lin Ying." So he let Zuo Jia's grandson, Zuo Gang's son Zuo Lin, succeed to the throne, "Sun Zuo Lin took the place". Zuo Lin worked until the fourth year of Chenghua, and Zuo Lin also died early, but Zuo Lin had no offspring, so he let Zuo Lin's younger brother Zuo Ying inherit the throne. "Lynn also died prematurely without attacking and without Yinye." So Ying Shaoyan. ”
"In the fourth year of Chenghua, the third division will play his brother Zuo Ying to respond to the attack." Zuo Ying himself was able to take the position of Zhizhou by chance, but after he took office, he showed a tenacity and motivation that was different from ordinary people, whether it was in quelling bandits or appeasing the people, he showed his diligence, and finally he became ill and died of illness.
Dali scenery, majestic mountains alone
"Ying was blessed with peace, no great war, but he could take the lead, and Park Cheng did his best, and he was undisturbed." And with the rest of the power of the imperial thieves to cover the obstacles for the people, and to follow the villages, they did not think that they were laboring, but they died of cold diseases with labor. ”
After Zuo Ying's death, Zuo Ying's son Zuo Ming succeeded to the position of Zhizhou. Zuo Ming inherited his father's demeanor, worked hard in his work, and finally died of overwork.
"Zuo Ming's own son Ming Si and his official Zhao Lai Ji had no thief worries in the territory, and his duties were reasonable, and Yufu Yingye, accumulated for ten years, did not speak of labor, but even died of illness by labor."
After Zuo Ming's death, he passed the throne to his son Zuo Zhen. Zuo Zhen himself attaches great importance to etiquette and is a deeply Sinicized Han Chinese, and this image can be seen in the conversation between the author and Zuo Zhen in the "Collection of Mr. Lingxi", and it can be said that with the passage of time, the Zuo family has gradually sinicized.
"The inscription is now shouzhen. Zhengde has been in the spring, Yu Yi is a scholar to Mongolia, and Zhen Ting asks again: Zhen must not be destroyed by the family, and the first doctor of FuZao, who has died in the family temple, has been destroyed by fire, but fortunately only the world remains, and he is afraid of its long-term mistake and the clan is confused. There is no way to be a pioneer, dare to beg for a word. Yu Yu Zhi Zhi: The former king gave the surname of The Name, so Zhaozu Kao is a clan, don't be suspicious, and be close to each other and humane here. Therefore, the person who guides the water knows its source, and the person who discerns the way knows its pulse can be easily known. ”
After Zuo Ming, Zuo Wenchen inherited this position.
From Zuo He to Zuo Jia to Zuo Wenchen, the position of the Toast of Menghua Province has always been firmly in the hands of the Zuo family.
5. Summary
In the Ming Dynasty, starting from Zuo He, the Zuo family was firmly close to the central government, maintaining a submissive attitude towards the central government, gaining the trust of the central government and safeguarding its own rights and interests. The Zuo family also survived and grew. Personally, I believe that zuojia tuguan has the following characteristics:
1. Take blood as the link and pass it on from generation to generation. We can see that the best way for the Zuo family to ensure its own inheritance is to use blood as a link, in which there are both brothers and brothers, as well as fathers and sons, which ensures that the position of the toast is always controlled by the Zuo family, effectively controlling The Mongolization and maintaining its own rule.
2. Express an attitude of submission and obedience to the central authorities. Unlike many rebellious toastmasters, the Zuo family has always expressed an attitude of submission and obedience to the central government. From Zuo He's surrender to the Ming army, cooperating with counter-rebellion, and taking the initiative to pay tribute; to Zuo Jia's xiao yong and good war; and then to the diligence and earnestness of his descendants. Each of them relies on his own behavior like the central government to express his own determination in order to gain the trust of the central government.
3. The degree of Sinicization has gradually deepened. Zuo Jia Toast has changed from the initial image of Xiao Yong and good war to the image of Toast for the political side, and finally has become close to the image of Han Ethnic Toast, which can be said to reflect that the Zuo family has gradually faded the barbaric cloak of ethnic minorities and become a new-style literati class in Yunnan, and is accompanied by the deepening of their sinicization.
References: "Yuan History", "Ming Yi Tongzhi", "Ming Jing Shiwen Compilation", "Ming History", "Tianxia County Guoli Disease Book", "Continuing Literature Tongkao", "Tuguan Bottom Book", "Yunnan Tongzhi" and so on