01
Turning over Yuan Shao's resume, the most classic is the "Runannan Nanyang people", which means a long time for people at that time.
Yuan Shao was a native of Runanyang and the grandson of Situ Tang. Father Cheng, the general of the five senses, strong and good friends, the great general Liang Ji is not good. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Volume 74 Shang Yuan Shao Liu Biao Lie Biography 64 Shang
Yuan Shao was originally written in the beginning, and the Ruyang people in Runan. His grandfather, Ann, was a Han Situ. The fourth emperor of Zi'an held the third throne, and the power of the world was overthrown. Shao has a posture and majesty, can fold corporals, shiduo attached, Taizu less and jiaoyan. With the great general As the attendant of the imperial history, he was slightly relocated to the lieutenant of the Middle Military Academy and transferred to si li. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 6, Wei Shu6, Dong Er Yuan Liu Biography NO. 6
RunanJun was one of the most populous and wealthy regions in the Han Empire. According to historical records, by the 5th year of yonghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (140 AD), the population of the 37 counties of Runan-gun totaled 2100788 people, second only to the population of the "imperial township" Nanyang County among the population of all counties in the country. The large population and economic prosperity are accompanied by the activity of cultural and social activities. In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the "Customs and Customs", there are more than 100 famous people in Runan, such as Dai Ping, Zhong Xing, Xu Shen, Zhou Ju, Cai Xuan and other well-known masters of scripture, famous politicians Huan Kuan, Chen Fan, Fan Huan, and so on.
Runan's Yuan clan can be traced back, and I think the most typical is Yuan Liang.
The "Monument of Yuan Jun, the Three Elders of the Han Dynasty", records about Yuan Liang: Gao Zu broke the item, and from his book, the world was established, and he also lived in Fule. Xiao Wuzheng and three years, gave birth to great-grandson Gan, beheaded the thief Gong Xian yong worship Huang Menlang, sealed the Marquis of Guannei, and ate 600 households in the countryside. After Sikkim Purple... Dried, son and heir. Jing Xue, Zi Shan Si, Fu Guo III, to Gui Rong and broken, Jun is the grandson of the mountain.
When Liu Bang and Xiang Yu competed for the world, Yuan's ancestors followed Liu Bang to make a contribution, and later gave birth to a great-grandson Yuan Gan, who was worshipped by Huang Menlang for his bravery and martial merits, and was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Guannei and left six hundred households in the countryside. Yuan Gan gave birth to a son, Yuan Jing, and Yuan Jing gave birth to a son, Yuan Shan, and Yuan Liang was a grandson of Yuan Shan.
Yuan Liang had learned Yi from the famous master of Yi, Meng Xi, and was therefore given the title of Prince of The Prince during the reign of Emperor Ping of Han. During the reign of Emperor Guangwu, Yuan Liang served as the Commander of Chengwu County. This is a key figure in Yuan's transformation from Wu to Wen.
Yuan Liang had two sons: Yuan Chang and Yuan Zhang. When Yuan Changshi moved his family from his ancestral home of Yangxia to Runan, the lineage he passed on was the famous Yuan clan of Runan, which was famous in the political arena of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Yuan Chang gave birth to a son, Yuan An. In the third year of the Reign of Emperor Yuan of Han, Yuan An took the post of Sikong, and the Yuan clan of Runan began to enter the central political level. Since Yuan Anguan to Sikong and Situ, Anzi Yuan Chang and Yuan Jing were both Sikong, Jingzi Yuan Tang was Sikong and Taiwei, Tangzi Yuan Feng was also to Sikong, and Feng brother Yuan Kui was also to Sangong and Taifu. There are as many as five people in the fourth century who occupy the position of the three dukes, so they are called "four generations and three dukes" or "four generations and five dukes".
02
Coincidentally, if you open the two typical rich surnames at that time, the Hongnong Yang clan and the Hanoi Sima clan, you will find that these families who have learned over the ages basically turned from military merit to literature, and then became the rulers. I said in "On the Influence of Yang Zhen's Qinglian Thought on Future Generations":
At the time of the Chu-Han conflict, Yang Zhen's eighth ancestor Yang Xi defeated Xiang Yu at the foot of the river and was given the title of Marquis of Chiquan by Han Gaozu. Yang Zhen's high-ranking ancestor Yang Chang married Sima Ying, the daughter of Ma Qian of the Taishi Company, and served as an official during the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han, and was given the title of Marquis of Anping. Yang Changsheng Yang Zhong and Yang Yun. Yang Zhen's father, Yang Bao, studied the Confucian classic Shangshu transmitted by Ouyang Sheng, and Guangwu learned of his talent and bus characteristics. It can be seen that the development of the Yang family began with the lost nobility, and then through the military merit of the nobility, and then to the study of Confucian classics, and gradually transformed into a famous "family of classics".
Qiu Luming pointed out in "Political Power and Family Network at the Time of Wei and Jin" that from the perspective of the development process of the Sima family in Hanoi during this period, the cultural characteristics of its family were the same as the regional culture of Hanoi, and it also underwent the transformation of "from wu to wen" in the two Han Dynasties. The more reliable figure in Sima Yi's ancestors was Sima Yi's high ancestor Sima Jun, and judging from the deeds of Sima Jun seen so far, his main activities were related to the pacification of the Qiang rebellion, with strong military overtones, and no study of Confucianism was found. But by the time Sima Yu's grandson Sima Yu arrived, his family had begun to be influenced by the Confucian tradition. Sima Juan was deeply supported by the township clans, and it can be seen that his family was already quite prestigious in the township society, and his people were quite knowledgeable, knowledgeable, and already contaminated with Confucianism, and by the time of his son Sima Fang, he was even more of a Confucian. [1]
Why did the Runann Yuan clan and the Hongnong Yang clan and the Hanoi Sima clan be able to "enter the literature from wu" and eventually rise to the center of power? This is related to the political ecology of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of han, at the suggestion of Dong Zhongshu, Confucianism was revered. The Confucians took to the stage again. They started with scripture, then taught apprentices, and through the teacher-student relationship between disciples and protégés, they gradually monopolized their official power. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, this situation intensified. These successive secretaries of state have naturally become "three dukes" in the central government, and they are famous "scholars". In the local area, it is the local power of the two Han Dynasties, who have built a complex and powerful network force at the local level by means of clans, teachers and students, fellow villagers, marriages, etc.
We simply understand that these people themselves have grasped the right of culture or the right of cultural interpretation through the study of scriptures, and then monopolized the right to be officials through clans, teachers and students, fellow villagers, marriages, etc. Finally, while becoming officials, they have accumulated considerable wealth such as land and population, and then through hiding the population, they have also grasped the economic power, and gradually become a giant that integrates politics, economy, and culture. It even directly threatened the decision-making of the central imperial court.
Therefore, on this level, Yuan Shao and the Yuan Shu brothers were really born with a golden key.
03
However, it is worth noting that not all "scribes" can emerge politically and eventually form a situation of "four generations and three dukes". That is to say, the teaching of family learning and the formation of disciples are not developed in a direct proportion, and the study of the scriptures of successive generations may not always be able to become the secretaries of the successive generations, especially the three dukes of the successive generations.
The Qing Dynasty scholar Zhao Yi listed the Kong, Fu, and Huan families in the Twenty-Second Chronicle as typical examples.
Zhao Yi said that since Confucius, kong has been in the Warring States of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and has not been engaged in the work of scripture and righteousness, "the longest of this Confucianism." After the Fu clan was named Ru Fusheng in the early Han Dynasty, this family lasted for two han dynasties and four hundred years, and it was also the longest of Confucianism." Huan Rong, Zi Huan Yu, Sun Huan Yan, and great-grandson Huan Lin of the Huan clan all used the Ming Jing as the imperial teacher,...... Then Kong and Fu Ershi can't reach it."
The Kong clan was basically unknown in the political arena of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but Kong Rong was known as a famous scholar at the end of the Han Dynasty; the Fu clan was only Fu Zhan (Great Situ) and nephew Fu Gong (Sikong); huan shi zhi jiuqing, not the third duke. In addition to these three families, the Ouyang clan passed on the Fusheng Shangshu from the Western Han Dynasty Wenjing to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Ouyang She, the eighth was a doctor, and Ouyang She was the Great Situ. Ouyang She was imprisoned for the crime of stolen goods, and people called him "door list".
Not only that, but there was also Nanyang Wadan, whose family "Hereditary Meng's "Yi" during the Western Han Dynasty, only Wadan was a doctor in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, DaHongqi, died in the official, and later generations are unknown.
Beihai Zhenyu, Xi "Yan's Spring and Autumn", professors are often hundreds of people, in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was a doctor, and later moved to the prince Shaofu, who died here. Zi Zhenpu and Sun Zhencheng both passed on their learning. Zhen Cheng", who teaches often hundreds of people. All the Confucians inherit the inheritance of the third generation, and they do not submit to it. "Zhen Cheng died in Liang Xiang in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his descendants continued to learn from him, and the history books do not record him as an official.
There are probably quite a few such families who have been taught for generations but have not been able to become officials for generations. Due to the extremely popular private preaching of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the successive generations of scripture studies can be formed in families with good economic conditions and high cultural attainments, mainly through the efforts of the scholars themselves.
Successive official works involve many factors such as the family's own scriptural reputation, political status, interpersonal relations, and geography. Moreover, the state bureaucracy also has certain limits, and the inspection system of Changke Filial Piety and Maocai all stipulate the specific amount of people to be raised per county each year. In addition to the regular sections such as filial piety and the Ming Jing, there are also One Yin Special Sections such as Ming Fa, Zhi Drama, and Courageous Zhi Bing. Not all of the Xi Confucian families can be officials. Some families have been passed down from generation to generation and have been officials for generations, but their disciples are not prosperous and politically active. [2]
It can be seen that the transformation of the "family of scriptures" into the "fourth generation and three dukes" requires many subjective and objective factors. The most important objective factor is that there are many descendants of the clan, so that the disciples will not be prosperous, and then a certain generation will suddenly break off the inheritance of family learning. Second, the family must have a relatively strong desire to participate in politics, otherwise even if it is forced to conscript, it will not be politically active, and the interpersonal relationship will be relatively simple, and it will not reach the height of "four generations and three dukes". Third, the family's "management" activities are also very important, for example, Yang Zhen's son Yang Cineng is ranked as the third duke, in addition to the reputation of family learning, his own Confucian achievements, the protégé's former officials' promotion, and the emphasis on the door of inspection and judication, all play a role in it.
04
Not all "scribes" can emerge politically and eventually form a situation of "four generations and three dukes". So how did Yuan do it?
Wei Shuyue: Since (Yuan) An and below, all of them love and tolerate the masses, and have no choice; when guests enter their doors, no wise or foolish will do what they want, and they will be returned to the world. Shao is the son of Feng Zhi, the half-brother of Shu, and becomes a son after he is born. Heroic Record: Written in characters, strong and strong, there are parts, and the noble Qi Quanhao has been married to the great general Liang Ji below, and everything is followed. Therefore, the Beijing master made a proverb: "Things are not harmonious, ask Wen Kai." "
That is to say, Yuan An's descendants like to communicate and "operate". Except for Yuan An, who "established the dynasty with positive colors" and was quite influential, the other four dukes had no merit to do. Yuan An was an official, and Yuan Yu also had the praise of "honesty and not a magnate", but Yuan Tang and Yuan Cheng were different.
Liang Ji poisoned Emperor Qian in 146 and wanted to establish Liu Zhi the Marquis of Wu. Tai Wei Li Gu, Situ Hu Guang, and Sikong Zhao Jie Hongxu Qiao jointly discussed the establishment of Liu Garlic, the King of Qinghe, and the two factions were at loggerheads. Later, Hu Guang and Zhao Cheng changed their minds in fear of Liang Ji, but Li Gu and Du Qiao were not moved, and eventually Liang Ji dismissed Li Gu and established Liu Zhi, who was later Emperor Huan. The next day, "Situ Hu Guang was made a lieutenant, Sikong Zhao Jie was Situ, Liang Ji was consulted with Shangshu, and The servant Yuan Tang was Made Sikong." In this sharp struggle, it seems that Yuan Tang ascended to the position of The Third Duke with his sleekness.
Yuan Tangzi became a slur on Liang Ji, so "The noble qi quanhao from the great general down to the good, everything is said." Yuan Feng and Yuan Kui were also particularly closely related to the eunuch Yuan Hui. Yuan Pardon was a member of the Yuan clan, "with the feng and kui dynasty chancellors, and admired as foreign aid, so the Yuan clan was favored by the world, rich and luxurious, and not with its own clan."
When Yuan Kui was a Situ, it was not long before the disaster of the party. Yuan Kui's attitude towards Yuan Shao shows his caution. Yuan Shao had close contacts with He Boqiu and other party members, and the eunuch Zhao Zhong and others were alert to this, and When Yuan Kui heard about it, he summoned Yuan Shao to rebuke him: "Ru and destroy my family!" Shonai is at odds with the magnates.
It can be seen that Yuan Tang, Yuan Feng, Yuan Cheng, and Yuan Kui gradually became acquainted with the magnates. This may be the most important reason why in addition to the large number of descendants of the Yuan clan, the prosperity of the disciples, and the strong sense of political participation can continue to be the "fourth and third dukes".
bibliography:
Qiu Luming. Political Power and Family Network at the Time of Wei and Jin Dynasties[M].Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012:45-46.
HUANG Wanfeng. Hongnong Yang and Runanyuan Commentary: On the Classics of the Eastern Han Dynasty[J]Nandu Academy: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Normal University.1991(3)