古人靠什么来清洁牙齿，也和现代一样用牙刷吗

以下文章来源于历史学堂君，作者计白当黑

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牙齿，是人进食和消化的重要器官，质地坚硬，纯白如雪。一口整洁的牙齿，不仅能有较好的生活质量，也可以在社交活动中赢得先机，为此，小伙伴们从小养成了早晚刷牙的习惯。其实，在古代，同样很注重牙齿的健康，各种洁牙用品一应俱全。

古代，虽然没有精致的牙刷和考究的牙膏，不过民间早已重视刷牙的那些事。在《诗经·卫风·硕人》中，用“齿如瓠犀”来形容美人的洁白牙齿，与此相对，古人用“龃龉”一词，说明牙齿参差不齐的情况，后来引申为双方抵触，彼此厌恶的状况。《史记·仓公传》中指出，产生龋齿的原因与 “食而不漱”有关。

上图_ 《红楼梦》剧照，林黛玉漱口

上图_ 茯苓，古代制牙膏原料之一

古人对牙齿保健并非一蹴而就的，而是循序渐进的。

儒家经典《礼记》中，有“鸡初鸣，咸盥漱”的记载，意思是说早上鸡叫的时候，要用盐水漱口。到了东汉，百姓对刷牙有了进一步的认识。

据 《金丹全书》记载：“饮食之毒，积于牙缝，于当夜晚洗刷，则垢污尽去，齿自不坏”。“故晨漱不如夜漱，此善于养齿者”。当时，把早晚刷牙作为生活习惯，以此保持牙齿洁净，同时，书中指出晚上刷牙比早上刷牙效果更好，能把牙齿上残留的碎屑全部洗刷刷，更利于牙齿健康。

上图_ 秦汉形状似旱烟袋，青铜器，管内应为动物鬃毛

问题来了，古人用什么刷牙呢？

早在秦朝，就曾有过青铜牙刷，形状类似于烟锅，圆孔里塞上布条，作为刷牙工具。即便如此，这种牙刷也是贵族享受的专利。在三国时期，古人习惯用手指刷牙。用它蘸点细盐，做个SPA，相当的原生态。准确的说，这么做应该是揩牙，虽有了清洁牙齿的过程，实际效果却是马马虎虎。敦煌壁画《劳度叉头圣图》中，描绘了一个和尚，左手拿着水瓶，右手仔细揩牙的画面。

上图_ 敦煌壁画《劳度叉头圣图》中一和尚蹲在地上，左手持漱口水瓶，用右手中指揩前齿

相比之下，同时期的牙签显得高大上了。1976年，在江西南昌发现了三国东吴高荣墓，出土了两根小物件，经过专家研究，发现这个小东西一头是挖耳勺，另一头是牙签，东西虽小，十分实用。

西晋文人陆云在和哥哥陆机的家书中，写道：“一日行曹公器物，有剔牙签，今以一枚寄兄。”陆云送给哥哥的是曹操用过的牙签。当时赠送牙签是时尚高雅的潮流。两种不同时期的牙签，有一个共同点，它们都是纯金哒，如今的竹木牙签太low了。

上图_ 古代的牙签

揩牙的效果不理想，关键是没有一把好牙刷。真正意义上的牙刷是来自印度的“舶来品”。印度佛教僧人有饭后刷牙的习惯，这么做是佛教戒律的规定。观音菩萨的净瓶，除了水，还泡着两根杨柳枝，既是洒水用的，也是刷牙工具。玄奘在《大唐西域记》有类似的记载。他回国后，带回了印度木制牙刷，并且用杨柳枝进行了改良。

随着佛教在中国的普及，古人也开始用杨柳枝刷牙。先把杨柳枝在水里泡胀，刷牙时把泡好的杨柳枝一端咬开，杨柳纤维散开，就成一把刷子，同样蘸上盐，刷牙效果立刻体现，由此产生了“晨嚼齿木”的典故。

除了杨柳枝，槐枝、桃枝、葛藤同样能达到洁齿的目的，苦涩辛辣的味道，着实不好受。为此，唐代医书《外台秘要》配制了类似牙粉的秘方，“升麻9克，白芷9克，莫本9克，细辛9克，沉香9克，含水石18克药物，研成细末，捣末筛为散，每朝杨柳枝头咬软，点取药，揩齿，香而光洁。”

上图_ 晚唐用杨柳枝做牙刷

随着时代的发展，洁牙工具不断完善。文豪苏东坡用松脂和茯苓为原料，晒干研磨，筛选细末，制作了“苏氏牙粉”。这种牙粉不是用来刷牙的，而是漱口用的。此外，苏东坡自创浓茶漱口法，饭后喝几口浓茶，解腻去味，洁齿留香。北宋医典《太平圣惠方》有了牙膏的记载：“柳枝、槐枝、桑枝煎水熬膏，入姜汁、细辛等，每用擦牙。”这就是药物牙膏的雏形。

到了南宋，出现了专门制作、销售牙刷的店铺。南宋文人吴自牧在《梦实录》中，记录了杭州的生活，“诸色杂货中有刷牙子。” 百余家牙刷专卖店遍布大街小巷，其中以“金子巷口传官人刷牙铺”最负盛誉。

上图_ 宋代灰坑出土的牙刷残品与宋钱

上图_ 五代十国时期牙刷柄已经有象牙材质的

牙刷以象牙、虎骨、驴骨、牛角、竹、木等材质，头部钻孔，植上马毛，牙刷长约25厘米，毛孔少则4孔，多则24孔。植毛分明穿和暗穿两种，明穿孔径外小内大，用金属丝加固，暗穿美观大方，工艺难度大。牙刷的价格在25文左右，和一支蜡烛的价格相当，价格亲民，童叟无欺。

在《类纂诸家养生至宝》中，对早上刷牙进行了专门讨论，“早起不可用刷牙子，恐根浮兼牙疏易摇，久之患牙痛，盖刷牙子皆是马尾为之，极有所损。”原来马尾较硬，经常使用会造成牙齿松动、疼痛的后遗症。

元末诗人郭钰有诗云：“南州牙刷寄来日，去腻涤烦一金直。短簪削成玳瑁轻，冰丝缀锁银騣密。”这诗中第一次出现“牙刷”一词。诗人收到南方寄来的牙刷，价值一金，柄如短簪，材质是玳瑁的，银騣是指白色的马鬃毛。马鬃质地较软，是刷毛的上好材料。

上图_ 民间古玩市场中的辽代植毛骨质牙刷正背面

牙齿除了龋齿，还会产生口臭。对于注重社交礼仪的古人来说，这是件十分丢人的事。东汉桓帝在位时，侍中刁存就有口臭的毛病，熏得桓帝脸都绿了。为了改善刁存的口臭，桓帝赐给他一件东西，命他口含上朝。

刁存一开始以为是御赐毒药，没想到口含之后，香气弥漫，口臭顿消。原来桓帝赏赐的是鸡舌香，用丁香炮制，十分名贵，效果奇佳。东汉学者应劭在《汉官仪》中，记述：“尚书郎含鸡舌香伏奏事，黄门郎对揖跪受，故称尚书郎怀香握兰，趋走丹墀。”尚书含香，成为一种宫廷礼仪，常指侍奉君王之意。

小伙伴们看着挺眼熟吧，这就是古典版口香糖。这种口香糖在《齐民要术》、《梦溪笔谈》等著作中都有记载。隋唐史学家李百药曾有“佩翠而辞寒，梅含香而受日”的诗句，唐朝诗人刘禹锡也曾写过：“新恩共理犬牙地，昨日同含鸡舌香”。明清时期，官场上依旧流行着口含鸡舌香的旧俗。

上图_ 近代的牙粉广告

古人认为一口好的牙齿，要做到用牙卫生，养成洁牙的好习惯。

平常在360度转舌，先外后内，每天坚持36次，早晚还要叩齿各一回，每天72下，此外，紧闭双唇，作漱口状，鼓漱36下。这些方法不仅流行于古代，也适用于现代，小伙伴们为了自己的口腔健康，赶紧试试吧。

参考资料：

《汉官仪》《类纂诸家养生至宝》《太平圣惠方》《外台秘要》《金丹全书》《礼记》《史记·仓公传》

（本文仅代表作者观点，不代表本号立场）

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#fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and 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.8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, 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