Using salt as a medium, the group is "salty" - why is salt called "salt"?

The following article is from Dao Zhonghua, written by Zhao Jinbao and Tang Hu Hao

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▲Aerial photography of the Salt Garden in Ningbo, Zhejiang. (Image source: Visual China)

The survival and reproduction of human beings are inseparable from salt, which is not only "necessary for everyone's daily use", but also profoundly affects the rise and fall of society and cultural development.

01

Originated from the oldest Chinese salt

China has a long history of salt culture. "The History of China's Salt Administration" said: "The world's salt industry, Mo first China." China's salt industry has the oldest origin. Legend has it that as early as the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" period, two important wars - the Battle of Hanquan between the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor and the Battle of Zhuolu between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou, were caused by salt.

Although the location of Hanquan and Zhuolu has not yet been determined, Qian Mu proposed in the "Outline of National History": "Hanquan is in the upper source of Yanchi in Xie County, Shanxi, and there are Chiyou City, Chiyou Village and Zhuoze nearby, and a Zhuoze is Zhuolu. According to legend, after the Yellow Emperor killed Chiyou, Chiyou's blood turned into brine to form a salt pool, so the brine of the salt pond in Jiezhou is red, also known as "Chiyou blood", and it is precisely because of Chiyou's "corpse here" that this place is called "Jie" place.

Most of the legends are difficult to verify, but the Jiexian Salt Pond is indeed one of the earliest natural salt producing areas discovered and utilized in China. Salt is a necessity for human survival, and the "salt pond" has naturally become the common target of various tribes in ancient times. Therefore, some scholars believe that the war between the three tribes of the Yellow Emperor, the Yan Emperor and the Chiyou may have started precisely for the battle for the salt pond. The "Battle of Zhuolu" and the "Battle of Hanquan", as unprecedented large-scale battles between clans and tribes, objectively promoted the exchange and integration of the three major tribes and laid the foundation of Chinese civilization.

▲Shanxi Salt Pond, also known as Xie Chi and Hedong Salt Pond, is located 1 km south of Yuncheng City, Shanxi. (Image source: Visual China)

02

"Salt" vs. "Salt"

Salt also has a popular but unique name in China - salt. Why is that?

It is said that "salt" was actually first called "Ba salt", which is related to the country of Cuba, which is rich in salt. The state of Cuba may have originated in Zhongli Mountain, Wuluo (in present-day Changyang, Hubei), and the Ba people mainly operated in Hubei, Chongqing, Hunan, Guizhou and other places. The country of Cuba "founded the country with salt", and the legend of the ancestor of the Ba people, "Di Jun", traced along the "Yishui", lived in pursuit of "fish and salt", and defeated the "Salt Water Goddess".

▲ "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Southern Barbarian Southwest Yi Lie" records the goddess of salt water. (Image source: Picture Worm Creative)

The ancient name of "Yishui" in the story is "saltwater", which is now the Qingjiang River, which is an important channel to communicate western Hubei and eastern Sichuan.

▲The salt stove found at the Zhongjingba salt industry site in Chongqing. (Image source: Chongqing Archaeological Network)

Modern archaeological discoveries have also proved that the Sichuan-Chongqing region is rich in salt resources. In the eastern Sichuan region, there are a large number of salt springs and salt wells on the bare surface, and in the Zhongba Shang Dynasty site in Zhongxian County, Chongqing, the world's oldest salt making field has been discovered, and a large number of salt-making utensils have been unearthed.

Perhaps it is precisely because of the abundant salt resources in Cuba that for a long time, salt was called "Ba Yan", and later it was renamed "Yanba", and it is still used today. After the salt resources in the Sichuan-Chongqing area were developed, the "Sichuan Salt Ancient Road" was born to transport salt from Sichuan and Chongqing.

03

Chuanyan Ancient Road

▲Schematic diagram of the main routes of the ancient salt road in Sichuan and Hubei provinces. (Image source: Zigong City Library official website)

▲Schematic diagram of the main routes of the ancient salt road in Sichuan and Yunnan. (Image source: Zigong City Library official website)

▲Schematic diagram of the main routes of the Sichuan-Guizhou Ancient Salt Road. (Image source: Zigong City Library official website)

▲Schematic diagram of the main routes of the ancient salt road in Sichuan and Hunan provinces. (Image source: Zigong City Library official website)

"Sichuan Salt Ancient Road", also known as "Bayan Ancient Road", starts in Chongqing and southeast Sichuan, and can be roughly divided into "Sichuan-Hubei Ancient Salt Road", "Sichuan-Yunnan Ancient Salt Road", "Sichuan-Guizhou Ancient Salt Road" and "Sichuan-Hunan Ancient Salt Road". These ancient salt roads run through the entire hinterland, connecting all ethnic groups along the route, and have become an important carrier for promoting exchanges and mutual learning and cultural integration between residents in Sichuan, Hubei, Yunnan, Hunan and Guizhou.

According to historical records, Guizhou did not produce salt in history, and it all relied on Liping and Guzhou to border Guangxi, so "eat Guangdong salt nearby", and others such as Guiyang, Anshun, Pingyue, Duyun, Sinan, Shiqian, Dading, and Zunyi prefectures have eaten Sichuan salt since the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

▲Schematic diagram of Sichuan salt entering Guizhou. (Image source: Sichuan Provincial Information Network)

The prosperity of the Sichuan-Guizhou Salt Road has attracted businessmen from all over the world to shuttle between Sichuan and Guizhou to operate the salt industry, and Shaanxi merchants play an important role in it, and the majestic "Xiqin Hall" on each node of the Sichuan-Guizhou Salt Road is its powerful evidence. Zigong was once known as the "salt capital", the largest salt field in Sichuan, and one of the important sources of Sichuan salt into Guizhou. Therefore, many Shaanxi businessmen gathered in Zigong to operate the salt industry, and in order to contact the villagers and coordinate the relationship, they organized the "Western Qin Conference" in the local area, "Fei Jin Wanqi", and lasted 16 years to build the famous Western Qin Hall. After the hall was completed, Shaanxi merchants paid tribute to Guan Yu here, "welcomed the gods together", "talked about the nostalgia" and "showed off the county", and discussed salt affairs together. With the development of the salt industry, the "Xiqin Hall" also spread along the ancient salt road in Sichuan and Guizhou with the footsteps of Shaanxi merchants.

▲Xiqin Hall is located on the Puxi River at the foot of Longfeng Mountain in Zigong City, Sichuan Province. (Image source: Picture Worm Creative)

Xuyong and Bijie are both important nodes of the "Yong'an Line" of the Sichuan-Guizhou Ancient Salt Road, and there are "Shaanxi Street", "Spring and Autumn Temple", "Shaanxi Temple" and other guild buildings in the two places. Due to the prosperity of the guild hall, the merchants, foot forces and slender men of Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Shaanxi and Jin gathered here, and they used various guild halls as the "base camp" to exchange special products, describe the nostalgia, praise the righteous deeds, resolve disputes, check and balance the government, and hold celebrations. The ancient salt road and the guild hall that flourished because of the salt road have become the carrier of the communication and interaction of the people of all ethnic groups and the integration and convergence of various ethnic cultures.

▲Spring and Autumn Temple, also known as Shaanxi Hall, is located in Xuyong County, a famous historical and cultural city in Sichuan Province, and is a national key cultural relics protection unit. (Photo source: Xuyong County People's Government website)

From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, there were two "Sichuan Salt Jichu" movements. In the third year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1853), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement broke out, and the Taiping army occupied the Yangtze River, and the passage from Huaiyan to Chu was blocked. In order to solve the "suffering of light food" of the military and civilians in Hubei, Zhang Liangji, the governor of Huguang, believed that the quality of Sichuan salt was good and it was still close, so he proposed to use Sichuan salt to help Chu. This was the first "Sichuan Salt Jichu" movement.

On July 7, 1937, the Lugou Bridge Incident broke out, and the Nationalist Government was defeated and forced to move the capital to Chongqing. With the Japanese invaders fully occupying the Huai salt producing area and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River being blocked, the Nationalist Government launched the second "Sichuan Salt to Chu" campaign, and the Sichuan-Chongqing region once again became the main salt supplier. The Sichuan Salt Administration Bureau was ordered to increase production to supply military and civilian food in Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Xikang, Yunnan, Guizhou, and other places, and the "Salt Farm Chief's Office" in Yunyang, Wuxi, Kaixian, Fengjie, Zhongxian, Pengshui, and other counties in the eastern section of the Three Gorges Region was also renamed the "Salt Farm Office" to be responsible for the production and supply of salt.

In history, the two "Jichu" of "Sichuan Salt" are in fact "aid to Hunan", and there are many related and even overlapping routes between the Sichuan-Hunan Salt Road and the Sichuan-Hubei Salt Road.

On these ancient salt roads, porters, porters, and caravans were the main force of salt transportation, and they transported salt and other commodities from Yunyang, Yushan and other places, and sent them to Lichuan and other places through the ancient salt roads, and then transported from Lichuan to Xiangxi, Yichang and other places through Wuyi Mountain. Now there is still a proverb in these places - "I have only turned back from Sichuan, and I have to set off to Hunan."

Since it is difficult for manpower and horses to travel more than 60 miles a day to transport salt, there are often small villages every 30 miles and large villages or market towns every 60 miles, the former is exactly half a day's distance for manpower to transport salt, and the latter is the mileage of mules and horses for a day. Therefore, it can be said that the comings and goings of porters, porters, and caravans gave birth to prosperous villages and market towns on the ancient salt road. "There are constant people on the road, and the fire is not extinguished in the pot", which is to describe the prosperity of the Yandao Post Station, and it is also the collective memory of the people of all ethnic groups on the Sichuan Salt Road.

▲Settlements along the Sichuan Salt Line in China. (Image source: Ni Zhenyu, Research on the spatial morphology and structure of settlements from the perspective of spatial anthropology[D].Southeast University,2019)

On the Sichuan Salt Ancient Road, all ethnic groups are "bonded by salt" and "prospered by salt". With the smooth passage of the ancient Sichuan salt road, a large number of merchants and immigrants who panned for salt entered the Sichuan-Chongqing area. During the Ming Dynasty, there were tens of thousands of Shaanxi merchants doing business in Sichuan. In Chengdu at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, "consult its residents, most of them are Qin people". During the period of the Republic of China, the national government specially ordered the supply of Yushan salt to Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei provinces, and the "Jiangfu Branch of the Sichuan-Hunan Water and Land Combined Transport Office" was stationed in Pengshui, which was responsible for transshipment of Sichuan salt into Hunan.

For thousands of years, the various ethnic groups on the ancient Sichuan Salt Road have been culturally eclectic, economically interdependent, and emotionally close to each other, jointly creating a splendid Chinese salt culture. On the new journey, the heavy ancient roads and the white grains of salt will surely glow with new vitality, telling the "Chinese taste" of unity and forge ahead.

(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)

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