Pan Geng moved to Yin
Since the founding of the Tang Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty has experienced ten kings before and after, all of which are in the capital of Muding. However, the nine dynasties from the eleventh generation of Zhongding to the nineteenth king Yangjia before Pan Geng moved the capital five times, of which the eleventh king Zhongding moved to Ao (northeast of present-day Xingyang, Henan), the thirteenth king Hejia moved to Xiang (present-day Huangdongnan, Henan), the fourteenth king Zuyi moved to Xing (present-day wenxian county, Henan), the fifteenth king Zuxin moved to Pi (present-day north of Yuncheng, Shandong), and the eighteenth king Nan Geng moved to Xiang. Why are the capital moves so frequent?
It turned out that the six capitals of Hao, Ao, Xiang, Xing, Pi, and Xiang were all on both sides of the Yellow River in order to facilitate the use of water, but the Yellow River was a river that often had problems, and as soon as heavy rain came, it flooded into disaster, and when the flood season came, the water damage was even greater, such as Xing, which was once flooded. When the Yellow River flooded, the water washed away the fertile land, and the people had nothing to gain, while the nobles among the merchants were rich and wealthy, which aggravated the financial panic of the country, and even caused the situation of the royal family being poor and the nobles being rich, and many large households ignored the royal power. Therefore, getting rid of the water damage of the Yellow River has become a major problem facing the Shang regime and also facing the newly incumbent Shang Wang Pan Geng.
At the same time, the Shang Dynasty throne continued to adopt the method of "brother to brother", that is, the brother was succeeded by the brother after death, and after the death of the brother, the son of the eldest brother took the throne. The law of succession to the throne and the succession of the father and the son has increased the number of family candidates who have the right to become shang kings accordingly.
The father of the eleventh king Zhongding, Tai Peng, was a young brother, and it is said that after he succeeded to the throne, a strange thing happened: the Zongmiao Temple of The Capital gave birth to a demon tree, half mulberry, half valley, and overnight, the demon tree grew tall and thick, and the two parts fought with each other, Tai Peng was very afraid, and after the reminder of Yi Zhi, Tai Peng overhauled the dezheng, and finally caused the mulberry tree to die on its own. This legend is actually a sharp reflection of the sharpened struggle for the succession to the throne in the Tai Peng period, whether the throne was passed on to his own son or to the eldest brother's son. Because Tai Peng's pacification policy worked, the Chuanzi faction gained momentum, but the opposition was still quite strong.
In order to divert the contradictions of his own clan, Tai Peng wantonly raised troops to conquer the Fang kingdom to win, and the so-called "Zhongxing" situation appeared, and Tai Peng became a prominent "Zhongzong" among the Shang kings. However, the "prosperous world" disappeared with the death of Tai Peng, and the struggle between the two factions intensified again, and Zhongding, the son of Tai Peng, who had taken the throne, was unable to cope with the powerful opposition, so he had to move the capital to Yu Guan, setting a record for the Shang king to move the capital. From the nine dynasties of Zhongding to Yangjia, the two forces alternately prevailed, and the kings migrated five times, resulting in the situation of the "Rebellion of the Ninth Dynasty". Civil strife will inevitably cause external troubles, and the Fang states in the west and north of the Shang Dynasty, such as zhou, tufang, and tongue fang, will take advantage of the opportunity to rise, and will not come to pay tribute to the Shang king.
For the above reasons, Pan Geng decided to move to Yin. Pan Geng qianyin has an important significance in the history of the Shang Dynasty, in the third king Wuding period after Pan Geng, the rule of the Shang Dynasty reached its peak stage, after the Pan Geng moved Yin to the shang extinction after 8 generations, 12 kings, 273 years, never moved the capital again, so the Shang Dynasty in history is also known as Yin or Yin Shang.
Wuding ZTE
Wu Ding was the most accomplished monarch in the late Shang Dynasty. Wu Ding was known as Emperor Gaozong, the son of Pan Geng's brother Xiao Yi and the nephew of Pan Geng. When Wu Ding was a teenager, his father Xiao B once let him serve outside, grew up in the folk, and participated in labor with civilians, living in hardship, and knowing that it was difficult. After Xiao Yi's death, Wu Ding succeeded to the throne. At the beginning of the reign, "it is or bright yin, and it is not spoken for three years." In this regard, some people think that it is a silent thought; some people think that it is a kind of "mourning system"; some people think that Wu Ding once suffered from "non-speech disease".
After Wu Ding was pro-government, he was diligent in government affairs, paid attention to frugality, and could govern the country well, and one of its characteristics was to appoint talents. When he was a folk man, he heard that there was a sage Ganpan in Yu (now in the Pinglu area of Shanxi), so he went to visit and ask for advice on how to govern the country. He invited Gan Pan to serve as minister of government and assist in the government. Fu said that he was another sage who lived in seclusion in the folk, and it is said that he was born xu jing, who was a slave of criminals, and was opened above the circle of soil, which was a prison of the Shang Dynasty. Say "cloth brown belt rope" and build a city in the place of Fu Qian. Wu Ding had to say in his dream, that is, to send hundreds of workers to the land of Guangye to ask for advice, and pushed him as a face. Because he was discovered in Fu Xiang, he was also called Fu Said. Wu Ding appointed Gan Pan, Fu Shuo, and others, and on the basis of consolidating his rule, he also used the developed economic and military strength to wage a series of wars against the surrounding Fang states.
In the history of the Shang Dynasty of about 600 years, the relocation of the capital of Pangeng to Gu (present-day Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan) was a turning point. From then on, in the 273 years until the fall of the Shang Dynasty, there was no migration of wang capital. It reversed the situation of the "Ninth Dynasty Rebellion" that once appeared in the middle of the Shang Dynasty, strengthened the rule of the Shang Dynasty, and played a role in promoting the development of social production. The Shang Dynasty and the surrounding Fang states had constant wars, but the Most Frequent and Intense during the Wuding Dynasty was reflected in the Shang Dynasty's oracle bones.
The focus of Wuding's use of troops was on the tongue, earth, and ghost sides in the northwest.
The tongue side lived in present-day Shanxi, northern Shaanxi and even north of Hetao in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and was a nomadic tribe in the northwest region, and the tongue side was very rampant during the Wuding dynasty, repeatedly invading the borders of the Merchants, and even invading the Shang suburbs, and the Shang King often received urgent military intelligence reports from the Emperor. Wu Ding personally led the army on many occasions, using as many as 3,000 to 5,000 troops. There are records in the oracle bones of "five thousand dengren (conscription)" and many records of "the king going to the tongue", which shows the intensity and scale of the war. The Tufang lived in the area of present-day northern Shanxi, and during the Wuding Dynasty, the Tufang side had joined forces with the tongue side to invade the Shang's vassal states, and the Tufang side was on the east side, the eastern border of the invasion, the tongue side was on the west side of the liao, and the western border of the invading side was invaded. The oracle bone has "Rip Sheng Zhi Yue: Tufang Conquest in My Eastern Contempt..." To deal with the strong tribe of Tufang, Wu Ding must also personally conquest, and the oracle bone has a record of "The King Cuts the Earth". The number of soldiers employed, up to five thousand, shows the strength of the earth, not under the tongue. Inhabiting the vast areas of present-day northern Shaanxi, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and beyond, the Ghost Fang were powerful nomadic tribes. Wu Ding had ordered Zhen to lead an army to fight against the ghost side and mobilize the troops of the western dependent states, and it took three years to pacify the ghost side, and some of the ghost side people were forced to move west.
The enemies in the northwest of the Shang Dynasty were also Qiangfang, who were good at raising horses, and the "many Qiang horses" played an important role in the wars of the Shang Dynasty and the hunting of the Shang kings. In order to plunder the wealth of the Qiang side, Wu Ding used a large number of troops against him, and the number of troops he recruited reached more than 10,000
Qiang Fang lived in the area around present-day southern Jin and Shaanxi, and was also the main target of the Shang Dynasty's use of troops. There are many records about the Qiang side in the oracle bones, and the Qiang side used the most troops during the Wuding period, far exceeding the number of people who cut the tongue and the earth side, and the most important one was that Nü Hao led 13,000 people to conquer the Qiang side. Wu Hao is the spouse of Wu Ding, and the tomb of Wu Hao found in 1976 in Xiaotun of Yin Ruins in Anyang has more than 120 burial weapons, which indicates that the owner of the tomb was a hero who led the army to fight. The Qiang people, who were captured in the war, were used by merchants as sacrifices for human martyrdom. Oracle records a lot of this kind of material, and the numbers are staggering.
The Shang Dynasty had no fierce enemies in the south, Wu Ding once marched south, "fighting jingchu", after that, the Shang Dynasty's power extended to the south of the Yangtze River, and the Fang states that were conquered by Wu Ding also included Miao, Shu, Fang, Jifang, and Tiger Fang in the Jianghuai River Basin. Wu Ding conquered a vast area from the northwest to the south of the Shang Dynasty. As the Book of Poetry says: "Wu
Ding Sunzi, the King of Wu was invincible. The Dragon Banner is ten times, and the big mess is the inheritance. The state is thousands of miles, the Uighurs stop, and the Zhaoyu Pi pihai. From all over the world, to fake Qi Qi. Jingyuan Weihe, Yin was ordered to be Xianyi, and Bailu was He. ”
During his reign of fifty-nine years, Wu Ding was diligent in government affairs, appointing Fu Shu, who was born as a prisoner, and Ganpan, Zu Ji and other virtuous people to assist the government, and exerted great efforts to govern, so that the political, economic, military, and cultural development of the Shang Dynasty was unprecedented, and the history is called "Wuding's prosperous era". In 1192 BC, Wu Ding died, and the temple name was Gaozong, and after his death, he was succeeded by his son Zu Geng.