Idioms through the Spring and Autumn Reading History to Increase Wisdom (13)
Mencius said that "the gentleman's Zee, the fifth generation and the slash", this is probably the earliest summary of the Chinese cultural elite of the historical and social development law, there are many such laws, such as "six relatives discord and filial piety, the country is in turmoil and loyal subjects" "the general trend of the world, long will be united, long time will be divided". Today, through the study of two idioms, we will reveal the mystery of the tragedy of the descendants of the ancient sage Yu Shun, chen huangong of the Spring and Autumn Chen Kingdom.
The idiom "怙(hù) evil is not a quān": from the "Six Years of The Left Transmission of the Hidden Duke": "Good cannot be lost, evil cannot be long, and its Chen Huan Gong is said to be? Long evil does not hesitate, from self and also. Note: The "long" in the original text refers to long-term accumulation. 怙 means persistence; 悛, it means repentance. The idiom means to persist in doing evil and not to repent.
Idiom "cut the grass and remove the roots": from the "Sixth Year of the Left Transmission of the Hidden Duke": "For the country, those who see evil as the farmer's business to go to the grass, Shān yí (shān yí, eradicate) revere it, do not make it possible to breed, then the good believe." "The idiom means to weed the weeds and pull them out so as not to grow again.
Western Zhou Division
Rise and destroy the kingdom and follow the extinction
"Rise and destroy the country, follow the world, lift up the people, and return the people of the world to their hearts" is from the "Analects" This is a major national policy adopted by Confucius after praising the King of Wu for establishing the country. It means that when a new dynasty is established, it is necessary to first do three major things: to rise and destroy the country, to divide the country that is destroyed; to inherit the world, to inherit the clan of the absolute ancestors; to promote the reclusive talents and award them officials. In this way, the whole world will return to its heart. Historia. The Zhou Benji records that "The King of Wu remembered the first saint king, and yu Jiao after the sealing of Shennong, Yu Zhu after the Yellow Emperor, Yu Ji after Emperor Yao, and Yu Qi after Dayu." Facts have also proved that the implementation of this national policy has ensured the foundation of the Zhou Dynasty for more than eight hundred years.
Earliest canonized. After King Wu Keshang, without waiting to get off the bus, he was given the title of Duke of Hu to Chen, and his title was Marquis, one of the "Three Ke" (三恪: Xinli of the Zhou Dynasty, a descendant of the first three dynasties, with the title of prince, called San ke to show respect), Chen Hu was enfeoffed on the one hand because his father was Tao Zheng (the official who controlled the pottery work) of King Wen of Zhou, mainly because he was Yu Shun's concubine. Lü Shang, who was known as the "first meritorious man", was enfeoffed with the state of Qi, and the state of Lu was sealed by the son of King Wu's half-brother Zhou Gong; Zheng Guo was not knighted until the twenty-second year of Western Zhou Xuanwang; the title of king of Qin and Chu was also quite low, and the title of Chu was only a fourth-rank viscount, while Qin was only granted a vassal state in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, when it was only a vassal state, and it was not until the seventh year of King Xuan of Zhou (821 BC) that the Duke of Qin Zhuang was made a viscount. The State of Wu was made a viscount. This shows the high status of Chen Guo at that time.
Royal in-laws. Chen Guo has always maintained a marriage relationship with the Zhou royal family, King Wu of Zhou married his wife to Chen Hugong, the first monarch of the State of Chen, chen Guo and Cai Guo were also very close, in addition to the natural geographical proximity, but also intermarried with each other, and cai guo was a royal fief, the first king was the brother of King Wu of Zhou Shudu (generally known as Cai Shudu), and later because Cai Shudu followed Wu Geng's rebellion, he was exiled to Guo Lin by the Duke of Zhou. After Cai Shudu's death, Zhou Gongdan enfeoffed his son Cai Zhong (名胡) at Cai (蔡, in modern Shangcai County, Henan) to rebuild the state of Cai.
Geographically superior. Chen Guo's location was originally the capital of the Taihao Fuxi clan, called the Void of Taihao." ChenJing is located south of the Yellow River, in the upper reaches of the Yingshui River, north of huaishui, and is the land of Huaiyang. Geographically, close to Cai, the northern neighbors were also descendants of Xia and Shang, song, and southwestern, Chu and Xu. At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Zheng (the capital of the country was in present-day Xinzheng, Henan) from the northwest. Because it is located in the hinterland of the Central Plains and is an important transportation hub, Chen Ren is good at business, and both agriculture and commerce are very developed, which also lays a solid foundation for Chen Guoli.
The above advantages made Chen Guo one of the twelve influential princely states from the Western Zhou To the Spring and Autumn Period (that is, Lu, Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, Song, Wei, Chen, Cai, Cao, Zheng, and Yan), and played an important role in the political arena of the Spring and Autumn Period, but as stated at the beginning of the article, "the gentleman's Ze, the fifth generation and the beheading", by the time of Chen Huangong, due to Huan Gong's great talent, especially in the handling of international relations, it not only led to his own death, but also led to Chen's internal turmoil that caused Chen Guo to begin to decline from prosperity to decline.
The evil Duke Chen Huan
In the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were five countries in the Central Plains that were relatively powerful, Song, Wei, Zheng, Chen, and Cai, whether it was within the princely states or between the five kingdoms, there were many contradictions, grace and resentment were constantly cut and chaotic, and the two great powers next to them, Lu and Qi, had to insert two bars from time to time, and the Zhou royal family, as the co-lord of the world, had long ceased to be brave at this time, and could not control the situation at all except to stir up trouble and add chaos.
It's all the curse of jealousy. Everything should start from the State of Zheng, which itself has the territory of the Song, Wei, Chen, and Cai states in the Central Plains (referred to as the Four-Eyed Alliance), of which Song and Chen are descendants of the Xiansheng Kings (the Song Kingdom is a descendant of the Shang Dynasty, and the Chen Kingdom is a descendant of Yu Shun), Wei and Cai are the royal brothers (Wei Guo is the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou, Kang Shu, and Cai Guo is the son of Zhou Gongdan), and the time of the title and the level of the title are almost the same, they are all princely states with old qualifications, so the four countries are married to each other, and there is no trouble with each other. However, Zheng Guo in the west took advantage of the position of secretary of the Zhou royal family in the hands of Zheng Wugong and Zheng Zhuanggong's father and son, constantly benefiting themselves, and constantly encroaching on the surrounding small countries after moving east from the west, which made the Four-Eyed Alliance jealous and envious, and made them feel the pressure from Zheng Guo. Coincidentally, Zheng Guo's uncle Duan rebelled, and although the traitor Zheng Zhuang Duke was driven out but not killed, Gongsun Shui, the son of Shu Duan, ran to Wei Guo, listing Zheng Zhuang Gong's crime of "killing his brother and imprisoning his mother", instigating Wei Huan Gong to fight against Zheng Guo and uphold justice, Wei Huan Justice saw that the booming Zheng Guo was not happy, and at the same time wanted to take this opportunity to establish the style of a leader of a big country, so he sent troops to occupy Zheng Guo's Yan, Zheng Zhuang Gong was a good troublemaker, and immediately led his army to attack Wei Guo twice as a royal secretary, and the liang between Zheng Wei and Wei was considered to be married.
Help the state to kill the state. Soon after Zheng Wei formed a vendetta, The Duke of Wei state called on Zheng Guo's uncle Duan to learn from zheng guo and also began to create a rebellion against his brother, killing Wei Huan Gong and establishing himself as a king, but because of the improper position, in order to divert domestic contradictions and launch a war, the spearhead was directed at the enemy Zheng Guo, and pulled up the Four Eyes Alliance, so that the highest and strongest Song Guo led, Song Yangong was worried that his nephew would come back to seize the throne (his nephew Gongzi Feng took refuge in Zheng Guo), and immediately agreed, Chen and Cai of course sided with Song Wei, so the four-nation alliance army sent Zheng Guo together and surrounded the east gate of Zheng Guo. As a result, he returned home in five days. Zhou called back to Weiguo to ask Shi Bei for advice on how to stabilize people's hearts. On the one hand, Shi Wei pointed out a clear path for him and asked Chen Huangong for help, Chen Guo had always been close to the Zhou royal family, and as long as Huan Duke promised to take the state to see that the Zhou King was crowned, it would be foolproof. On the other hand, Shi Wei sent emissaries to inform Chen Huan gong in front of Zhou Wu to trap Zhou Wu, and Huan Gong acted according to the plan to help Wei Guo quell the rebellion in Zhou Wu. A few months ago, he also followed the state to attack Zheng Guo, and in the blink of an eye, he directly blacked out his allies, and Chen Huangong's cloudy rain hand can be seen? The basis of the alliance between Wei and Chen was the in-law, the Duke of Wei Huan who was killed by Zhou Wu, his mother was Chen Guoren, after the removal of Zhou Wu, the reigning Duke Wei Xuan and his mother were also Chen Guoren, which is why Chen Huan Gong trapped Zhou Guo. So why did Chen Huangong help Zhou Wu in the first place? Of course, he also did not want to see Zheng Guo getting stronger and stronger, and judging from Chen Huangong's two hands towards Zhou Wu, he really had a bit of a politician's skill.
Opponents should be respected. In order to avenge the Revenge of the East Gate, Zheng Zhuanggong dragged Wang Shi and his younger brother Zhu Guo to die with the Wei and Song states for many years, and thus won the honorary title of "Spring and Autumn Little Bully". At the same time, in order to disintegrate the Four-Eyed Alliance, he decided to open a gap from Chen Guo. In 718 BC, Zheng Guo decided to reconcile with Chen Guo and took the initiative to send envoys to Chen Guo, but Chen Huangong did not want to directly refuse, and his younger brother Gongzi Tuo advised him to be "friendly with his neighbors and the treasure of the country" (close to Renyi and neighbors to establish good relations, this is a precious opportunity to repair Chen zheng and Zheng), but in Chen Huan's mind, Zheng Guo counted something, the title was lower than me (just a count), the founding of the country was later than me (a difference of two hundred years), compared to the allies Song Guo and Wei Guo were not in the same grade at all, the "Zuo Biography" recorded that "Chen Hou Yue: Song, Wei Shi difficult, What can Zheng do? Not allowed. "In Chen Huangong's eyes, only Song Wei is his real opponent, and you Zheng Guo are not even qualified to be an opponent." But the reality was very humiliating, and in the next year, 719 BC, Zheng Zhuanggong began to calculate the old hatred together, leading an army to attack Chen Guo, pressing Chen Guo to the ground and rubbing. The "Zuo Chuan" here borrows the mouth of a gentleman to criticize Chen Huangong for "growing evil and not being able to be evil, from self and also", which is the origin of the idiom "evil is not evil"; then Zuo Qiuming borrowed the words of Zhou Ren, the master of the Zhou Dynasty, "For the state, see evil as a farmer's business to go to the grass, Qianyi contains reverence, and its roots are absolutely extinct, do not make it possible to breed, then the good believe." It expounds that the governance of the country should be based on good governance, and in the face of evil people and evil deeds, it is necessary to eliminate evil, which is the origin of the idiom "cutting the grass and removing the roots". From this, it can be seen that Chen Huangong can only be regarded as a clumsy pseudo-"politician".
The death is unclear. Among the many monarchs of the Spring and Autumn Period, there were illness deaths, suicides, and other killings, most of which have clear records, but Chen Huangong seems to be an exception, for two reasons: first, the time is unknown, and second, the cause of death is unknown. Let's start with time, "Left Biography. The Fifth Year of the Duke of Huan records: "In the first month of the spring of the fifth year, Jia Shu, Ji Ugly, Chen Hou Bao pawn. Go again. Note that "going" is a false word "obituary", that is, obituary, the previous "Jia Shu" and "self-ugliness" are two days, according to scholars, these two days are December 21 of the first year (706 BC) and January 6 of the following year (707 BC), a difference of half a month before and after, that is to say, Chen Huangong died twice, and both times issued obituary, how is this possible? Fortunately, "The Legend of Gu Liang" and "The Legend of the Ram" have given us some references. Gu Liang Biography. The Fifth Year of the Duke of Huan records: "The first month of Jia Shu, himself ugly, Chen Hou Bao pawn." Why did Bao Die two days ago? ...... Chen Hou took the sunrise of Jia Shu and the day of B ugly, and did not know the day of death, so he raised two days to bao ye. That is to say, Chen Huangong ran away or disappeared on this day, and Yi Ugly only found the body this day, but it is not known when he died, so it takes two days to record his death. So what is the reason why Chen Hou wants to go? The Ram. The Five Years of The Duke of Huan records: "Five years, the spring moon Jia Shu himself ugly, Chen Hou Bao pawn. Two days? 卒之怴 (xù) also. The day of death, the day of his own ugliness, the gentleman is suspicious, so he dies on the second day. Note that "怴" refers to madness, that is to say, Chen Huangong was mentally ill, so it can be concluded that Chen Huangong went missing on December 21 due to mental disorders, and then on January 6 of the following year, Chen Huangong's body was found. However, the "Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn" are recorded a hundred or two hundred years after the death of Chen Huangong, and how high the credibility is to put a question mark, especially saying that he is crazy and mentally ill, and only in the "Ram Biography". However, judging from the later historical facts, his brother persuaded him to kill the prince and avoid self-reliance as a monarch, which was also the first civil unrest in the history of the Chen State, and Gongzi Tuo was killed by the Cai people less than 20 months after he ascended the throne. Therefore, it can be boldly speculated that the death of Chen Huangong is definitely related to Gongzi Tuo, and everyone can make up for it by themselves. Finally, I will end today's content with Du Fu's famous sentence.
Liang Gong's great-grandson, my uncle, has not seen the official Ji Ji for ten years.
After the Great Sage, it was late, and the vast ancient and modern were one and the same.
In the early morning of November 26