古人靠什麼來清潔牙齒，也和現代一樣用牙刷嗎

以下文章來源于曆史學堂君，作者計白當黑

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牙齒，是人進食和消化的重要器官，質地堅硬，純白如雪。一口整潔的牙齒，不僅能有較好的生活品質，也可以在社交活動中赢得先機，為此，小夥伴們從小養成了早晚刷牙的習慣。其實，在古代，同樣很注重牙齒的健康，各種潔牙用品一應俱全。

古代，雖然沒有精緻的牙刷和考究的牙膏，不過民間早已重視刷牙的那些事。在《詩經·衛風·碩人》中，用“齒如瓠犀”來形容美人的潔白牙齒，與此相對，古人用“龃龉”一詞，說明牙齒參差不齊的情況，後來引申為雙方抵觸，彼此厭惡的狀況。《史記·倉公傳》中指出，産生齲齒的原因與 “食而不漱”有關。

上圖_ 《紅樓夢》劇照，林黛玉漱口

上圖_ 茯苓，古代制牙膏原料之一

古人對牙齒保健并非一蹴而就的，而是循序漸進的。

儒家經典《禮記》中，有“雞初鳴，鹹盥漱”的記載，意思是說早上雞叫的時候，要用鹽水漱口。到了東漢，百姓對刷牙有了進一步的認識。

據 《金丹全書》記載：“飲食之毒，積于牙縫，于當夜晚洗刷，則垢污盡去，齒自不壞”。“故晨漱不如夜漱，此善于養齒者”。當時，把早晚刷牙作為生活習慣，以此保持牙齒潔淨，同時，書中指出晚上刷牙比早上刷牙效果更好，能把牙齒上殘留的碎屑全部洗刷刷，更利于牙齒健康。

上圖_ 秦漢形狀似旱煙袋，青銅器，管内應為動物鬃毛

問題來了，古人用什麼刷牙呢？

早在秦朝，就曾有過青銅牙刷，形狀類似于煙鍋，圓孔裡塞上布條，作為刷牙工具。即便如此，這種牙刷也是貴族享受的專利。在三國時期，古人習慣用手指刷牙。用它蘸點細鹽，做個SPA，相當的原生态。準确的說，這麼做應該是揩牙，雖有了清潔牙齒的過程，實際效果卻是馬馬虎虎。敦煌壁畫《勞度叉頭聖圖》中，描繪了一個和尚，左手拿着水瓶，右手仔細揩牙的畫面。

上圖_ 敦煌壁畫《勞度叉頭聖圖》中一和尚蹲在地上，左手持漱口水瓶，用右手中指揩前齒

相比之下，同時期的牙簽顯得高大上了。1976年，在江西南昌發現了三國東吳高榮墓，出土了兩根小物件，經過專家研究，發現這個小東西一頭是挖耳勺，另一頭是牙簽，東西雖小，十分實用。

西晉文人陸雲在和哥哥陸機的家書中，寫道：“一日行曹公器物，有剔牙簽，今以一枚寄兄。”陸雲送給哥哥的是曹操用過的牙簽。當時贈送牙簽是時尚高雅的潮流。兩種不同時期的牙簽，有一個共同點，它們都是純金哒，如今的竹木牙簽太low了。

上圖_ 古代的牙簽

揩牙的效果不理想，關鍵是沒有一把好牙刷。真正意義上的牙刷是來自印度的“舶來品”。印度佛教僧人有飯後刷牙的習慣，這麼做是佛教戒律的規定。觀音菩薩的淨瓶，除了水，還泡着兩根楊柳枝，既是灑水用的，也是刷牙工具。玄奘在《大唐西域記》有類似的記載。他回國後，帶回了印度木制牙刷，并且用楊柳枝進行了改良。

随着佛教在中國的普及，古人也開始用楊柳枝刷牙。先把楊柳枝在水裡泡脹，刷牙時把泡好的楊柳枝一端咬開，楊柳纖維散開，就成一把刷子，同樣蘸上鹽，刷牙效果立刻展現，由此産生了“晨嚼齒木”的典故。

除了楊柳枝，槐枝、桃枝、葛藤同樣能達到潔齒的目的，苦澀辛辣的味道，着實不好受。為此，唐代醫書《外台秘要》配制了類似牙粉的秘方，“升麻9克，白芷9克，莫本9克，細辛9克，沉香9克，含水石18克藥物，研成細末，搗末篩為散，每朝楊柳枝頭咬軟，點取藥，揩齒，香而光潔。”

上圖_ 晚唐用楊柳枝做牙刷

随着時代的發展，潔牙工具不斷完善。文豪蘇東坡用松脂和茯苓為原料，曬幹研磨，篩選細末，制作了“蘇氏牙粉”。這種牙粉不是用來刷牙的，而是漱口用的。此外，蘇東坡自創濃茶漱口法，飯後喝幾口濃茶，解膩去味，潔齒留香。北宋醫典《太平聖惠方》有了牙膏的記載：“柳枝、槐枝、桑枝煎水熬膏，入姜汁、細辛等，每用擦牙。”這就是藥物牙膏的雛形。

到了南宋，出現了專門制作、銷售牙刷的店鋪。南宋文人吳自牧在《夢實錄》中，記錄了杭州的生活，“諸色雜貨中有刷牙子。” 百餘家牙刷專賣店遍布大街小巷，其中以“金子巷口傳官人刷牙鋪”最負盛譽。

上圖_ 宋代灰坑出土的牙刷殘品與宋錢

上圖_ 五代十國時期牙刷柄已經有象牙材質的

牙刷以象牙、虎骨、驢骨、牛角、竹、木等材質，頭部鑽孔，植上馬毛，牙刷長約25厘米，毛孔少則4孔，多則24孔。植毛分明穿和暗穿兩種，明穿孔徑外小内大，用金屬絲加強，暗穿美觀大方，工藝難度大。牙刷的價格在25文左右，和一支蠟燭的價格相當，價格親民，童叟無欺。

在《類纂諸家養生至寶》中，對早上刷牙進行了專門讨論，“早起不可用刷牙子，恐根浮兼牙疏易搖，久之患牙痛，蓋刷牙子皆是馬尾為之，極有所損。”原來馬尾較硬，經常使用會造成牙齒松動、疼痛的後遺症。

元末詩人郭钰有詩雲：“南州牙刷寄來日，去膩滌煩一金直。短簪削成玳瑁輕，冰絲綴鎖銀騣密。”這詩中第一次出現“牙刷”一詞。詩人收到南方寄來的牙刷，價值一金，柄如短簪，材質是玳瑁的，銀騣是指白色的馬鬃毛。馬鬃質地較軟，是刷毛的上好材料。

上圖_ 民間古玩市場中的遼代植毛骨質牙刷正背面

牙齒除了齲齒，還會産生口臭。對于注重社交禮儀的古人來說，這是件十分丢人的事。東漢桓帝在位時，侍中刁存就有口臭的毛病，熏得桓帝臉都綠了。為了改善刁存的口臭，桓帝賜給他一件東西，命他口含上朝。

刁存一開始以為是禦賜毒藥，沒想到口含之後，香氣彌漫，口臭頓消。原來桓帝賞賜的是雞舌香，用丁香炮制，十分名貴，效果奇佳。東漢學者應劭在《漢官儀》中，記述：“尚書郎含雞舌香伏奏事，黃門郎對揖跪受，故稱尚書郎懷香握蘭，趨走丹墀。”尚書含香，成為一種宮廷禮儀，常指侍奉君王之意。

小夥伴們看着挺眼熟吧，這就是古典版口香糖。這種口香糖在《齊民要術》、《夢溪筆談》等著作中都有記載。隋唐史學家李百藥曾有“佩翠而辭寒，梅含香而受日”的詩句，唐朝詩人劉禹錫也曾寫過：“新恩共理犬牙地，昨日同含雞舌香”。明清時期，官場上依舊流行着口含雞舌香的舊俗。

上圖_ 近代的牙粉廣告

古人認為一口好的牙齒，要做到用牙衛生，養成潔牙的好習慣。

平常在360度轉舌，先外後内，每天堅持36次，早晚還要叩齒各一回，每天72下，此外，緊閉雙唇，作漱口狀，鼓漱36下。這些方法不僅流行于古代，也适用于現代，小夥伴們為了自己的口腔健康，趕緊試試吧。

參考資料：

《漢官儀》《類纂諸家養生至寶》《太平聖惠方》《外台秘要》《金丹全書》《禮記》《史記·倉公傳》

（本文僅代表作者觀點，不代表本号立場）

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#fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and 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.8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, 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