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以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

以下文章來源于道中華,作者趙金寶唐胡浩

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以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲浙江甯波曬鹽園航拍。(圖檔來源:視覺中國)

人類的生存和繁衍離不開食鹽,鹽不僅為“人人日用所必需”,也深刻左右着社會興衰和文化發展,“一舉箸間,實為财政命脈所系,國家存亡所關”。

01

發源最古中國鹽

中國有着源遠流長的鹽文化。《中國鹽政史》說:“世界鹽業,莫先中國。中國鹽業,發源最古。”傳說早在“三皇五帝”時期的兩次重要戰争——黃帝與炎帝的阪泉之戰和黃帝與蚩尤的涿鹿之戰,均因鹽而起。

阪泉與涿鹿的位置目前雖然還沒有确切定論,但錢穆在《國史大綱》中提出:“阪泉在山西解縣鹽池上源,相近有蚩尤城、蚩尤村及濁澤,一名涿澤,即涿鹿矣。”相傳黃帝誅殺蚩尤後,蚩尤的血水化為鹵水,形成鹽池,是以解州鹽池的鹵水呈紅色,也被稱為“蚩尤血”,也正是因為蚩尤“屍解于此”,此地便被稱為“解”地。

傳說大多難考證,但解縣鹽池的确是中國最早發現并利用的自然鹽産地之一。鹽是人類生存的必需品,“鹽池”自然也成為古代各部族共同争奪的目标,占有鹽池的人,便表示他有各部族共同領袖之資格。是以,有學者認為黃帝、炎帝與蚩尤三個部落之間的戰争可能正是為了争奪鹽池而起。“涿鹿之戰”和“阪泉之戰”作為氏族部落間空前規模的大戰,客觀上促進了三大部族的交往和融合,奠定了中華文明的基礎。

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲山西鹽池,亦稱解池、河東鹽池,位于山西運城市南1公裡。(圖檔來源:視覺中國)

02

“鹽巴”與“巴鹽”

鹽在中國還有一個通俗但又獨特的稱謂——鹽巴。這是為什麼呢?

據說,“鹽”其實最早被稱為“巴鹽”,這與盛産鹽的古巴國有關。古巴國可能起源于武落鐘離山(今湖北長陽境内),巴人主要在鄂、渝、湘、黔等地活動。古巴國“以鹽立國”,《後漢書·南蠻西南夷列傳》中記載了巴人祖先“廪君”沿“夷水”上溯,逐“魚鹽”而居,并戰勝“鹽水神女”的傳說。

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲《後漢書·南蠻西南夷列傳》有關鹽水女神的記載。(圖檔來源:圖蟲創意)

故事中的“夷水”古名“鹹水”,就是現在的清江,是溝通鄂西和川東的重要通道。

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲重慶中井壩鹽業遺址發現的鹽竈。(圖檔來源:重慶考古網)

現代考古發現也證明川渝地區有着豐富的鹽礦資源。在川東地區聚集着大量裸露地表的鹽泉、鹽井,在重慶忠縣的中壩商代遺址中,發現了目前世界上最古老的制鹽場,出土了大量制鹽器皿。

也許正是由于古巴國有豐富的鹽礦資源,很長一段時間,鹽被稱為“巴鹽”,後來才改稱“鹽巴”,并沿用至今。川渝地區的鹽礦資源被開發後,一條條由川渝向外運送食鹽的“川鹽古道”由此而生。

03

川鹽古道

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲川鄂古鹽道主要線路示意圖。(圖檔來源:自貢市圖書館官網)

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲川滇古鹽道主要線路示意圖。(圖檔來源:自貢市圖書館官網)

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲川黔古鹽道主要線路示意圖。(圖檔來源:自貢市圖書館官網)

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲川湘古鹽道主要線路示意圖。(圖檔來源:自貢市圖書館官網)

“川鹽古道”又稱“巴鹽古道”,開始于重慶和四川東南部,大緻可分為“川鄂古鹽道”“川滇古鹽道”“川黔古鹽道”“川湘古鹽道”。這些古鹽道貫穿整個腹地,連接配接沿線各民族,成為促進川、鄂、滇、湘、黔等地居民交流互鑒、文化互融的重要載體。

據史料記載,貴州曆史上不産鹽,全靠黎平、古州兩府與廣西接壤,是以“就近食粵鹽”,其他如貴陽、安順、平越、都勻、思南、石阡、大定、遵義各府州,自元、明以來均食川鹽。

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲川鹽入黔示意圖。(圖檔來源:四川省情網)

川黔鹽道的興盛吸引各地商賈紛紛穿梭于川黔兩地經營鹽業,陝西商人就在其中扮演着重要的角色,川黔鹽道各個節點上巍峨的“西秦會館”便是其有力的佐證。自貢一度被譽為“鹽都”,是四川最大的鹽場,也是川鹽入黔的重要源頭之一。是以,衆多陝商齊聚自貢經營鹽業,他們為了聯絡鄉誼、協調關系,便在當地組織“西秦大會”,“費金萬有奇”,曆時十六載修建著名的西秦會館。會館建成後,陝商們在此祭奠關羽,“共迎神庥”“款叙鄉情”“炫耀郡邑”,共同商讨鹽務。伴随着鹽業的發展,“西秦會館”也随着陝商的腳步遍布在川黔古鹽道上。

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲西秦會館,位于四川省自貢市區龍鳳山下的釜溪河邊。(圖檔來源:圖蟲創意)

叙永和畢節均是川黔古鹽道“永岸線”的重要節點,兩地就建有“陝西街”“春秋祠”“陝西廟”等會館建築。由于會館的興盛,川、黔、湘、陝、晉的商賈、腳力、纖夫彙集于此,他們以各種會館為“大學營”,交換特産、款叙鄉情、贊襄義舉、化解糾紛、制衡官府、舉行慶典。古老的鹽道和因鹽道而興的會館成為各族群衆交流互動、各族文化交融彙聚的載體。

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲春秋祠,又名陝西會館,位于四川省曆史文化名城叙永縣,國家級重點文物保護機關。(圖檔來源:叙永縣人民政府網站)

清至民國時期,發生過兩次“川鹽濟楚”運動。清鹹豐三年(1853年),太平天國運動爆發,太平軍占領長江沿線,淮鹽入楚的通道被阻隔。為解決湖北軍民的“淡食之苦”,湖廣總督張亮基認為川鹽品質好,還離得近,于是提議以川鹽濟楚。這就是第一次“川鹽濟楚”運動。

1937年7月7日,盧溝橋事變爆發,國民政府節節敗退,被迫遷都重慶。随着日寇全面占領淮鹽産區,長江中下遊航道梗阻,國民政府發動了第二次“川鹽濟楚”運動,川渝地區再次成為主要的食鹽供應地。四川鹽務管理局奉令增産以供應湖北、湖南、四川、陝西、西康、雲南、貴州等地軍需民食,位于三峽地區川東段的雲陽、巫溪、開縣、奉節、忠縣、彭水等縣鹽場“場長公署”也一律改稱“鹽場公署”,專門負責食鹽的生産和供應。

曆史上“川鹽”的兩次“濟楚”事實上也是“援湘”,川湘鹽道與川鄂鹽道有許多相關甚至重合的路線。

在這些古鹽道上,背夫、挑夫、馬幫是食鹽運輸的主力軍,他們從雲陽、郁山等地運來食鹽和其他商品,通過古鹽道送到利川等地,再由利川經武夷山區運至湘西、宜昌等地。現在這些地方還流傳着這樣的諺語——“才從四川打回轉,又要啟程下湖南”。

由于人力和馬匹每天運輸食鹽的行程很難超過60裡,這些古鹽道上往往每30裡處就會有小村落,每60裡處便會有大的村落或集鎮,前者正好是人力運鹽行走大半日的距離,後者則是騾馬行走一天的裡程。是以,可以說背夫、挑夫、馬幫的來來往往,在古鹽道上催生了一個個繁榮的村落和集鎮。“路上人不斷,鍋裡不熄火”,就是描述鹽道驿站的繁榮景象,也是川鹽古道上各族群衆的集體記憶。

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

▲中國川鹽線路沿線聚落。(圖檔來源:倪震宇,空間人類學視野下的聚落空間形态與結構研究[D].東南大學,2019)

在川鹽古道上,各民族“因鹽結緣”“因鹽而興”。伴随着一條條川鹽古道的暢通,大量淘鹽的商賈、移民進入川渝地區。明萬曆時,在四川經商的陝西商人已有幾萬人。清初的成都,“詢其居民,大都秦人”。民國時期,國民政府專門下令将郁山鹽供應川、黔、湘、鄂四省,将“川湘水陸聯運處江涪分處”入駐彭水,負責轉運川鹽入湘,彭水一度成為水陸交通樞紐,商品市場日趨繁榮,外籍商人、大小商号遍布彭水的漢葭和郁山兩鎮。

千百年來,川鹽古道上的各民族在文化上兼收并蓄,在經濟上互相依存,在情感上互相親近,共同創造了燦爛的中華鹽文化。新征程上,一條條厚重的古道,一粒粒潔白的鹽巴,必将煥發出新的生命力,訴說着團結一緻、銳意進取的“中華滋味”。

(本文僅代表作者觀點,不代表本号立場)

以鹽為媒,群方“鹹”遂——鹽為什麼被稱為“鹽巴”?

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#7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--discussInput-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, .03)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--nickName-FG: #959595}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-weight:400;font-size:16px}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}*{margin:0;padding:0}.rich_media_content *{max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box!important;word-wrap:break-word!important}

div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}

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