In the early 20th century, two giants were active on the land of Shenzhou. They are one south and one north, like the twin peaks of Heng (mountain) and Heng (mountain). The one in the south is called Chen Duxiu, and the one in the north is called Li Dazhao. One was the "commander-in-chief" of the May Fourth Movement, a great pioneer of the Chinese communist movement. In those years of "long nights are difficult to see in Chi County, and a hundred years of demonic dancing" years, they put life and death aside, and worked hard to create the Communist Party of China. "Southern Chen, Northern Li, Meet to Build the Party" has been and will always be passed down as a good story by the Chinese people.
The matter of "Southern Chen and Northern Li, meet to build the party" must start from Chen Duxiu's arrest. The revolutionary storm of the May Fourth Movement in 1919 shook the land of China. On June 11, Professors from Peking University, including Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, and Gao Yihan, despite the heat, went outside the front door to distribute the "Beijing Citizens' Declaration" to the masses, exposing the banditry behavior of the imperialist powers that undermined China's sovereignty and opposing the traitorous policies of the Beijing government, in order to arouse the people's awakening and resistance. Chen Duxiu was arrested for this. Three months later, Chen Duxiu was released on bail. After his release from prison, together with Li Dazhao and others, he enthusiastically propagated Marxism and waged an irreconcilable struggle against all kinds of fake socialism. This infuriated the Beijing government. In order to avoid the continued persecution of the enemy, Chen Duxiu was forced to leave Beijing to go to Wuhan to give lectures and propagate the truth of the revolution. However, "the Hubei officials were so horrified by the doctrine advocated by Chen that they stopped his lectures and went to Wuhan as soon as possible" (see Hankou Shimbun, February 9, 1920). Chen Duxiu had to drive north to Beijing.
Since Chen Duxiu was expelled by the reactionary authorities in Hubei, it is difficult to gain a foothold in Beijing; Chen Duxiu was once a "veteran criminal" who had been arrested for 3 months, and when he was released on bail, the Beijing government still controlled him, stipulating that he could not move freely, and that actions must be approved by the government. Therefore, when Chen Duxiu had not yet arrived in Beijing, the Beijing Police Department sent police to set up a sentry in the area of his apartment, Beichizi Arrow Pole Alley, and immediately arrested him when he arrived.
In order to avoid Chen Duxiu's arrest again, after the planning of Li Dazhao and other friends, when he arrived at the Beijing West Railway Station, he sent someone to pick him up and immediately place him in the home of Wang Xinggong, a professor of science at Peking University, for a while. On the way to Tianjin, Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu discussed the issue of building the party in China.
After Chen Duxiu left, Li Dazhao was in Tianjin, and he and Zhang Zhi, a member of the Young Chinese Society, went to the old Russian concession to meet a Soviet friend and exchange revolutionary opinions, but they were quickly noticed by the enemy. The next day, a newspaper in Tianjin published the news that "the party members held a meeting and plotted against each other." Li Dazhao hurriedly informed several people concerned and asked them to take precautions, and then immediately returned to Beijing.
In March 1920, under the leadership of Li Dazhao, the Marxist Theory Research Association was openly initiated by Deng Zhongxia, a student of the Chinese Department of Peking University, and Gao Junyu, a student of the English Department, and others. The Marxist Theory Research Association united and educated a group of revolutionary intellectuals who were in favor of Marxism and made ideological and organizational preparations for the founding of the Party. In addition to conscientiously studying Marxist theory, the members of the Marxist Theory Research Association also went to Lugou Bridge, Fengtai, Changxindian, Haidian and Luodaozhuang to propagate revolutionary principles to workers and peasants and to integrate Marxism with the workers' movement.
In April 1920, with the approval of the Communist International, the Vladivostok (i.e., Vladivostok) Branch of the Far East Bureau of the Russian Communist Party sent a group of Members of the Russian Communist Party composed of Vyjingsky (pseudonym Wu Tingkang) and his wife Kuznetsova, as well as secretary Mameyev, translator Yang Mingzhai (Chinese Russian) and others to Beijing, and after the introduction of the Russian professor Bellevue of Peking University, they met with Li Dazhao. He also introduced the situation and experience of the Communist International and the international communist movement, and Li Dazhao organized welcome meetings and lectures on many occasions, and warmly invited them to receive them. Li Dazhao had an in-depth conversation with Vyshinsky in the Red House Library of Peking University, secretly discussing the issue of party building in China. Subsequently, Li Dazhao introduced Vyjingsky to Shanghai, the center of China's industrial and workers' movement, to meet Chen Duxiu. Mameyev remained in Beijing to continue to contact Li Dazhao and help him in the work of party building. In October 1920, under the leadership of Li Dazhao, a communist group was established in Beijing, with members including Zhang Guotao and Deng Zhongxia. In January of the following year, the Beijing Communist Group held a meeting and decided to name it the Beijing branch of the Communist Party of China, and Li Dazhao was elected secretary.
After Chen Duxiu returned to Shanghai, he lived in the apartment that Xu Deheng had found for him in advance, No. 2 Yuyang Li, Huanlong Road, French Concession. After repeated persecution by the Beijing government, Chen Duxiu's thinking became more radical, and he joined forces with a group of communist intellectuals in Shanghai to actively participate in the activities of creating the Chinese Communist Party.
In May 1920, Chen Duxiu initiated the organization of the Marxist Research Society in Shanghai, and was responsible for the overall responsibility, with members including Li Hanjun, Shen Xuanlu (i.e., Shen Zemin, Shen Yanbing's brother), Chen Wangdao, Shi Cuntong, Yu Xiusong, Shen Yanbing (i.e., Mao Dun), Shao Lizi, Yang Mingzhai and so on. Dai Jitao and Zhang Dongsu participated in several activities, but they opposed the implementation of socialism in China, the spread of Marxism, and the establishment of the Communist Party of China. Soon after, they withdrew from the activities of the seminar
Vyjingsky met with Chen Duxiu after waiting in Shanghai, which made Chen very happy. After Chen Duxiu's introduction, some Marxists in Shanghai at that time established contacts with Vyshinsky and held many conversations, so that they could better understand the situation in Soviet Russia and the Russian Communist Party, and reached a unanimous conclusion: "Take the road of the Russians." In this way, the establishment of the Communist Party of China was put on the agenda. On July 19, 1920, a conference of Chinese activists was held in Shanghai. This meeting laid the foundation for the subsequent establishment of the Communist Party of China. At the meeting, Chen Duxiu, Li Hanjun, and Shen Xuanlu resolutely supported the establishment of the Communist Party of China. Soon, Li Da, Shi Cuntong, Zhou Fohai, Yu Xiusong, and others also agreed with them. In this way, a communist group headed by Chen Duxiu appeared in Shanghai. (Sheverev: History of the Founding of the Communist Party of China), in August of the same year, China's first communist group was established in Shanghai, with Chen Duxiu as secretary. What was the name of the Shanghai Communist Group when it was founded, and was it called the Socialist Party or the Communist Party? Chen Duxiu couldn't make up his mind and wrote a letter to ask Li Dazhao for advice. Li Dazhao replied very clearly that it was called the Communist Party. Chen Duxiu agreed with Li Dazhao's opinion. Therefore, as soon as the Shanghai Party organization was founded, it was called the Communist Party. In December, Chen Duxiu went to Guangzhou at the invitation of a friend to serve as chairman of the Guangdong Provincial Education Commission, and the secretary of the Shanghai group was represented by Li Hanjun and Li Da.
The Shanghai Communist Group is the initiating group of the Communist Party of China, and in the process of party building, it played an important role in promoting the establishment of communist groups in Wuhan, Jinan, Changsha, Guangzhou, Japan, France and other places
In January 1921, Li Dazhao wrote an article publicly calling for the creation of a working-class party. He pointed out, "There is no group in China that can really express the power of the people, and if the friends of the C faction can form a strong and sophisticated organization and pay attention to promoting the training of the groups of its elements, then China will carry out a thorough reform or have some support!" In March of the same year, representatives of the local communist organizations held a meeting and "issued a joint statement on our goals and principles in the name of the conference." The meeting also formulated a provisional program" (see Hu Sheng's main box, "Seventy Years of the Communist Party of China", CPC Party History Publishing House, August 1991, 1st edition).
Under the meticulous planning of the Shanghai Initiating Group and the active efforts of the local groups, the conditions for the formal establishment of the Communist Party of China are becoming more and more mature. On June 3, 1921, a representative of the Comintern, Marin (formerly known as Henk Sneveret, Dutchman, pseudonym Andresen), arrived in Shanghai, and nikolski, the representative of the Far East Bureau who had succeeded Vyjingsky, also came to Shanghai. They consulted with Li Hanjun, Li Da, and others on many occasions, and Ma Lin put forward a proposal to convene a national congress as soon as possible to establish the Communist Party of China. Subsequently, Li Da and Li Hanjun sent a letter to the local groups to send two representatives to Shanghai to attend the party's inaugural meeting. Representatives of communist groups from various parts of the country and in Japan gathered in Shanghai after painstaking efforts to "unite the party to save China." On July 23, 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai, announcing the glorious birth of the Communist Party of China, which was a "groundbreaking event" in Chinese history and of epoch-making significance. Since the advent of the Communist Party of China, the face of the Chinese revolution has been completely new.
At the same time as the Southern Chen and Northern Li met to build the party, Li Dazhao was very concerned and enthusiastically helped the establishment and development of the party organizations directly under the province.
Li Dazhao devoted a lot of effort to the establishment of the Tianjin party group organization and was the main leader of the preparation for the establishment of the Tianjin party group organization. On September 16, 1919, the Enlightenment Society was founded. Li Dazhao was very concerned about this enlightenment organization of The Early Communist Movement in China, and on September 2, the fifth day of the establishment of the Enlightenment Society, Li Dazhao was invited to Tianjin to discuss with the main members of the Enlightenment Society and propagate Marxism. In the autumn of 1920, under the cordial guidance of Li Dazhao, Yu Fangzhou established the Marxist Research Society in Zhili No. 1 Middle School, the main members of which were An Xingsheng, Li Peiliang, Lu Shaoting, Hao Jiuting, and others, and issued periodicals to introduce the situation in Soviet Russia after the October Revolution and publicize the ideas of the revolution. After Zhou Enlai left, Li Dazhao continued to maintain contact with Yu Fangzhou and others to guide them in the work of building the league and the party. In early November of the same year, Li Dazhao sent Zhang Tailei to Tianjin to establish the first Socialist Youth League Group in Tianjin (also known as s.y) on the basis of the Awakening Society and the Xinsheng Society. On March 12, 1922, Li Dazhao sent people to Tianjin to help establish the branch of the Socialist Youth League, and Yu Shude and Li Zhishan served as the chief and deputy directors. On March 9, 1924, the Tianjin Local Executive Committee of the Socialist Youth League was established, with Yu Fangzhou as its chairman. With the wide spread of Marxism in Tianjin, with the combination of Marxism with the rapidly rising Tianjin workers' movement, with the establishment and development of the Tianjin league organization, the conditions for the establishment of the party in Tianjin have matured, under the care and help of Li Dazhao, in March 1924, the Tianjin Group of the CPC was established, and soon after, the Tianjin Prefectural Committee of the CPC was also announced, and Yu Fangzhou served as secretary.
Tangshan is a place where industrial workers are directly subordinate to the province, has a good revolutionary foundation, and is one of the key bases for Li Dazhao to engage in early party building activities. As early as 1920, Li Dazhao sent Luo Zhanglong, a member of the Marxist Theory Research Association, to Tangshan to conduct social investigations, carry out the workers' movement, and spread Marxism. Deng Pei, a worker at the Tangshan Manufacturing Plant of the Beijing-Fengfeng Railway (hereinafter referred to as the "South Factory"), was a decent man, had high ideological beginnings, had high skill, strong craftsmanship, and had a high prestige among the workers, and was the leader of the workers of the South Factory, so Luo Zhanglong took Deng Pei as the contact person of the Marx Theory Research Society in the Tangshan area, and Deng Pei often used Sundays and holidays to meet with Li Dazhao and Deng Zhongxia and others at Peking University in the name of learning "hypnosis" to further be educated in revolutionary thought. In the spring of 1921, Luo Zhanglong introduced Deng Pei to join the Beijing Communist Yiyi Group and became the first party member of the province directly under his jurisdiction. Then, Deng Pei introduced many people to the party in the South Factory. In March 1922, in accordance with the instructions of the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China on the development of party members and the establishment of the Tangshan party organization, Deng Pei recruited party members among the members of the Socialist Youth League and trade union activists, and in April of the same year, he established a party membership committee in the South Factory, with Deng Pei as secretary. This is the earliest grassroots party organization in the province directly under the province. Then, he recruited party members among the coal miners who opened the spy and established a party organization. In August of the same year, according to the provisions of the "Second National Congress" of the Communist Party of China that those who have two or more branches in a locality can elect 3 people to form a local executive committee, the Tangshan Local Committee of the Communist Party of China was formally established, with Deng Pei as secretary. It is under the leadership of the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Qinhuangdao is a place where industrial workers in northern China gather in modern times, and Li Dazhao attaches great importance to the establishment of the workers' movement and party organizations here. In November 1921, Yang Baokun, a member of the Changxindian Workers' Club and a member of the Communist Party, was dispatched by the Northern Branch of the Secretariat of the Chinese Labor Union to carry out the workers' movement at the Shanhaiguan Bridge Factory (now the Bridge Factory) of the Beijing-Feng railway. In August of the following year, the Ccp's Beijing district sent Wang Gemei to Shanhaiguan to lead the workers' movement. In September, Yang and Wang developed two party members and established a party group, with Yang Baokun as the leader, and in November 1924, the special branch of the CPC Shanhaiguan was established, with Lu Xiangtang as the secretary, and was under the leadership of the northern branch of the Secretariat of the China Labor Union and the party group of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
Zhangjiakou is one of the five major railway trunk lines of the Beijing-Slow Railway center, the industrial workers are more concentrated, at the same time it is close to Beijing and Tianjin, located in the wing, Jin and Jin provinces and inner Mongolia region of the junction, has always been a place of contention for soldiers, the strategic position is very important. The Beijing Regional Committee of the CPC headed by Li Dazhao attached great importance to the establishment of the party in Zhangjiakou and regarded it as a key area.
As early as 1920, through the Peking University Marxist Theory Research Association and the Beijing Communist Group, Li Dazhao sent He Mengxiong, Gao Junzi, and Wang Zhongyi to investigate the Beijing-Sui railway, Nankou, Zhangjiakou and other places, visit workers, and prepare for the establishment of workers' organizations. In July 1921, Li Dazhao sent He Mengxiong, Zhang Yintao and other Communist Party members to Zhangjiakou to carry out the workers' movement and establish a Communist Party organization. In February of the following year, He Mengxiong and Zhang Yintao introduced Li Ze, a railway train worker from Zhangjiakou, to the party, and in June, they developed the Party of Li Liansheng and Zhou Zhensheng to establish the Zhangjiakou Railway Workers Group of the COMMUNIST Party of China. In February 1923, the Zhangjiakou Railway Truck Workers Branch of the Communist Party of China was established, with Li Ze as secretary. He Mengxiong also went to the Beijing-Sui railway as a commissioner to carry out the workers' movement, recruit party members, establish party organizations, and by the beginning of 1923, three party groups had been established. Soon, the railway workers in Xizhimen, Nankou, Kangzhuang and Datong of the Jingsui Railway all had party members and party organizations, and in order to unify the leadership of the Party organization of the Jingsui Railway, in the spring of 1924, the Beijing-Slow Railway Branch of the CPC was established, with He Mengxiong as secretary. In February 1924, the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China and Li Dazhao successively sent CCP members He Mengxiong, Wang Zhongyi, Jiang Hao, and Zhang Lianghan to Zhangjiakou to establish Kuomintang party departments at all levels, and to develop CCP members and establish CCP organizations. At that time, the development of ccp members and their organizations in Zhangjiakou had expanded from the railway to the workers of all walks of life. At the beginning of 1925, Wang Zhongyi and Jiang Hao established the Zhangjiakou Special Branch of the CPC in accordance with the instructions of the Beijing District Committee of the CPC, and Wang Zhongyi served as secretary. In February of the same year, with the help of Li Dazhao, leader of the Beijing District Committee of the COMMUNIST Party of China and the northern region of the Kuomintang, and Xu Qian, member of the Kuomintang Central Committee, Feng Yuxiang was appointed as the northwest border defense inspector and stationed in Zhangjiakou, promoting the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants in the Zhangjiakou area. The Beijing District CPC Committee took advantage of this favorable opportunity to dispatch CCP members Yu Heqing, Xuan Xiafu, Zhang Zhaofeng, and zhangjiakou to develop the party organization. Soon, a number of CCP members were developed among the workers and the Nationalist Army, and CCP organizations were established. At that time, the three special regional working committees of the CPC Chahar, Rehe and Suiyuan had also been established. Under these circumstances, Li Dazhao and others believe that Zhangyuan (that is, Zhangjiakou) is the hub and key of the northwest region, and it is urgent to establish a unified leading organ of the party. To this end, in October 1925, the CPC Northern District Committee and Li Dazhao sent Xiao San, Yang Hongshi, and others to Zhangjiakou to secretly establish the ZHANGJIAKOU Local Executive Committee together with Wang Zhongyi and Jiang Hao, responsible persons of the Zhangjiakou Special Branch of the CPC. This was the first regional party leadership body established by our party north of the Great Wall. His representative name was "Zhang Difang", "Zhang Difang", Xiao San served as secretary, Wang Zhong served as the organization director, and Jiang Hao served as the propaganda minister.
Baoding was a political and cultural center that was then second only to the provincial capital Tianjin. Li Dazhao did a great deal of work to establish a party organization in Baoding. As early as the spring of 1921 and the spring of 1922, Li Dazhao and the Beijing party organization successively assigned Deng Zhongxia and He Mengxiong to Baoding to spread Marxism and carry out party building activities. In the winter of 1922, Baoding already had Wang Xijiang, Yang Qigang, An Zhicheng and several other CPC members, and in accordance with the provisions of the "Second National Congress" Party Constitution of the CPC, the Baoding Group of the CPC was established, with Wang Xijiang as the leader. In May 1924, Baoding recruited two more Communist Party members, and according to the provisions of the "Three Major" Party Constitution of the Communist Party of China on "everyone with five to ten Party members may establish a small group", with the approval of the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China, Zhang Tingrui and others restored the Baoding Group of the Communist Party of China. By the spring of 1925, in view of the increase in the number of party members (already 25), with the approval of the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China, it was decided to establish the Baoding Branch of the Communist Party of China. After the establishment of the branch, it further developed the party organization in further promoting the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and leading the National Assembly movement. By December 1925, the Baoding branch of the COMMUNIST Party of China had 7 subordinate branches and 99 party members. At this time, the Northern District Committee of the CPC decided to establish the Baoding Local Executive Committee of the CPC on the basis of the Baoding branch, and sent Peng Xiulun, a member of the CPC and a student of Peking University, to Baoding to take charge of the work of the place of establishment. At the beginning of 1926, the Baoding Prefectural Committee was established, and the first secretary was Peng Xiulun. It is under the leadership of the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China.
The party organization in Shijiazhuang was also created under the guidance of Li Dazhao. In the second half of 1920, Li Dazhao sent Deng Zhongxia and Zhu Wushan, members of the Marxist Theory Research Association, to Shijiazhuang to lead a "civilian education lecture group" to propagate Marxism to the workers and enlighten the consciousness of the railway workers in Shijiazhuang. On this basis, in the winter of 1921, through the introduction of Luo Zhanglong, Sun Yunpeng, a worker at the Zhengtai Railway Switchboard Factory, joined the party in The West Of Peking University. After Sun Yunpeng joined the party, he established a party group on the Zhengtai Railway. In August 1922, Li Dazhao sent Zhang Kundi, a member of the Communist Party, to Shijiazhuang as a secret inspector of the Zhengtai Railway to carry out the workers' movement, and in December, the Communist Party of China Zhengtai Railway Federation of Trade Unions was established, with Zhang Kundi as secretary. In October 1925, after the establishment of the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China, Li Dazhao attached great importance to the work of Shijiazhuang, and he believed that Shijiazhuang had a modern textile industry, and it was also a transportation hub between the east, west, south and north, and its strategic position was very important, and the work in these areas should be paid attention to. On December 6 of the same year, the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China made a decision to establish a special party branch in Shijiazhuang on December 6 of the same year. Subsequently, Chen Qiaonian, director of the organization department of the NORTHERN REGIONAL COMMITTEE of the CPC, sent Wang Guangzi (Wang Feiran), a student of the Sino-French University in Beijing and a member of the Communist Party, to Shijiazhuang to prepare for the establishment of a special branch. In January 1926, Wang Guangyu and Wang Jingkun (Wang Heshou) and Fu Maogong (Peng Zhen), who had been sent to Shijiazhuang by the All-China Federation of Railways to engage in the labor movement, formed the Shijiazhuang Special Branch of the Communist Party of China, with Wang Guangyu as secretary. It is subordinate to the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Xingtai's party organization was also set up with the help of Li Dazhao. In April 1925, the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China and Li Dazhao sent Zhang Zhongyi and Yu Fangzhou to Natai to develop Shi Tianhe and four other people to join the Communist Party at the No. 12 Middle School directly under the provincial government. In August of the same year, Wang Huanxin, Yang Zijiang, and Li Changtai, members of the National Revolutionary Army stationed in Xingtai, introduced Chao Jie and others to the Communist Party in the Twelfth Session, and established a party branch. In November, Shen Guohua, a member of the Communist Party of China, introduced Wang Futang and nine other members to the Communist Party at the Fourth Provincial Normal School and established a branch. At this time, Xingtai already had two party and cultural departments in the Twelfth Central Committee and the Fourth Division. In order to unify the leadership of the Xingtai regional party organization, in December, the Northern District Committee of the COMMUNIST Party of China reorganized the 12th Central Committee branch into the Shunde (Xingtai) Special Branch of the Communist Party of China.