"Zuo Biao": "Shang Yi is Li Zhifu, and Dong Yi is rebellious." He also said, "Qiu Kedongyi fell to his body." "The King of Shang was on a military parade at the place of Li (present-day Changzhi, Shanxi), and Dongyi did not participate, but took the opportunity to rebel. King Huan was exploited by King Wu of Zhou for cutting down Dongyi. So where is Dongyi? Why did the King cut it down?
The main purpose of the Zhou GongDong Crusade was to annihilate the old forces of Yin Shang and prevent the resurgence of the dead, among them, the two major battles of The Eastern Yi of The Fallen and the Fall of Bogu and Fengbo were the two major battles of the Eastern Yi, so Zhou consumed a lot of energy and troops, and Xin Gongjiayuan (Yin Chen, later returned to Zhou, became a strategist of the Zhou Gong) advocated adopting the tactic of "great difficult attack, small easy to obey, it is better to serve the small and the small to rob the big", first attacking the small states of Huai and Sijian Jiuyi, and then going north to Like, it took three years to annihilate them, and the territory was divided into the State of Qi and the State of Lu. The result of Zhou Gong's eastern expedition was the annihilation of more than 50 countries, including the State of Yan, and the pacification of Huaiyi (the huaishui area and northern region) and other areas in the east.
Huaiyi and other tribes in the east were many Huaiyi fang states and tribes headed by Xu Guo. Because they were also anti-Shang forces, so the Duke of Zhou only pacified, not annihilated, about this, the Western Zhou Jin Wen recorded that after the victory of the Zhou Gong's Eastern Expedition, to the Kang Wang period, Dongyi rebelled again, Zhao Gong and Wei Hou Bomao father again launched a large-scale eastern expedition, all the way to the coastal area, and expropriated the shells produced there.
Chairman Mao once commented: "The King of Zhou wu attacked Xuzhou and won the battle, but the losses were also very large, there were too many prisoners, and they could not digest it, and King Wu of Zhou took advantage of the false attack, and a large number of prisoners defected, resulting in the demise of the Shang Dynasty." It also proves that Lu Kedongyi is an anti-shang force led by Xu Guo.
Xu Guo - the longest established state in history
The State of Xu lasted for 1,600 years from the founding of the State of Xia to the end of the Spring and Autumn Dynasties, and can be said to be the longest established state in history.
The Northern Song Dynasty's Taiping Huanyu Record also quotes the "Records of the Capital City" as also recorded: "Bo Yi had two sons,...... Xiao Yue Ruomu, don't be the Fei clan, Ju Nan is a prince. At the end of the Xia clan, his emperor Fei Chang went to Xia to return to Shang, and Tang Fei had meritorious service and became a secretary, and Tang Feng Fei's son, Xu Di, between Huai and Si, was reinstated as An Uncle and made the Lord Huaiyi. ”
Bo Yi was a hero of Dayu's water rule, with both moral integrity and ability, and a high reputation, and was supposed to inherit the throne of Dayu, but Dayu broke the Zen concession system and passed the throne to his son Qi, so that the throne changed from "gong tianxia" to "family world". After qi ascended to the throne, he killed Boyi, and in order to appease people's hearts, He Feng Boyi's eldest son, Da Lian, inherited Boyi's position and established the Yellow State. The second son, Ruomu, was enfeoffed in Xudi (徐地, in modern Pizhou City and Tancheng County) and established the State of Xu. "Takemoto Memorial": "Yigan opened the throne and killed it." ”
The "History of Qin Benji" says that Fei Chang "was Tang Yu". That is to say, Fei Chang acted as a pioneer in the Shang Dynasty. Fei Chang was "defeated by Ming tiao" (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and made a remarkable contribution to the establishment of the Shang Dynasty (Fei Chang was the ancestor of Fei Zhong).
Xu Guo became the subject of frequent conquests by the Shang Zhou
There are numerous records in the Yin Ruins Oracle about the conquest of many countries by the King of Sui, the most laborious of which was Dongyi. The oracle bones also have a large number of written records that the king of The Dragon often calmed down and inspected some princely states. The inscription unearthed from the tomb of Lady Hao of Yin Also contains the words "Women have been ordered by the king to carry out conquests many times".
Many historical materials such as the Book of Poetry and the Book of Shang have recorded that the Zhou Dynasty's conquests of the Xu state became more frequent. The conquest of Eastern Yi became the main war after the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and records can be found on many bronze inscriptions in the early Zhou Dynasty.
Why did Shang Zhou cut down At any cost?
Strategic materials are abundant
During the Wuding period, in order to expand its territory, the Shang Dynasty began to conquer four directions, not only conquering many small countries, but also plundering a large number of materials. A total of 1928 burial items were excavated from the Tomb of The Lady of Yin In 1976, including more than 440 bronzes, more than 590 jades, and more than 560 bone objects. In addition, there are stone tools, ivory products, pottery and more than 6,000 shells, as well as various pottery, stone tools, conchs and so on, which are extremely exquisite.
In addition, the smelting sites excavated by archaeologists at the Yin Dynasty site are all copper casting workshops, not smelting workshops. It can be inferred that smelting bronze requires copper, tin, lead and other metals, and all need to plunder mineral resources from Dongyi, and the shells with monetary properties and sea salt needed for food at that time came from Dongyi. The inscription of "Zeng Bo Su Gui" reads: Ke Di Huai Yi, Yin Xie Fan Tang (Yang), Jin Dao Xi Xing. This means: "During that period, the Huaiyi region south of Fanyang (Anhui) was rich in copper and tin. ”
Bronze smelting level is leading
The State of Xu was the largest and representative state among the Huaiyi tribes at that time. Regarding bronzes, the level of Xu ware production was once in a leading position and inheriting the past and the future. In 1982, Shaoxing excavated a tomb from the Spring and Autumn Period, and unearthed six bronzes. Three of them are: Ding, Furnace, and Miao, with Zhou Dynasty inscriptions, and the lid and shoulder of the Ding have the same inscription, all of which are 44 characters. It is marked that Xu Qiuyin made his own Tang Ding. According to research, "Qiu Yin" was a sacrificial official of the Shang Dynasty, Xu State, and Chu State.
The Jin text on the Bronze Ware of the Western Zhou Dynasty records that the Zhou Dynasty cut Huaiyi Fu Jijin. It means that Zhou Fa Huai Yi plundered bronzes. The Book of Poetry, Lu Song Pan Shui records the situation of Lu Gong's conquest of Huaiyi and the construction of the "Pan Palace" to entertain the courtiers. The end is: 憬丕淮夷, come and offer Qichen (treasure). Yuan (large) turtle elephant teeth, large bribes (invoicing) Nanjin (high-quality bronze products).
From the aspects of smelting technology and various rich strategic materials, it can be inferred that Xu Guo's economy was at a leading level during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
After the "March of Guanshi" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the "Xijia Pan" stipulated the provisions for the people of the southern princes: Huaiyi old I am obscure (bribery) people, do not dare not do not come out of the shuai, its accumulation, its entry. ...... If you dare not use the order (order), you will be punished (pounced) and cut down. Meaning: "Huaiyi must hand over Naji gold and property to the Zhou Dynasty, as well as provide labor, otherwise it will be crusaded."
Therefore, it is not difficult to infer that Shang Lu cut Xu for profit. From the excessively fierce expansion of force in the Wuding period, which caused serious rebellions by princes in the late Shang Dynasty, the decline of national strength, and other problems, in order to function the dynasty, suppressing and appeasing the surrounding Fang tribes, to the Sui King's period, he had to conquer and effectively manage many Eastern Yi Fang states, mainly xu states. Therefore, it is not difficult to explain that Fang Guo, who is dominated by Xu Guo, often rebels, after all, where there is exploitation, there is resistance.
Development strength grows
The Later Han Shu Dongyi Biography records: "Wu Yi declined, Dongyi slept in prosperity, so he moved to Huaidai and gradually settled in Middle-earth. ”
To successfully conquer a country, it is necessary to unify the culture, unify the writing, weights and measures, and so on. The differences in tradition and culture between Dongyi and the Central Plains are too great, and Dongyi has a long history and growing strength, and if Yin Shang wants to unify Dongyi and the Central Plains and consolidate their operations, it is obvious that they cannot be solved by force alone. Therefore, Yin Shang Fa Yi gave people the illusion that they would rather destroy the country than conquer it.
After the Duke of Zhou destroyed the pro-Shang forces of Dongyi, which were dominated by the State of Yan, the State of Xu developed into the largest state in Eastern Yi in Western Zhou. "Han Feizi" records: the area is 500 miles. "Poetry Classic, Daya Changwu": Lead Pi Huaipu, province this Xutu.
During the reign of King Kang, he was defeated by Zhao Gong due to the rebellion of the State of Lu in Huaiyi, and later returned to Zhou, and assisted King Kang in his crusade against Huaiyi, that is, zhao gong after the Duke of Zhou and Marquis Wei, and after King Kang, there is no more record of Zhou Fa Dongyi. However, the friction between the State of Xu and the Western Zhou Did not stop, and when the State of Lu was first established, it also continued to cut down Xu, and the Shangshu Fei Oath said: Lu had a fierce war with Xu Rong and Huaiyi, and the State of Lu was greatly threatened, so that for a time it did not dare to open the east gate of the capital.
Recovered by The Week
Xu Guo's economy was developed, and it was located in the intertwined Jianghuai River network, and the shipping industry was dominant, providing a lot of taxes for the Zhou Dynasty. The monarch of the State of Xu has always been based on virtue and government, so that many small countries around it have attached themselves to it.
The state of Xu reached its peak during the reign of King Xu Ju and King Xu Yan, and had brazenly confronted Zhou Fenting, not only calling himself "King", but king Xu Ju also raised troops to directly attack the Zhou Dynasty and fight all the way to the Yellow River. During the reign of King Xu Yan, 36 countries around him sent people to pay tribute to him. He took advantage of Mu Tianzi's westward tour to sneak into the capital of the Zhou Dynasty (as in the case of King Wu), who ordered Mao Gong (the fifth grandson of King Wen's son Mao Shu Zheng) to command the state rulers, infantry and military vehicles, and to conquer the Eastern Kingdom. He also ordered Wu Bo and Lü Bo to assist from left to right, leading their clansmen and army retinues on the expedition, and finally pacifying the Eastern Kingdom after three years.
After being defeated by King Mu of Zhou, King Xu Yan lived in seclusion in the mountains, and King Mu of Zhou made his second son Xu Zi.
Later Zhou Xuan ordered Yin Jifu to collect cloth, treasure, grain, and forced labor from Huaiyi, and issued a decree stipulating that Huaiyi should not disturb local public order and market order when doing business. After Huaiyi stopped paying tribute and rebelled again, King Xuan of Zhou reorganized the Sixth Division and personally led a large army to conquest with Emperor Taishi and Sima Cheng's father. The army marched east along the Huai River, and after a fierce battle, the Zhou army defeated the State of Xu, after which the State of Xu truly surrendered to the Zhou. Shijing Daya Changwu: "... Wang Yu Yunsai, Xu Fang came. Xu Fang is the same, the merit of the Son of Heaven. The four sides are flat, and Xu Fang comes to the court. Xu Fang did not return, and Wang Yue returned. ”
The State of Xu perished
After serving the Zhou Dynasty, xu guo was under the surveillance of the Forces of Lu and Wu for more than 200 years, until the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, when Lu Lu killed Wu Wangfu, at this time, the two younger brothers of The Jurchens, Gai Yu and Zhan Yong, were leading troops to besiege the State of Chu's Liu and Eryi, and after hearing the news, they fled to the State of Xu and the State of Zhong, respectively. King Lu of Wu surrendered the two princes, because the mother of the king of xu was a daughter of Wu, released the two princes, and let them enter Chu, aggravating the contradiction between Wu and Chu, so the state of Wu became famous, and in the winter of 512 BC, king Wu sent Sun Wu and Wu Zixu to destroy the state of Xu and the state of Zhong Wu.
The state of Xu was destroyed by the state of Wu, then the state of Yue destroyed Wu, and the state of Chu was destroyed, and the territory of the state of Xu was incorporated into the state of Chu, and the descendants of the state of Xu took the name of the state. It has been in the country for more than 1600 years, with a total of 44 generations of kings.
Since Xu Guo has such a long history, why is the sense of existence so low?
Xiao bian believes that this is mainly because he was a princely state in the Xia, Shang, and Zhou periods; the historical materials of the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou periods are relatively small, especially Xia, and there are almost no written records; even in the Spring and Autumn Period, although there are hundreds of schools of thought in terms of writing, Xu Guo has become a second- and third-rate small country that seeks to survive in the cracks, and is not a historical protagonist.
The descendants went to Japan
After the fall of the State of Xu to the Qin Dynasty, Xu Fu, a descendant of the Xu royal family and the 29th grandson of King Xu Yan, traveled east to Japan to seek immortal medicine for Qin Shi Huang.
Xu Shu of the Three Kingdoms compiled the Nanzhou Xu Genealogy: "Xu Zhonggong is the grandson of King Xu Yan of twenty-six descents. Zhongsheng has the second son, the long is long, the second is Yan, and the extension is Shangye. Changsheng Meng, Meng Sheng consulted with Fu (巿), Fu led his ancestors into the East China Sea Ancestral Continent (that is, present-day Japan), Shang Zhifu would rebel, so he ordered his great-grandson to live in seclusion in Hongdu (that is, Nanzhou, now Nanchang), and it was too late to avoid it, so that his son Jian lived in seclusion in Nanzhou, and from then on he lived in Nanzhou, eight generations to the age of childhood. ”