Black beans are high yielding and practical planting techniques

1. Plot selection

Choose sandy soil plots with flat terrain, medium and upper fertility, and easy drainage and irrigation. The stubble should not be a leguminous crop.

2. Base fertilizer

The base fertilizer is mainly based on farm manure, which is mainly applied to 1000-1500 kg of organic fertilizer (livestock and poultry manure, compost, soil miscellaneous fertilizer, etc.) per mu, and 30 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, which is evenly sprinkled into the plot and then ploughed and raked to make the base fertilizer evenly mixed into the soil.

3. Sowing seedlings

(1) Sowing period. The sowing period of yellow kernel black beans is 3 catties per mu at the end of May and the beginning of June.

(2) Seedlings. Seedling transplanting is conducive to the management and cultivation of strong seedlings and whole seedlings in the field. Choose a fertile sandy loam soil as a seedbed, make a seedbed 100 cm wide and 10 cm high, the bed surface soil should be broken and leveled, according to the interval between each grain 4-6 cm, the seed umbilicus (that is, the white line part of the black bean seed) evenly press the seed into the soil, and then cover the seed with grass and wood ash mixed soil. Cover it with straw (to help moisturize the seedlings) and water it thoroughly, and then do not water it too dry. It should be noted that black beans are not tolerant to water and too wet and can easily cause rotten seeds. About 5 days after sowing, the seedlings should be removed in time to remove the covering straw (it is best to remove the grass in the evening). Pay attention to the treatment of aphids once during the seedling stage.

4. Transplanting

12-15 days after sowing can be transplanted, in the appropriate period to promote early planting, early planting of seedlings short and strong is conducive to survival and strong seedlings, late planting is easy to become thin tall seedlings, is not conducive to survival and cultivation of strong seedlings. Before planting, the seedbed is watered and the bean seedlings are divided into small pieces of soil and transplanted to the field with a kitchen knife. It is recommended that the field be divided into 90cm wide furrows, with a spacing of 50cm between two rows per furrow, and 20cm of plant spacing of 60cm per furrow, and staggered planting according to the "pin" glyph is conducive to the rational use of space. About 1600 plants are planted per acre.

Transplanting time: it is best to transplant after 4 pm on sunny days, and can be transplanted all day on cloudy days, and after planting, it should be watered thoroughly and once a day after planting, generally 2-3 times until it is alive. When planting, pay attention to the cotyledons and ditches at a 90° degree angle, that is, the cotyledons are aligned with the ditches to help the bean seedlings grow. Be careful not to plant too deep and too shallow and compact.

5. Field management

(1) Cultivated soil: from the seedling stage to the flowering stage, 3-4 times of cultivation and weeding should be carried out, and the loose soil increases the air permeability of the soil, which is conducive to the activity of rhizobia and can promote plant growth. Weeding should master the principle of small and small, in addition to less flower work, good results. The latter two times of cultivation should be combined with soil cultivation. Because of the brittle and easy management of this variety, special attention should be paid to the height of the first soil should exceed the cotyledons, and the second cultivation should exceed the primary leaf nodes, which can promote root growth and prevent lodging.

(2) Fertilization: Fertilization should be flexibly mastered according to the number of base fertilizers, the soil fertilizer is thin, and the seedling conditions are flexibly mastered, and it is generally required to apply three times of fertilizer. The first fertilization was around July 10, with 20 catties of urea + farm manure per mu, and the plots were dry and rainy and rainy. The second fertilization was carried out from late July to early August, with 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer per mu and the third application of 25-30 kg of urea per mu in late August.

(3) Moisture requirements and control: The soil water holding capacity with less water demand at the seedling stage should not exceed 50%, and the soil water should be controlled to promote the robustness of the root development seedlings. During the branching period, a certain amount of soil moisture should be maintained to promote the rapid growth of branches. If there is a drought, it should be irrigated once in time. The black bean flower pod stage requires water at most 1-2 times. The soil water holding capacity during the flowering period of soybeans should not be less than 80-83%, and the water holding capacity of 40-50% should be maintained during the pod period. Black beans are less tolerant to waterlogging, and irrigation cannot make the field waterlogged on the principle of seeping wet soil. Generally, ditches are used to irrigate the field, and after the soil is soaked, the accumulated water is discharged and avoid flooding. Waterlogging must be drained in time.

(4) Topping. For example, the black bean of yellow kernel should be picked when it is long due to sufficient water and fertilizer, and it can not be picked when it does not occur for a long time.

6. Pest control

There are fewer diseases of black beans, mainly insect pests. Special attention should be paid to the occurrence and control of bean stalk latent flies.

(1) Bean stalk black diving fly. The black stalk flycatcher is a widely distributed moth-eating pest, from the hatching larvae through the leaf veins, petioles into the main stem, moths marrow and xylem. If the prevention and control is not timely, it will cause a serious reduction in production.

(1) Pest characteristics: Larval borers cause hollow stems, and plants gradually wither and die due to obstruction of water and nutrient delivery. At the seedling stage, the damage is hindered by water and nutrient transport, and the accumulation of organic nutrients stimulates cell proliferation, forming a rust color of the whole plant with enlarged rhizomes, which is significantly dwarfed than the jian plant, and the stem is hollow and the leaves fall off to death. In the later stage, the flowers, pods and leaves fall off prematurely and the yield is reduced.

(2) Occurrence time: Bean stalk black diving fly generally occurs 4 generations a year, especially 2-3 generations are large and harmful. The peak of the overwintering adults is in early June. The first generation of larvae peaked in late June, mothed on spring-sown soybeans, and adults peaked in mid-July, when they moved into summer soybeans for reproduction. The second generation of larvae peaks in late July and early August to moth the first flowering soybeans, and the adult peak is in mid-August at this time when the soybeans are in full bloom. The third generation of larvae is also the most harmful in mid-August, and the end of soybean flowers to the first pod stage is also the most harmful; Adults peak in early September. The fourth generation of larvae peaks in mid-September and is harmful to late sowing of soybeans and mung beans.

(3) Prevention and control measures:

a. Agricultural control: It is necessary to use early maturing high-yielding varieties as much as possible, and do not miss the time of farming to improve the insect resistance of plants to reduce the damage.

b, sweet and sour booby-trapping: in the adult blooming period pot put into the brown sugar 375 grams, vinegar 500 ml, white wine 125 ml, enemy insects 0.5 grams plus boiling water 500 ml, diluted after placing the field every 20-30 acres of a pot, 6-9 a.m., 5-7 p.m. booby trap can reduce the harm.

c. Pharmaceutical control: mainly to prevent adults and hatching larvae. 10% Dagong wettable powder 15-20 g/mu or 40% Lego emulsion 50-75 ml/mu can be used, or 50% octylthion emulsion 50 ml/mu can be used, and 50 kg of water can be sprayed twice in a row at the beginning of the flowering period of bean seedlings, spraying once every 10 days; After the summer solstice, seedlings should be sprayed early to the initial flowering period, and three sprays can be sprayed three times every 10 days.

(2) Ground tigers. In the sowing to seedling stage to control the harm of tigers, 2 days before transplanting, it can be used to use methamidophos or 48% of the happy period 1500 times liquid or 50% octyl thion 1000 times liquid watering and spraying or using vegetable leaves to mix pesticides to trap.

(3) Aphids. In the entire growth period of black beans, it can be controlled with 10% net 2500 times liquid spray.

(4) Pod borer. Mainly in the flowering stage of black beans to the drum stage of the hazard can be controlled by 5% Ruijinte 3000 times liquid or 52.5% farmland music 1000 times liquid spray.

7. Harvest

Black beans turn from red to black and all the leaves are uprooted 7-10 days after they have fallen. After pulling up, it is piled into small long stacks, so that the beans are dried in the pods, and the threshing begins when the pods have a "whooshing" sound. When threshing, use a large woven cloth or plastic film on the ground for threshing, do not put it directly on the mud for threshing, and it is forbidden to crush it with heavy objects such as stone mills. After threshing, the black beans should not be exposed to the sun, but should be placed in an indoor ventilation place to dry.