Author: Wang Peng Source: Asami Wenyuan
1-Qin. Shang
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The wheels galloped, the air whistles sounded, and the eight hundred miles of Qinchuan scenery retreated one by one. Gradually, the original mountain wall, in front of it is the Western Qin important town, the historical and cultural city of ChenCang. It is also the second largest emerging industrial city in Shaanxi after Xi'an.
"Ming Xiu Zhan Dao, secretly crossing Chen Cang." This is a well-known historical allusion. It is the story of Liu Bang Xiangyu at the end of Qin who joined forces to overthrow the violent Qin and competed with each other for the world. At first, Xiang Yu's military strength was far superior to Liu Bang's, and Liu Bang was driven out of Guanzhong to become king of Hanzhong. Liu Bangtao raised obscurity and burned the boardwalk to paralyze Xiang Yu, indicating that he would live in Hanzhong forever and would no longer compete with Xiang Yu for the world. In fact, he built an altar to worship the general, used the good general Han Xin, and adopted the strategy of "repairing the plank road in the Ming Dynasty and secretly crossing Chen Cang", attacking the east and the west, seizing Guanzhong in one fell swoop, and leveling the world in five years. Liu Bang became emperor, and Chen Cang became famous.
2- Qin Dynasty Wadang excavated from Lintong
In fact, before that, many important historical figures and major historical events occurred in Baoji. Baoji south of the Qinling Mountains, north of the slope, Weishui traversed between, according to the mountains and water, is the ideal environment for ancient human life. In ancient times, the three clans of Jiang, Ji and Ying successively lived and multiplied here. According to history, the Shennongyan Emperor Jiang clan started and grew in the Baoji area, and merged with the Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor tribal alliance to form the ancestor of the Chinese nation, the Yanhuang tribe. We often call ourselves the descendants of Yan Huang, and Baoji is truly one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation!
Not only that, Baoji also gave birth to two tribes that first appeared on the Chinese political stage. The Zhou people used the Zhou Dynasty of Baoji as their hometown and created the 800-year-old Zhou Dynasty; the Qin people used Baoji Weiyuan as their homeland to create the first unified Qin Dynasty in Chinese history. The State of Qin was a small vassal state during the Spring and Autumn Period of China. According to the Classic of Mountains and Seas. The Hai Nei Xi Jing records that Qin and Zhou were descendants of the Yellow Emperor. In 422 BC, Qin Linggong built a temple in Wushan, present-day Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, to worship the Yellow Emperor; The Qin people always regarded themselves as the Huaxia people, and the Fengyan Emperor and the Yellow Emperor were their ancestors. Recent excavations in the Fengxiang area of Baoji, the Qin Jinggong Tomb also proves that the Qin people are of the Huaxia ethnic group, and one of the inscriptions on one of the compilations is "Gao Yang has a spirit, the four sides are in the air", and the emperor Gao Yang is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, which is consistent with the record entered in the "Records of History".
According to legend, King Xiao of Zhou, because of Qin's ancestors' good breeding of horses, divided them in Qin as vassals of the Zhou Dynasty. In 770 BC, Duke Xiang of Qin escorted king Ping of Zhou to move east, was made a prince, and Qin founded the state, occupying the territory of the former Zhou Dynasty in Shaanxi, which was occupied by the Rong and Di people. Since 677 BC, the Qin state has been in Yongjian for nearly three hundred years. There are palace areas, residential areas, tomb areas of scholars and Chinese people, and Qin Gong Cemetery.
Qin's original territory was in the western part of Shaanxi Province, that is, in the Baoji area. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, when the Central Plains rose to prominence, it was remote, marginal, closed, economically backward, and weak in national strength. As far as the science and technology such as smelting and boiling salt at that time, and the culture of a hundred schools of thought, such as the literature of the Hundred Schools of Thought, qin was also relatively backward. As a result, it has not been taken seriously by other countries. This situation did not begin to change until 361 BC, when Qin Xiaogong appointed the Shang Martingale Transformation Method. The crux of the Shang Martingale Reform Law is to completely abolish the Shiqing Shilu system, encourage population multiplication, emphasize agriculture and suppress commerce, reward farming, reward military merit, compile household registrations, and implement the law of consecutive sittings for crimes, so that civilian slaves can change their fate by virtue of their military achievements. The whole country attaches great importance to agricultural products, and the people of the world all think that the country is fighting for the sake of war, and rongli battle merits are the root of the foundation, although later the martingale was split and died by the car, the new law was not abolished. After a hundred years of dismal operation, we have cut thorns and thorns, and gradually overcome the harsh environment of lack of rain and drought in the western region, and our strength is increasing day by day. There has been a flourishing scene of "home giving people enough". As a result, the combat effectiveness of the Qin army continued to increase, and a rich and strong Qin state rose in the west and became the most powerful country in the late Warring States period.
3- The land of Western Qin
In 325 BC, King Huiwen of Qin became king. In 316 BC, the Qin general Sima Mistakenly destroyed Bashu, and Qin Taishou Li Bing built the capital Jiangyan, making Bashu a kingdom of heaven with water and drought and harvests year after year. Since then, the State of Qin has had two grain bases of eight hundred miles of Qinchuan and Sichuan Fertile Land, and its strength has greatly increased, becoming an aggressive big country at the end of the Warring States period. In 246 BC, King Yingzheng of Qin ascended the throne and came to power in 238 BC, beginning his unceasing conquest of the Six Kingdoms. Finally, in 221 BC, the "six kings bi, four seas and one" Qin destroyed the state of Qi and unified China. King Yingzheng of Qin was called Emperor and was the First Emperor. In The history of China, the first unified centralized and centralized state of central authoritarianism was established, the Qin Dynasty.
After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, a series of measures were adopted to strengthen the central authoritarian centralization, with the same track and the same book, and unified weights and measures; the seizure of the world's iron tools; the burning of books and pit Confucianism, and the strengthening of the autocracy. Qin Shi Huang also adopted Li Si's suggestion to abolish the original borders of the Six Kingdoms and divide the country into thirty-six counties. The county lord abolished the traditional system of sub-feudalism, and the local administrative organs were divided into counties and counties. All county officials are appointed and dismissed by the central government. It also stretches for a thousand years of county system. The central government also considered that it could not only centralize power, but also be easy to operate, and set up the chancellor, the lieutenant, and the imperial master, and the three powers were divided. The Chancellor is the head of the hundred officials and is in charge of political affairs. The lieutenant is in charge of the military, and it is used in wartime and is not often placed. The Imperial Master is in charge of the secretary of the map and the inspector of the hundred officials. This set of centralized institutions began in the Qin Dynasty, because it can indeed guarantee the centralization of power, but also easy to ensure the operation of a huge country, so although the Qin Dynasty is short, only passed on to the second generation, its system has been imitated by successive dynasties. Among them, the "three dukes and nine secretaries" system of the Han Dynasty basically copied the Qin system. Therefore, there is a saying that "Han inherited the Qin system".
4--Qin Terracotta Warriors
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Zhou and Qin's Wenzhi martial arts history is impressive, and Qin left behind the terracotta warriors, which are known as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". Baoji's Zhou hometown is also known as the "land of bronzes" because of the many excavations of national treasure-level bronzes. "The ruins of Qiyi in Zhouyuan are the site of the Zhou people's temples, tombs, treasury and the capital of the third dynasty, and bronzes have been excavated as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties on the ground of 20 square kilometers, and then they have been discovered in history. In recent years alone, there have been many shocking and legendary discoveries in the archaeological community.
In 1975, when a farmer in Dongjia Village dug a sweet potato cellar, he dug down with a hammer and only listened to the sound of ding-dong, and then dug out thirty-seven exquisite bronzes; only one year later, a peasant repaired the house to take soil and inadvertently found one hundred and sixty-three bronzes in the cellar; then there were bronzes found from time to time in peasant farming, canal repair, and road construction; and another piece of Dafangding, which was designated as a national treasure, was actually a farmer who returned from ploughing the land, did not bother to carry the plough, and let the cattle drag them out on the machine ploughing road. Such legendary events are not uncommon because they are common in the Zhouyuan area.
5--Bronze artifacts excavated from Baoji
Baoji bronzes are not only complete in variety, exquisite in shape, but also have inscriptions. A bronze ding has an inscription of 28 characters, reflecting the land transfer system of the Western Zhou Dynasty; a Wei Ding has an inscription of 207 words reflecting that the minister was rewarded for his meritorious service; a wall plate inscription of 284 words long, recounting the deeds of the kings of Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang; and then the Sanshi Pan, Mao Gongding, and Yu Jizi Tianpan, which are well-known in the archaeological paleography circles, are all from Baoji Zhouyuan. These bronzes with inscriptions, because they were physical objects at that time, were skeletonized in bronze and could not be changed, which can be called the history of faith. Because it can play the role of "supplementing history, detailing history, referring to history mistakes, and following history without", it can be called a treasure of the country. During the exhibition in Beijing, former US President Richard Nixon and former French President Pompidou both visited and praised it.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the ten-sided drum stone inscription of the Western Zhou Dynasty, namely the Stone Drum Script, was also found at the ancient Chen Cang Daokou in Baoji, which was considered by the calligraphy and stone circles to be the "ancestor of stone carving". It has attracted the enthusiastic attention of Du Fu, Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Dongpo, Kang Youwei and other university scholars of all generations, forming an enduring discipline: stone drum science.
6--Mao Gongding
The bronzes unearthed in Baoji City are most famous for Mao Gongding and Sanshi Pan, and the key is that there have been a series of twists and turns around Mao Gongding and Sanshi Pan, which can be called thrilling stories. Mao Gongding is a bronze artifact cast in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, excavated in Qishan, Shaanxi Province in the 23rd year of Qing Daoguang (1843), named after the inscription in Dingnei that Mao Gong gave advice to King Xuan of Zhou. This Dingtong is nearly 54 cm high, weighs nearly 35 kg, has a large mouth and a round belly, and is large and dignified. The ornamentation is simple and powerful, quaint and simple. The inscription inscribed on Guan Jian has 32 lines and is 499 words long, which is the largest number of bronze inscriptions excavated from the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is recorded that Mao Gong offered national policies to King Xuan of Zhou, and was praised as "worthy of a shang shu". Its calligraphy is in the Style of Western Zhou Jinwen, flowing and mundane, with a leisurely ancient meaning. Regardless of its shape, inscription content, or calligraphy, this ding is an important historical material for the study of politics, economy and culture in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and has immeasurable value, so it has attracted the attention of cultural relics, archaeology and academia at home and abroad as soon as it is excavated.
Mao Gongding was discovered and dug up by Dong Chunsheng, a villager in Dongjia Village, Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, while farming in the western part of the village, and an antique dealer heard the news and bought it for 300 taels of silver. However, at the time of the fortune, it was blocked by another villager, Dong Zhiguan, and the sale was not completed. Antique dealers bribed Zhixian with heavy sums of money, and Dong Zhiguan was arrested and imprisoned for secretly hiding national treasures. Ding was quietly transported away by the antique dealer and fell into the hands of the antique dealer Su Yinian.
In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), the Beijing collector Chen Jieqi bought it from Su Yinian's hand and hid Ding deep in the secret room. After Chen Jieqi died of illness, Ding was sold by his descendants and was obtained by Duan Fang, the governor of Liangjiang at the time. In 1911, the Sichuan Baolu Movement broke out, Duan Fang was sent to suppress it, and together with Zhao Erfeng, the governor of Sichuan, he was killed by the revolutionary army, becoming the highest-ranking official of the Qing court who died in the Xinhai Revolution.
Later, the descendants of Duanfang were in the middle of the family road and staked Dingdian to Tianjin Hua'ao Daosheng Bank. Thanks to the people's call for the protection of national treasures at that time, Mao Gongding fell into the hands of Ye Gongqiu, then the director of transportation of the Beiyang government and a large collector, and it should be said that things should be returned to the right, and the people of the country could rest assured. Unexpectedly, there will be another big twist and turn in the future.
Ye Gongqi (1881-1968), zi Yufu. His ancestral home is Yuyao, Zhejiang, and his family has a family origin, and his grandfather has two generations of poetry, books and literature. In his early years, he graduated from the Tangshi Academy of Beijing Normal University and practiced transportation to save the country. On the eve of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, when building the Western Han Highway, the lifeblood of armament, in order to protect the ancient stone gate of the Hanzhong Baogu Valley, Zhao Zukang, who was then the director of the National Highway Department, also specially asked Ye Gong to write an inscription "New Stone Gate" engraved on the rock, which echoed with the ancient stone gate and still exists today. After the Republic of China, Ye Gongqi successively served as the director of the Ministry of Communications and the minister of transportation. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served as the first president of the Chinese Academy of Painting in Beijing, and the deputy director and acting director of the Central Research Museum of Literature and History. Ye Gong is exquisite in archaeology, calligraphy and painting, and appreciation, and can be called a generation of people; he has spared no effort to preserve national treasures, leaving countless good stories, especially the protection of Mao Gongding.
7- Ye Gong's inscription of the New Stone Gate of the ChuGu
When the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression broke out in 1937, Ye Gongqi was a prominent member of the government and had a prominent reputation, so he sneaked to Hong Kong to avoid the unexpected, but Mao Gongding could not take it away, so he had to hide in his Shanghai apartment. After the fall of Shanghai, the Japanese mulled Mao Gongding's name and used the traitors to search for mao gongding in many ways, fortunately, Ye Gongqi used a pseudonym to buy Mao Gongding, so that the Japanese could not find out for a while. Unfortunately, some traitors provided information, and the Japanese military still came to the door, at this time, Mao Gongding was kept by his nephew Ye Gongchao, who also instructed that ding be presented to the country one day. Fortunately, Ye Gongchao desperately protected him and vowed not to admit that he knew Baoding's whereabouts. Enraged and ashamed, the Japanese military detained Ye Gongchao for Mao Gongding, and Ye Gongqi, in order to save his nephew, created a fake Ding and handed it over to the Japanese army. Ip was released and fled to Hong Kong in the summer of 1941 with Mao Gongding. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, Hong Kong was captured by the Japanese army, and Ye Jiatuo's German friends sent Mao Gongding back to Shanghai. After experiencing ups and downs, thrilling, and nearly dying, the Ye family donated Mao Gongding to the government in 1946. In 1948, the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan, and a large number of precious cultural relics of the National Palace Museum were moved to Taipei. Mao Gongding became the treasure of the National Palace museum in Taipei.
Another piece of The Sanshi plate unearthed from Baoji is also very legendary. This disc is 20 cm high, with a diameter of nearly 55 cm, a bottom diameter of 40 cm and a weight of more than 20 kg. The inscription cast on the plate is 19 lines, a total of 357 words, recording that the state of Qi invaded the scattered country of Tian Yi, and later negotiated peace, the state of Qi cut the field to compensate the scattered country, under the supervision of Shi Zhengzhong, sent by the King of Zhou, the two sides signed an agreement. The contents of the contract were engraved with inscriptions on the plate and became the heavy vessels of the clan state. It is an important historical material for the study of the land system of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, both the Kingdom of Qiang and the State of Shan were in the territory of Baoji, and the Pan of the Scattered Clan was excavated in Baoji Fengxiang during the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty and was once collected by many people. In the fourteenth year of Jiaqing (1809), the 50th birthday of the Jiaqing Emperor, the Governor of Hunan, Arin Bao, received a scattered disc and dedicated it to the emperor as a birthday gift. Through the famous epigrapher Ruan Yuan of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, it was made of inscription rubbings, which were identified as objects of the Western Zhou Dynasty and collected in the treasury of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Jiaqing Emperor also rewarded Arinbao with the high position of viceroy of Liangjiang. But Jiaqing was not as fond of calligraphy and painting and antiques as his father, Qianlong. The Sanshi pan entered the Gongnei Province and went through the six dynasties of Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and Xuantong. In the Kuzo Palace, the time was so long that it was forgotten. It was not until the Xianfeng Decade, after the Eight-Nation Alliance burned the Yuanmingyuan, that no one remembered the Sanshi Pan, and the news that the Sanshi Pan had been burned in the Yuanmingyuan was also reported.
After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution and the qing dynasty more than ten years later, in 1924, Ma Heng, who was then a member of the Qing Chamber's Aftermath Committee, found the Sanshi disk when he checked the items in the Forbidden City, and found the Sanshi disk rubbings in ancient books, identified and verified, and confirmed that it was the original Sanshi disk. After moving south with the cultural relics, it left the Forbidden City and is now in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
8- Autumn colors of Longshan Mountain
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The key to Making Baoji a famous historical and cultural city lies in the victory of the terrain, which is not only the western gateway of the land of Gyeonggi in the Guanzhong Plain, but also the KongDao that must be passed through the West of the Silk Road, and then the Shu Road that connects southwest Sichuan and Yunnan, and the intersection of the ancient Hui Middle Road that connects Ningxia Inner Mongolia.
Chu and Han competed and created the classic battle example of "Ming Xiu Zhan Dao, Secret Crossing Chen Cang". During the Three Kingdoms period, when Shu Wei was fighting for Hanzhong, Cao Cao twice approached Chen Cang and led his army south through Dasanguan. Later, Zhuge Liang attacked Wei, and the soldiers came to Chen Cang, and the defenders attacked the city and retreated. The last time was in Baojimei County, Wuzhangyuan and Wei Jun, for a hundred days, and died of illness in the army. Leave the remains of the burning gourd Yu, the autumn wind Wuzhangyuan and other relics for people to hang.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Baoji became the front line of anti-Jin, and the patriotic general Wu Jiu's brothers, relying on the natural dangers of Qinling, had repeatedly defeated the Jin soldiers on the front line of Shangshang, Dasanguan, and Xianrenguan, and almost captured the Commander of the Jin Soldiers, Jin Wushu. Frightened the Golden Soldiers for decades, they did not dare to invade. The patriotic poet Lu You once praised the army and left behind the ancient song of "Autumn Wind Iron Horse Great Scattering Pass".
9--Mountain village farmhouse
On the eve of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, in order to prevent the Japanese from imitating the historical lesson of the Mongol Iron Horse crossing the Qinling Mountains and destroying the Southern Song Dynasty 800 years ago, the Chinese Government, with state investment, dispatched Zhao Zukang, Wu Bizhi, Zhang Zuozhou, and other elders of China's highway industry to build the first Baohan Highway across the Qinling Mountains, so that the anti-japanese military force could be hidden deep in the hinterland of Hanzhong and Sichuan, and 7,000 boxes of cultural relics from the Forbidden City were transported to Hanzhong to Tibet by this road. Among these cultural relics are the ten sides of the stone drum found in Baoji. North China Normal University and other universities in north China and northwest China also crossed the Qinling Mountains on this road and established the Northwest United University in Hanzhong, and a large number of cultural celebrities gathered in Hanzhong, making it one of the three major cultural areas of the National War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression alongside Chongqing and Kunming.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Baoji's transportation hub status became more and more prominent, and the Baocheng Railway, the country's first electrified railway, started from here and changed the heavenly graben to a passageway, making Li Bai's thousand-year-old Shu Road difficult to go up to the blue sky and easy to sit in the spring breeze. The construction of many railways such as Longhai, Lanxin and Southern Xinjiang has transformed the Millennium Silk Road into a modern Eurasian corridor. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, camels and mules and horses took half a year's journey, and now the round trip is only between ten days and days. Coupled with the construction of the Xibao Expressway and the opening of the Baozhong Railway, Baoji and Ningxia Inner Mongolia are connected, truly becoming an important town link connecting the four sides and welcoming guests on all sides.
In the half century since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially in the past thirty years, a large number of modern bridges, home appliances, chemicals, cigarettes, clothing, and food enterprises have been built one after another; the urban roads have been widened, high-rise buildings are lined up, the crowds are flowing in the daytime, and the lights are brilliant at night, which sets off this important town in Western Qin and the famous city of the Silk Road. In this way, when you embark on the Silk Road journey and are about to bid farewell to Shaanxi, you will not only leave a good impression, but also greet the next station with confidence - Longdong Famous City Tianshui.
10- China's first electrified railway crosses the Baoji Dashan Valley
(The pictures in the text are provided by the author Wang Peng)
About the Author
(Note: Wang Peng and his writings)
Wang Peng, a national first-class writer in a second-level post (second-level professor), once served as the vice chairman of the Shaanxi Writers Association, the chairman of the Hanzhong Municipal Federation of Literature and Literature, and the chairman of the Writers Association. He has been creating for more than 40 years and has collected more than 50 films. He has won many awards such as the National Book Award, the Bingxin Prose Award, the Liu Qing Literature Award, and the First National Xu Xiake Travelogue Award, and has a variety of works translated abroad. He is an expert enjoying special allowances from the State Council and an expert with outstanding contributions in Shaanxi Province.